@article {96578, title = {Seasonal prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries)}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Zoology}, volume = {42}, year = {2015}, month = {May-13-2015}, pages = {45-55}, abstract = {

The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67\% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67\%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33\%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85\%), followed by winter (75\%) and rainy (55\%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17\±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71\%) than adult (80.95\%) and young (56\%) sheep and higher in female (77.27\%) than in male (68.42\%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67\%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33\%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71\%) than in young (80\%) and 28\% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58\%) to helminth infection than female (72.73\%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95\%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P\<0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 45-55, 2014

}, keywords = {arthropods, helminthes, Infestation, Seasons, sheep}, issn = {2408-8455, 0304-9027}, doi = {10.3329/bjz.v42i1.23335}, url = {https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJZ/article/view/23335}, author = {Tania Yeasmin and Hamida Khanum and Rimi Farhana Zaman} } @article {46891, title = {Influence of seasonal changes in sensitivity of lice Pediculus humanus humanus L. to p,p{\textquoteright}-DDT and gamma HCH}, journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny}, volume = {19}, year = {1968}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0414756; 50-29-3 (DDT); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish}, month = {1968}, pages = {141 - 146}, address = {POLAND}, keywords = {animals, DDT, Lice/drug effects, Lindane/toxicity, Seasons}, isbn = {0035-7715}, author = {Styczynska,Bogumila} } @article {46778, title = {On the occurrence of hare lice, Haemodipsus spp-(Anoplura, Hoplopleuridae) on hares, Lepus europaeus, in the Netherlands}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde}, volume = {36}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {158 - 168}, keywords = {animals, coccidia, Germany, infections, Lice Infestations/complications/epidemiology/veterinary, Netherlands, Rabbit, Rodent Diseases/complications/epidemiology, Seasons, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0044-3255}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46778.pdf}, author = {Broekhuizen,S.} } @article {46780, title = {Faunal notes on Anoplura in Microtus oeconomus (Pallas)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {16}, year = {1970}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1970}, pages = {479 - 485}, address = {POLAND}, keywords = {animals, ecology, lice, Poland, rodentia, Seasons}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Skibinski,J.} } @article {46747, title = {Studies of complex infestation of rats in the region of Gdynia and Gdansk. I.}, journal = {Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne}, volume = {23}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {53 - 58}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Arthropods/classification/growth \& development, English Abstract, Insect vectors, Poland, rat, Seasons}, author = {Wegner,Zofia and Kruminis-Lozowska,Wieslawa} } @article {46750, title = {General considerations concerning the order Anoplura in Romania}, journal = {Wiadom{\'o}ici Parazytologiczne}, volume = {23}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {123 - 125}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, ecology, humans, Romania, Seasons}, author = {Voicu,Marin C.} } @article {46688, title = {Incidence of Upupicola upupae in the crest of the hoopoe}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {18}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {215 - 219}, abstract = {Incidence of Upupicola upupae in the crest of the hoopoe: Hopoes belonging to waves of migrants through the Balearic Islands in August and September showed high rates of infestation by Upupicola upupae (77--85 p. c.). The parasite species was almost exclusively confined to the long and mobile feathers of the bird{\textquoteright}s crown. And at this time of the year the Mallophaga had put their egg cases on the crest feathers, too. A mean of 7 feather-lice was found at this localisation in 8 positive cases sampled. As some of the birds were moulting just these parts of their plumage, a relative high loss of the lice egg masses had to be expected. Evidently, in these cases, the lice didn{\textquoteright}t adaptively synchronise laying with the period during which moulting occurs. The wings of hopoes are conspiciously barred glossy-black and white. Here the relative dark coloured lice were sitting predominantly in a dark feather area. In these places they were much less visble than on a neighbouring white area. Thus the parasites hide themselves according to their colour.}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, ecology, ectoparasite, English Abstract, Feathers/parasitology, Mallophaga, Seasons, Spain}, isbn = {0003-3162}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46688.pdf}, author = {Mester,H.} } @article {46659, title = {Cattle lice in New Zealand: observations on the prevalence, distribution and seasonal patterns of infestation}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {28}, year = {1980}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0021406; ppublish}, month = {1980}, pages = {198 - 200}, address = {NEW ZEALAND}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary, Lice/microbiology, new zealand, Seasons}, isbn = {0048-0169}, author = {Chalmers,K. and Charleston,W. A.} } @article {46656, title = {Helminths and ectoparasites of the common snipe (Capella gallinago L.) from Southwest Texas and Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {549 - 557}, abstract = {

