@article {46467, title = {Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1\% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice}, journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children}, volume = {142}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370471; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (RID); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {768 - 769}, abstract = {In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1\% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations/therapeutic use, Drug Evaluation, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Random Allocation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45388.pdf}, author = {Carson,D. S. and Tribble,P. W. and Weart,C. W.} } @article {46400, title = {Permethrin: treatment of head lice infestations}, journal = {American Pharmacy}, volume = {NS31}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7801164; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {53 - 56}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lice/drug effects, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Safety}, isbn = {0160-3450}, author = {Phipps,M. V.} } @article {46390, title = {Evaluation of efficacy of four pediculicides against head louse (Pediculus capitis) infestation}, journal = {Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi = The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {1992}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8603880; 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 28434-00-6 (bioallethrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 58-89-9 (Lindane); 584-79-2 (Allethrin); ppublish}, month = {1992}, pages = {255 - 265}, address = {TAIWAN}, abstract = {To evaluate the efficacy and to determine the minimum effective dosage of four pediculicides against head louse infestation, as well as to select a safe, effective, practical, and cheap agent, 1,657 infested school children in 25 primary schools in Szu-Hu, Kou-Hu, and Ku-Keng Districts of Yunlin County were treated and 1,611 of them were examined. The overall cure rate was 73\% and the rate for boys (84\%) was higher than that for girls (71\%). The cure rate of Nix (permethrin 1\%) cream rinse was 81\%. The cure rate for single dosages of 1, 2, 3 and 4 cases/tube (56 gm/tube) was 87\%, 83\%, 81\% and 71\%, respectively. The cure rate of Para aerosol (bioallethrine 0.66\%) was 78\%. The cure rate for single dosages of 30 and 40 cases/tube (90 gm/tube) was 87\% and 70\%, respectively. The cure rate of Prioderm (malathion 1\%) cream shampoo was 64\%. The cure rate for single dosages of 10, 15 and 20 cases/tube (40 gm/tube) was 74\%, 71\% and 52\%, respectively. The cure rate of Delice (1\% gamma benzene hexachloride) was 71\%. The cure rate for single dosages of 5 and 10 ml/case was 64\% and 76\%, respectively. Of the 226 infested girls, 181 (80\%) were found to be infested with 1-10 head lice, 33 (15\%) with 11-50 lice, 7(3\%) with 51-100 lice and 5 (2\%) with over 100 lice. Of the 2,160 head lice collected, 1,788 (83\%) were nymphs, 284 (13\%) females, and 88 (4\%) males. The mean number of head lice in each infested girl was 10 (range 1-137). The low cure rates obtained in the present study may be due to the fact that many school girl \& have long hair. In comparison, Nix had the highest cure rate (81\%) but the highest price (NT$ 120/case). The cure rate and price of Para aerosol (78\%, NT$ 7.2/case) and Delice (71\%, NT$ 16.7/case) came next. Prioderm (64\%, NT$ 10.0/case) had the lowest rate and a slight offensive smell. Preliminary trials show that based on the cost-effectiveness, Para aerosol is best in head louse infestation control.}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lice/drug effects, Lindane/therapeutic use, Malathion, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp}, isbn = {0257-5655}, author = {Fan,P. C. and Chung,W. C. and Kuo,C. L. and Lin,C. Y. and Hsu,H. M. and Chuang,C. H. and Chow,C. Y.} } @article {46355, title = {Synergized pyrethrin mousse, a new approach to head lice eradication: efficacy in field and laboratory studies}, journal = {Clinical therapeutics}, volume = {16}, year = {1994}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7706726; 0 (Aerosols); 0 (Ointments); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {1994}, pages = {57 - 64}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal and ovicidal efficacy of a new, single-application formulation of synergized natural pyrethrins (presented in an aerosol mousse form) compared with an established, effective formulation based on permethrin (in a creme rinse form). The trial was a single-blind, comparative, randomized, parallel-group study. Children between the ages 7 and 15 years and adults with active head lice infections, identified by the presence of live lice, were enrolled from a school and a children\&$\#$39;s home in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Prevalence of infection ranged from 75\% to 100\% in the two study centers. The field study confirmed laboratory findings showing pyrethrin mousse to be effective at killing both lice and their eggs with a single 10-minute application. Of 52 patients identified with lice, 42 were treated with pyrethrin mousse and 10 with permethrin creme rinse. In each case, a sample of viable louse eggs was taken from the patients\&$\#$39; hair before and after treatment. The eggs were then incubated to assess ovicidal activity. After treatment, the patients were examined for lice on alternate days until day 8 and then again on day 14. None of the patients in either group was found to have lice up to 2 days after treatment. One patient was found to have two moribund hatchlings on day 4. By day 6, when any eggs still present on the scalp would be expected to hatch, 19 pyrethrin mousse-treated patients were available for assessment. Two patients had been reinfected from contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

