@article {96304, title = {Diversity and Prevalence of Ectoparasites on Poultry from Open Environment Farms in the Western-United States of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {59}, year = {2022}, month = {Sept-2022}, pages = {1837-1841}, abstract = {

Open-environment poultry farms that allow chickens to forage outdoors are becoming increasingly common throughout the United States and Europe; however, there is little information regarding the diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites in these farming systems. Eight to 25 birds were captured and surveyed for ectoparasites on each of 17 farms across the states of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Among the farms sampled, six louse species (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera \& Amblycera) and two parasitic mite species (Acari: Mesostigmata) were collected and identified: Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menacathus cornutus (Sch\ömmer, 1913; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on six farms, Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on five farms, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on nine farms, Goniocotes gallinae De Geer (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on 11 farms, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778; Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) on two farms, and Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago, 1877; Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) on one farm. The diversity of ectoparasites on these open environment poultry farms highlights a need for additional research on ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in these poultry farming systems.

}, keywords = {chicken, louse, mite, organic, parasite}, issn = {0022-2585, 1938-2928}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac093}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/59/5/1837/6648880}, author = {Kendra N. Chambless and Kevin A. Cornell and Rocio Crespo and William E. Snyder and Jeb P. Owen} } @article {95918, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of lice infested chicken (Gallus gallus domisticus) with new records in Kurdistan of Iraq}, journal = {Annals of Parasitology}, volume = {67}, year = {2021}, pages = {61{\textendash}168}, abstract = {

The domestic chickens are the most important protein sources of human populations in every part of the world; many parasites\&$\#$39; species may affect birds. Ectoparasites can be found practically in all birds. They feed on their body components like blood, feathers. The effects of louse parasitism on birds are often severe, including retarded growth, low egg production and susceptibility to other infections and due to lice possess chewing mouthpart, it feeds on dry skin scales, scab tissues, and feather parts and it causes skin irritation and sucks blood (anemia), discomfort, loss of plumage, and decrease in productivity of the host. The aim of this study is to investigate lice genera and create the phylogenetic tree among the sequenced lice, using both mitochondrial DNA (COI gene) and nuclear gene (18S rRNA gene). Sequencing data were aligned with the sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. From October 2017 until July 2018, two hundred outdoor local chickens from three governorates (Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah), were examined for lice collection. After the morphological identification of the lice, the total genomic DNA of each louse was extracted individually and universal primers L6625, H7005 were used to amplify the DNA of mitochondrial gene COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I) and three designed specific primers (18SrRSHM1, 18SrRSHM2 and 18SrRSHM3) were applied to amplify the DNA of the nuclear gene 18S rRNA. Sequencing DNA results were submitted to the GenBank, For the first time in Iraq, twelve species of chicken lice have been submitted in a GenBank with accession numbers of MN531684 from Menopon gallinae; MN524167, MN588078, MN588079 belonged to the species of Menacanthus stramineus; MN524168, MN524182, MN588080 belonged to the species of Goniocotes gallinae; MN524180, MN588092 belonged to the species of Lipeurus caponis; MN524181, MN588091 belonged to the species of Goniocotes gigas and MN588089 belonged to the species of Goniodes dissimilis.

}, keywords = {chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, Goniocotes gigas}, issn = {eISSN 2300-6706 ISSN 2299-0631}, doi = {10.17420/ap6702.325}, url = {https://www.annals-parasitology.eu/go.live.php/PL-H240/2021-vol-67-2.html}, author = {Mohammed Adnan Al-Badrani and Shamal Abdullah Al-Muffti} } @article {94984, title = {Prevalence and seasonal variation of ectoparasite load in free-range chicken of Kashmir valley}, journal = {Tropical Animal Health and Production}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, month = {02-2009}, pages = {1371 - 1376}, abstract = {