Sixty common snipe, (Capella gallinago), collected from Hudspeth County, Texas and 13 collected from Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado were examined for metazoan parasites. The parasites recovered were Cestoda: Amoebotaenia fuhrmanni, Haploparaxis brachyphallos, Haploparaxis crassirostris, Haploparaxis echinovatum, Haploparaxis sp., Hymenolepis calumnacantha, Hymenolepis sp. I, Hymenolepis sp. II; Trematoda: Cyclocoelum mutabile, Echinostoma revolutum, Tanaisia fedtschenkoi; Nematoda: Capillaria contorta, Cosmocephalus capellae, Tetrameres coloradensis; Acanthocephala: Arhythmorhynchus capellae; Mallophaga: Austromenopon duristosum and Rhynonirmus scolopacis. More species of parasites were recovered from fall migrants; (12), than from spring migrants, (10). The cestode Haploparaxis echinovatum was recorded from North America for the first time. The parasite fauna recorded in this study did show some concentration for dominance by Simpson\&$\#$39;s index (0.33). This parasite fauna was most similar to that reported by Schmidt from snipe collected in Northern Colorado (67\%).

}, keywords = {Acanthocephala, animals, Bird parasites, Cestoda, Colorado, Mallophaga classification, Nematoda/classification, parasite, Seasons, Texas, Trematoda}, isbn = {0090-3558}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45592.pdf}, author = {Leyva,Tom{\'a}s and Albert G. Canaris and Bristol,John R.} } @article {46647, title = {Lice (Anoplura) of small mammals in the Volga-Kama Preserve}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {15}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {157 - 162}, abstract = {

Russian title: ВШИ МЕЛКИХ МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИХ ВОЛЖСКО-КАМСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА (ANOPLURA)

Аннотация: В результате исследования 18 068 мелких млекопитающих 15 видов собрано 25 059 вшей 7 видов. Охарактеризованы видовой состав, встречаемость и численность вшей на насекомоядных и грызунах. Отмечены неоднократные случаи нахождения вшей на несвойственных им хозяевах, отражающие межвидовые контакты зверьков. Рассмотрены сезонные и возрастные изменения зараженности массовых мышевидных грызунов, а для доминирующего вида \— европейской рыжей полевки \— также зара- женность в годы большей и меньшей ее численности.

Abstract: 18,068 small mammals belonging to 15 species were examined, 25,059 lice of 7 species (Hoplopleura acanthopus, H. edentula, H. affinis, H. longula, Polyplax serrata, P. borealis, Neohaematopinus laeviusculus) were collected from 2355 animals of 14 species. Information is given on the species composition, occurrence and abundance for lice on shrews and rodents. 50 per cent of collected animals belong to Clethrionomys glareolus and about 85 per cent of lice--to Hoplopleura edentula. Frequent cases were recorded of the occurrence of lice on non-typical hosts as a result of interspecific contacts of animals. H. edentula was more often than other species found on non-typical hosts. No specific lice were reported from shrews and some rodents, only vole lice were found. Seasonal and age changes in lice infection rate of mass rodents as well as infection rate in years of greater and lesser abundance of C. glareolus have been studied.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, English Abstract, host parasite, mammal, population density, Russia, Seasons}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46647.pdf}, author = {Sosnina,E. F. and Nazarova,I. V. and Sadekova,L. Kh} } @article {46644, title = {Ectoparasites of sharp-tailed grouse, Pediocetes phasianellus}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {229 - 235}, abstract = {Seven species of ectoparasites were recovered during a survey of sharp-tailed grouse, Pediocetes phasianellus, including the ticks, Haemaphysalis chordeilis and H. leporispalustris; the lice, Goniodes nebraskensis, Lagopoecus gibsoni and Amyrsidea sp.; the hippoboscid fly, Ornithomyia anchineuria; and the mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum. Seasonal changes in populations of ticks and lice were found but not for populations of the hippoboscids or mites. All stages of H. Chordeilis were found on sharp-tailed grouse only. Larvae and nymphs of H. leporispalustris were found on sharp-tailed grouse and song birds. Larvae, nymphs and adults of H. leporispalustris were recovered from a snowshoe hare. Small mammals from the study area did not harbour any species of ticks.}, keywords = {animals, arthropods, bird diseases, Bird parasites, canada, ectoparasite, lice, mites, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, Sex Factors, Species Specificity, ticks}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45579.pdf}, author = {Dick,T. A.} } @article {46618, title = {Growth of populations of lice, Damalinia ovis, on sheep and their effects on production and processing performance of wool}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {9}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {243 - 252}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Merino sheep were artificially infested with lice, Damalinia ovis, and the quantity and processing performance of the wool they subsequently produced was compared with those of wool from uninfested sheep. The experiment was conducted in a winter rainfall region of Western Australia, and was repeated yearly for three years. Louse infestation depressed clean wool production by 0.3-0.8 kg per sheep but did not affect live weight. This represented loss of income to the farmer of about $A0.72 to $A1.92 for each louse-infested sheep. The wool from lice-infested sheep, when processed into tops, yielded 4.8 to 7.2\% less top and noil, than wool from uninfested sheep and the tops had a lower mean fibre length. This was estimated to cost the processor $A20.79 to $A32.20 per 100 kg of wool processed which originated from lice-infested sheep. Louse populations built up during winter, spring and early summer to reach maximum sizes during mid or late summer when the sheep were shorn and removed from the experiment. In one group of infested sheep retained for the duration of the experiment, louse populations declined after shearing each summer. It appeared that shearing may be more important in limiting growth of louse populations than climatic factors.