}, keywords = {Aerosols, animals, Comparative Study, Drug Synergism, humans, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ointments, parasite, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method}, isbn = {0149-2918}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14992880_Synergized_pyrethrin_mousse_a_new_approach_to_head_lice_eradication_Efficacy_in_field_and_laboratory_studies}, author = {Burgess,Ian F. and Christine M. Brown and Burgess,N. A.} } @article {46245, title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {923 - 924}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington}, author = {Bell,T. A.} } @article {46215, title = {Differential permethrin susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo}, journal = {Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine}, volume = {153}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {969 - 973}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Pediculiasis is treated aggressively in the United States, mainly with permethrin- and pyrethrin-containing pediculicides. Increasingly frequent anecdotal reports of treatment failure suggest the emergence of insecticidal resistance by these lice. OBJECTIVE: To confirm or refute the susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States to permethrin. DESIGN: Survey. Head lice were removed from children residing where pediculicides are readily available and where such products are essentially unknown. Their survival was compared following exposure to residues of graded doses of permethrin in an in vitro bioassay. SETTING: School children from Massachusetts, Idaho, and Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). SUBJECTS: In the United States, 75 children aged 5 to 8 years. In Sabah, 59 boys aged 6 to 13 years. Virtually all sampled US children had previously been treated with pediculicides containing pyrethrins or permethrin; none of the Sabahan children were so exposed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival of head lice exposed to permethrin. RESULTS: Permethrin did not affect head lice sampled from chronically infested US children who had previously been treated for pediculiasis. The slope of the dose-response regression line for these lice did not differ significantly from zero (P = .66). This pediculicide immobilized lice sampled in Sabah. Mortality correlated closely with permethrin concentration (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Head lice in the United States are less susceptible to permethrin than are those in Sabah. The pyrethroid susceptibility of the general population of head lice in the United States, however, remains poorly defined. Accordingly, these relatively safe over-the-counter preparations may remain the pediculicides of choice for newly recognized louse infestations.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, Borneo, child, Dose-Response, humans, Idaho, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Linear Models, Massachusetts, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10.1001/archpedi.153.9.969}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/347786}, author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,Anthony and Armstrong,Philip and Hahn,Christine and Wolfe,Nathan and Rahman,Hasan Abdul and Laserson,Kayla and Telford,Sam R., 3rd and Spielman,Andrew} } @article {46201, title = {Current treatments for scabies and pediculosis}, journal = {Skin Therapy Letters}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9891441; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {1 - 3}, address = {CANADA}, abstract = {Scabies and lice have afflicted man since ancient times. Permethrin is generally the treatment of choice for head lice and scabies, because of its residual effect. Toxicity and absorption are minimal. Ivermectin should be reserved for cases where permethrin fails.}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Scabies, scalp dermatoses, Skin Absorption}, isbn = {1201-5989}, author = {Elgart,M. L.} } @article {46146, title = {Clinical evidence of lice resistance to over-the-counter products}, journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery}, volume = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {199 - 201}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Over-the-counter insecticidal solutions continue to be the mainstream treatment for most cases of head lice. Recorded insecticidal activity 15 years ago was at 100\%, with ovicidal kill at 80\%. Recently scattered accounts of possible resistance have surfaced. OBJECTIVE: This article is to document the general consensus that head lice are becoming resistant to standard over-the-counter therapies. METHODS: Direct testing of lethality of adult lice with permethrin and pyrethroid was assessed. RESULTS: Present over-the-counter products proved to be successful in only 9 of 32 head lice tested (28\% insecticidal activity). CONCLUSIONS: Our series of cases further documents that over-the-counter head lice preparations no longer achieve high levels of insecticidal activity, suggesting increased resistance to these insecticides.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Microbial, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Failure}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347540000400405}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {46111, title = {Head lice infestation: single drug versus combination therapy with one percent permethrin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {107}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376422; 0 (Anti-Infective Agents); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 8064-90-2 (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination); CIN: ACP J Club. 2001 Sep-Oct;135(2):71; CIN: Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):1393. PMID: 11731678; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {E30}, address = {United States}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Head lice infestation (HLI) is a vexing problem for pediatricians and families because lice are becoming resistant to approved antipediculosis agents. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy of 3 different treatments for HLI and determined whether combination therapy reduced treatment failures. DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized, clinical trial performed in 3 private practices. PARTICIPANTS: The population was children ranging in age from 2 to 13 years. METHODS: HLI was diagnosed by direct inspection of the hair and scalp. Children were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: 1) 1\% permethrin creme rinse (1\% PER; n = 39); 2) oral administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX; n = 36); and 3) a combination of 1\% PER and TMP/SMX (n = 40). Follow-up visits were done 2 and 4 weeks later, and parents or caregivers of those who did not return were interviewed by telephone. If HLI was present at the 2-week follow-up, the child was retreated per their protocol. We defined successful treatment as the absence of adult lice and nymphal stage or eggs (nits). The presence of nits alone was not considered a treatment failure. RESULTS: At the 2-week follow-up visit, successful treatment for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 79.5\%, 83\%, and 95\%, respectively. At the 4-week follow-up, successful treatment was 72\%, 78\%, and 92.5\% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The absolute risk reduction for recurrence comparing group 1 versus group 2 was 6\%, group 2 versus group 3 was 14\%, and group 1 versus group 3 was 20\%. No major adverse complications were seen in any treatment group. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that a combination of 1\% PER and TMP/SMX is an effective alternative therapy for HLI. We recommend that the dual therapy with 1\% PER and oral TMP/SMX be used and reserved in cases of multiple treatment failures or suspected cases of lice-related resistance to therapy.}, keywords = {Administration, Oral, Administration, Topical, animals, Anti-Infective Agents/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Therapy, Combination, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Trimethoprim}, isbn = {1098-4275}, author = {Hipolito,R. B. and Mallorca,F. G. and Zuniga-Macaraig,Z. O. and Apolinario,P. C. and Wheeler-Sherman,J.} } @article {46092, title = {Permethrin-resistant pediculosis}, journal = {Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica}, volume = {19}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9104081; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {236 - 237}, address = {Spain}, keywords = {animals, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0213-005X}, author = {Vinuelas,J.} } @article {46075, title = {Head lice infestation: single drug versus combination therapy}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {108}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376422; 0 (Anti-Infective Agents); 0 (Insecticides); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 8064-90-2 (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination); CON: Pediatrics. 2001 Mar;107(3):E30. PMID: 11230611; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {1393}, address = {United States}, keywords = {animals, Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use, Drug Therapy, Combination, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Trimethoprim}, isbn = {1098-4275}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.6.1393 }, url = {https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/6/1393.long}, author = {Richard J. Pollack} } @article {46066, title = {Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance}, journal = {British Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {146}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {88 - 93}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Increasing resistance to insecticides used for the control of head lice infestation has been documented over the last decade. Treatment failure and tolerance to insecticides have been validated in a number of studies undertaken in several U.K. centres.OBJECTIVES: To establish the extent of insecticide resistance in head lice and acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of carbaryl in head lice. METHODS: Head lice were collected from school children in four centres across England (Exmouth, Loughborough, Leeds and South Shields), and tested in their response to the insecticides permethrin, phenothrin, malathion and carbaryl. Data were compared with information collected in Bristol and Bath in 1998 and with susceptible body lice. The activity of louse acetylcholinesterase was measured with and without carbaryl in head lice collected in Bristol, Leeds, Loughborough and in body lice. The efficacy of a 1\% carbaryl lotion was compared in children in Bristol and Leeds. RESULTS: Compared with body lice, head lice from all six centres were significantly different in their response (P \< 0.0001) to permethrin, phenothrin and malathion after 2-h exposure tests. There were significant differences in louse acetylcholinesterase activity in body lice, and head lice collected in Loughborough and Bristol in the presence or absence of carbaryl (P \< 0.001), indicating enzyme inhibition. However, the difference for lice from Leeds was not significant (P = 0.363) suggesting that the enzyme was resistant to carbaryl. Eighty-nine per cent of children treated in Leeds with carbaryl were cured compared with 100\% in Bristol. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest head lice resistance is present in many parts of England to over-the-counter products containing synthetic insecticides (permethrin, phenothrin and malathion). They further suggest that resistance is starting to develop to carbaryl in head lice in Leeds and that extensive use of this product would lead to significant resistance.

}, keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Drug Resistance, Drugs, Non-Prescription/therapeutic use, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x}, author = {Downs,A. M. R. and Stafford,K. A. and Hunt,L. P. and Ravenscroft,J. C. and G. C. Coles} } @article {46001, title = {Review of common therapeutic options in the United States for the treatment of pediculosis capitis}, journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {36}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; DEP: 20030522; JID: 9203213; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 58-89-9 (Lindane); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); 8064-90-2 (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination); CIN: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 1;37(11):1580-2. PMID: 14614685; 2002/09/26 [received]; 2002/12/24 [accepted]; 2003/05/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {1355 - 1361}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Numerous therapies are available in both over-the-counter and prescription formulations for the treatment of head lice infestation. We summarize treatment recommendations from published literature and from a recent meta-analysis from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews that describe the efficacy, safety, and resistance patterns of monotherapies available in the United States. If treatment with pyrethrin or permethrin fails to eradicate the infestation, the treatment of choice is malathion. However, because of malathion{\textquoteright}s flammability, it should be a second-line therapy. Orally administered ivermectin has been reported to be efficacious, but it is not currently a US Food and Drug Administration-approved pediculicide. Alternative therapies are also discussed, in addition to indications for prophylaxis, resistance reporting, and the social impact of infestation.}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Trimethoprim}, isbn = {1537-6591}, author = {Jones,K. N. and English,J. C.,3rd} } @article {45939, title = {Relationship of treatment-resistant head lice to the safety and efficacy of pediculicides}, journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings}, volume = {79}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0405543; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 58-89-9 (Lindane); RF: 33; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {661 - 666}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Head lice infestation is a common and growing problem that primarily affects school-aged children. Most cases of head lice are diagnosed and treated by nonphysicians. Misdiagnosis may lead to treatment when no lice are present. Treatment failure may lead to repeated use of and improperly applied pediculicides, potentially resulting in overexposure to pesticides. These treatment failures are primarily due to the emergence of treatment-resistant lice. In regions where resistant lice are common, patients may self-treat numerous times with over-the-counter pediculicides before seeking treatment from a physician. Resistance has decreased the efficacy of lindane, a prescription pediculicide that has been used for decades. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration recently warned of potentially serious adverse effects associated with lindane and recommended strict controls for its use. Malathion, recently reintroduced in the United States as a prescription pediculicide, has not been associated with treatment resistance or notable adverse effects, although it is flammable due to its alcohol base. Because of concerns about decreasing efficacy due to resistance and safety concerns about over-the-counter products and some prescription pediculicides, a reassessment of pediculicide safety is warranted. The safety and efficacy of commonly used over-the-counter and prescription pediculicide products are discussed, along with the safety and efficacy of other treatments, such as ivermectin, that are not indicated for the treatment of head lice but are being used increasingly.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0025-6196}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299160332_Relationship_of_treatment-resistant_head_lice_to_the_safety_and_efficacy_of_pediculicides}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45905, title = {Oral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {51}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 7907132; 0 (Insecticides); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); CON: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jan;50(1):1-12; quiz 13-4. PMID: 14699358; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {1037; author reply 1037 - 8}, address = {United States}, keywords = {Administration, Oral, Administration, Topical, Body Weight, Drug Administration Schedule, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Permethrin, Pthirus}, isbn = {1097-6787}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {45907, title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice}, journal = {Pediatric dermatology}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {670 - 674}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p \< 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0736-8046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.} }