A faunistical study of ectoparasites was carried out for a period of two years from January 2005 to December 2006 in rural free-range chicken purchased from different areas of Kashmir valley. Screening of a total of 478 birds revealed only lice infestation with an overall prevalence of about 100\% and 97.69\% birds harboring multiple species. The prevalence for various species of lice, during winter, spring, summer, autumn and overall prevalence respectively, was 90.32\%, 99.14\%, 100\%, 98.34\% and 96.86\% for Lipeurus caponis; 33.87\%, 48.71\%, 57.75\%, 39.66\% and 44.76\% for Goniodes gigas; 29.83\%, 32.47\%, 45.68\%, 32.23\% and 34.93\% for Menopon gallinae; 28.22\%, 32.47\%, 39.65\%, 32.23\% and 33.05\% for Menacanthus cornutus; 16.12\%, 19.65\%, 25\%, 18.18\% and 19.66\% for Goniocotes gallinae and 6.45\%, 12.82\%, 13.79\%, 4.95\% and 9.41\% for Eomenacanthus stramineus. The seasonal influence on nature and intensity of infestation was evident.

}, keywords = {chicken, ectoparasites, epidemiology, free-range, lice, Prevalence, season}, issn = {0049-4747}, doi = {10.1007/s11250-009-9324-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11250-009-9324-9}, author = {S.T. Salam and M.S. Mir and A.R. Khan} } @article {94906, title = {Study on Prevalence of Ectoparasites of Poultry in and Around Jimma Town}, journal = {European Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, pages = {18 - 26}, abstract = {

n Ethiopia, poultry production plays an important role in the socioeconomic develop of the country. Majority of Ethiopian chicken are maintained under traditional management systems contributing to 98.5\% of national egg and 99.2\% of chicken meat production. However, chicken production in Ethiopia is adversely affected by a variety of constraints. Among the constraints, external parasitism ranks top in village chicken production. To get data concerning this, a cross sectional study was conducted in and around Jimma town with the objectives of indentifying the species composition of ectoparasites circulating in the area and assessing their prevalence and associated risk factors. To achieve these objectives; 384 chicken were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Samples of ectoparasites were collected from different parts of the body including skin scraping from shanks and identified to species level under stereomicroscope. Concomitantly ages, sexes as well as other risk factors were recorded. The result of this study showed that three chicken ectoparasites (lice, flea and mite) were found to be prevailing in both the intensive and back yard production systems. Four species of lice; Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Cuclotogaster heterographus and two species of mite: Knemidocoptes mutans, Dermanyssus gallinae and one species of flea Echidnophaga gallinacean were identified. In current study, an overall prevalence of lice (42.71\%), flea (16.15\%) and mite (8.85\%) irrespective of management differences was recorded. However, the prevalence in extensive (backyard) production system was found to be: 26.03\% of lice, 8.85\% of flea and 2.34\% of mite while in intensive production system was: 16.67\% of lice, 7.29\% of flea and 6.51\% of mite. The difference in prevalence rate of ectoparasites in adult chicken (49.48\%) was higher than young grower (17.97\%); higher in female (41.4\%) than that of the male (28.08\%); higher in local (41.4\%) breed than exotic (28.64\%) breed and higher in extensive management system (42.44\%) than intensive (26.04\%) managements. The finding in age group showed that there was a statistically significant differences in prevalence of ectoparasites between young grower and adult chicken (P\<0.05). However, there was no statistical significant difference between male and female chicken (P\>0.05). Generally, the study indicated that ectoparasites are highly prevalent in both backyard and intensive poultry production systems and in both local and exotic breed. This might be associated with lack of due attention with respect to hygienic system, treatment and control practices. Therefore, integrating ectoparasite control strategies and awareness creation to the community concerning the effect of ectoparasites on poultry production are recommended.

}, keywords = {Backyard, chicken, ectoparasites, Intensive, Prevalence}, issn = {2079-2085}, url = {https://www.idosi.org/ejbs/9(1)17/3.pdf}, author = {Assefa Kebede_Tsegay and Belay Abebe and Tolosa Zewdie} } @article {47503, title = {ELAZI{\u G} VE Y{\"O}RES{\.I}NDE TAVUKLARDA BULUNAN B{\.I}T (MALLOPHAGA) T{\"U}RLER{\.I} VE BUNLARIN YAYILI{\c S}I}, year = {1999}, month = {1998}, abstract = {

Paper in Turkish:

summary:Bu \çal{\i}{\c s}ma 1995-1996 Nisan aylar{\i} aras{\i}nda Elaz{\i}{\u g} Merkez, Baskil, Keban, Kovanc{\i}lar ve Sivrice il\çelerine ba{\u g}l{\i} k\öylerdeki tavuklar \üzerinde y\ür\üt\ülm\ü{\c s}t\ür. Yukar{\i}da belirtilen odaklara her ay periyodik olarak gidilmi{\c s} ve 10\&$\#$39;ar tavuk, bit enfestasyonu y\ön\ünden muayene edilmi{\c s}tir.

Enfeste hayvanlardan toplanan bitler, \%70\&$\#$39;lik alkol ihtiva eden {\c s}i{\c s}elere konarak laboratuvara getirilmi{\c s}, kloralhidrat sol\üsyonu ile {\c s}effafla{\c s}t{\i}r{\i}lm{\i}{\c s}, lam-lamel aras{\i}nda kanada balsam{\i} ile monte edilerek t\ür tayinleri yap{\i}lm{\i}{\c s}t{\i}r.

Bir y{\i}l i\çerisinde toplam 600 tavuk muayene edilmi{\c s} ve bunlar{\i}n 339\&$\#$39;unun (\%56.50) \çe{\c s}itli bit t\ürleri ile enfeste oldu{\u g}u bulunmu{\c s}tur. Enfeste tavuklar{\i}n 153\&$\#$39;\ünde (\%45.13) Menacanthus stramineus, 102\&$\#$39;sinde (\%30.09) Menacanthus cornutus, 82\&$\#$39;sinde (\%24.19) Menepon gallinae, 61\&$\#$39;inde (\%17.99) Goniocotes gallinae, 3\&$\#$39;\ünde (\%0.88) Goniodes dissimilis ve 3\&$\#$39;\ünde (\%0.88) Lipeurus caponis\&$\#$39;in olu{\c s}turdu{\u g}u saf ve miks enfestasyonlara rastlanm{\i}{\c s}t{\i}r.

Enfestasyon oranlar{\i}n{\i}n y{\i}l i\çindeki da{\u g}{\i}l{\i}mlar{\i} incelenmi{\c s}, en y\üksek enfestasyon oran{\i}na aral{\i}k ay{\i}nda rastlanm{\i}{\c s} (\%76), bunu may{\i}s (\%64) ve nisan (\%62) aylar{\i} izlemi{\c s}, temmuz ay{\i}nda ise en d\ü{\c s}\ük oranda (\%42) oldu{\u g}u g\ör\ülm\ü{\c s}t\ür.

Bir y{\i}l boyunca enfeste tavuklardan 3265 bit toplanm{\i}{\c s}, enfeste tavuk ba{\c s}{\i}na d\ü{\c s}en ortalama bit miktar{\i}n{\i}n aylara g\öre 4.44 ile 14.29 aras{\i}nda de{\u g}i{\c s}ti{\u g}i bulunmu{\c s}tur.

English title:Distrubution of Lice in Chicken in Elaz{\i}{\u g} Region

Abstract:\ This study was carried out on the chickens in Elaz{\i}{\u g} and its four districts (Baskil, Keban, Kovanc{\i}lar, Sivrice) during April 1995-April 1996. A total of 50 chickens were examined monthly in terms of lice from five localities during a year.

Louse collected from chickens were placed in 70\% ethyle alcohol and brought to the laboratory and transferred into a universal tube containing chloral hydrate solution for clearing. Later, the specimens were mounted on slides using canada balsam for microscopic examination.

A total of 600 chickens were examined and 339 of them (56.50\%) found to be infested with one or more species of lice. The species found on the infested chickens were Menacanthus stramineus (45.13\%), M.cornutus (30.09\%), Menapon gallinae (24.19\%), Goniocotes gallinae (12.99\%), Goniodes dissimilis (0.88\%) and Lipeurus caponis (0.88\%).

Infestation rates for each month were detected and the highest levels were found in December (76\%), May (64\%) and April (62\%). The lowest level of infestation rate was seen in july (42\%). A total of 3265 louse were collected from infested chickens. Average number of louse for each infested chickens were found to vary from 4.44 to 14.29 by month.

}, keywords = {chicken, lice}, url = {http://veteriner.fusabil.org/summary_en.php3?id=271}, author = {K{\"o}ro{\u g}lu,E. and C.E. {\c S}aki and Durmanh,N. and Muhammet Angin} } @article {46516, title = {Ectoparasitic fauna of poultry in Nsukka, Nigeria}, journal = {International Journal of Zoonoses}, volume = {13}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {93 - 97}, abstract = {An investigation which lasted for a period of one calendar year was mounted to determine common ectoparasitic fauna of poultry in Nsukka, Nigeria. This survey covered twenty commercial poultry farms located in different areas of Nsukka. Birds were picked and thoroughly examined visually for the presence of ectoparasites after horizontal displacement of the feathers against their anatomical direction of alignment. Identification was mainly by morphological characteristics, host preference and anatomical location. The result of the survey indicates that 15 (75\%) out of a total of 20 farms sampled were infested. Furthermore, the orders Mallophaga and Anoplura were commonly recovered. Common ectoparasites identified and their prevalence rates are as follows: Gonoides gigas (15.0\%), Menacanthus stramineus (20.0\%), Lipeurus caponis (25.0\%), Ceratophyllus gallinae (25.0\%) and Amblyomma sp. (15.0\%). The veterinary importance of these ectoparasites are highlighted and possible control measures against ectoparasitic build up in poultry houses recommended.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, chicken, ectoparasite, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nigeria, Poultry Diseases}, isbn = {0377-0168}, author = {Ugochukwu,E. I. and Omije,F. A.} } @article {46478, title = {Ectoparasites of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) and local domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) in southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria}, journal = {Veterinary Research Communications}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, note = {last name could be Okaerne}, month = {1988}, pages = {277 - 280}, abstract = {

The ectoparasites of poultry in a southern guinea savanna zone were investigated by the examination of guinea fowl and local domestic chickens in the range and guinea fowl under intensive management. The prevalent ectoparasites of range guinea fowl and local chickens include seven species of lice Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Numidilipeurus tropicalis, Damalinia bovis; three mites Bdellonyssus bursa, Megninia cubitalis, Dermanyssus gallinae; two fleas Echidnophaga gallinacea, Ctenocephalides felis and two ticks Argas persicus and Ambylomma variegatum. Under intensive management, infestation by G. gigas, L. caponis and M. gallinae led to clinical signs, feather damage, reduced food intake and death.

}, keywords = {animals, chicken, ectoparasite, fleas, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Nigeria, poultry, Poultry Diseases}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343245}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00343245}, author = {Okaeme,A. N.} } @article {46374, title = {Lice of farm animals in Libya}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {138 - 140}, abstract = {This first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, Camels, cattle, chicken, classification, goats, horses, Libya, lice, Parasitology, sheep}, author = {Gabaj,M. M. and Beesley,W. N. and Awan,M. A.} } @article {46287, title = {Association between duration of humid season and geographical distribution patterns of different species of chewing lice (Mallophaga:Insecta) infesting domestic chickens in Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {1034 - 1036}, abstract = {

In a countrywide study of the geographical distribution patterns of chicken lice in Nigeria, 3 species, Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann 1912), Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842, and Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758), were completely restricted to within areas with a long humid season (6-12 humid mo per yr). In constrast, 4 species, Cuclotogaster occidentalis Tendeiro, 1954, Menacanthus cornutus (Schommer, 1913), Amyrsidea powelli (Bedford, 1920), and Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879), thrived only in areas where the humid season was of a short duration (\< or = 5 mo). The last 3 named species extended also into the fringes of areas with a long humid season (6-8 humid mo) at significantly reduced numbers. They were entirely absent in areas with a particularly protracted humid season (9-12 humid mo). Three other species. Numidilipeurus tropicalis (Peters, 1931), Goniocotes gallinae (DeGeer, 1778), and Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758), were just as abundant in areas of a long humid season as they were in areas with a short humid season. It was concluded that there was an association between duration of the humid season and the geographical distribution patterns of certain species of chicken lice in Nigeria. The duration of the humid season might thus provide a means of predicting the potential occurrence of some species of chicken lice in a particular area.

}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, animals, chicken, Climate, humidity, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nigeria/epidemiology, Poultry Diseases, Seasons}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3284220?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents}, author = {Fabiyi,J. P.} }