}, keywords = {animals, Australia, hair, Lice Infestations/economics/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/economics/parasitology, wool}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(82)90059-0}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304401782900590}, author = {Wilkinson,F. C. and De Chaneet,G. C. and Beetson,B. R.} } @article {46622, title = {Occurrence of Haemodipsus lyriocephalus (Burm.) and Haemodipsus setoni Ewing (Anoplura) in Lepus europaeus Pall. hares in Poland}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {28}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {427 - 433}, address = {POLAND}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, English Abstract, Lagomorpha, mammal, Poland, population density, Seasons}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Kadulski,Slawomir} } @article {46611, title = {The effect of lice infestation on the growth of Hereford calves}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {58}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370616; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {194 - 196}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, abstract = {Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of cattle lice on the productivity of young calves. In both experiments the main species present was Linognathus vituli. In the first experiment, treatment of grazing heifers and their suckled calves did not improve the overall bodyweight gain of either the heifers or the calves. The calves experienced a rapid build-up in lice populations during autumn and early winter which was associated with mild transient pathogenic effects, but this was followed by an apparent {\textquoteright}self-cure{\textquoteright} reaction and compensatory gain during late winter. In the second experiment young calves were placed in feedlots and fed high and low planes of nutrition. Treatment to remove lice did not result in any improvements in growth rate on either plane of nutrition; however it was clear that untreated, undernourished calves had heavier lice infestation.}, keywords = {Animal Nutrition, animals, Anoplura, Body Weight, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/physiopathology/veterinary, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {Cummins,L. J. and Graham,J. F.} } @article {46545, title = {Arthropods and helminths in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) at Benfontein, Kimberley}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {52}, year = {1985}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401107; ppublish}, month = {1985}, pages = {1 - 11}, address = {SOUTH AFRICA}, abstract = {From July 1979-December 1980, 48 springbok were culled for a parasite survey at Benfontein. Lice were the dominant parasites and reached a peak in September. Damalinia antidorcus, Linognathus antidorcitis, Linognathus armatus and Linognathus euchore were the most prevalent species, nymphs in most cases outnumbering adults. During the winter months, 2nd and 3rd instar Rhinoestrus antidorcitis and R. vanzyli (nasal botflies) were present. The number of helminths reached a peak in January and then fell, secondary peaks being recorded through autumn, winter and spring, but a rise in numbers occurred the following December. Paracooperia serrata, Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Cooperioides antidorca and Longistrongylus sabie adults were dominant. Fourth stage larvae (L4) of Ostertagia outnumbered adult Ostertagia hamata, but L4 of Trichostrongylus spp. were less plentiful than adults of this genus. Good spring and summer rains (414,6 mm from October-March) were probably responsible for mean total burdens exceeding 10 000 in January and April.}, keywords = {animals, Antelopes/parasitology, Artiodactyla/parasitology, Diptera, lice, Nematoda, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, South Africa, ticks}, isbn = {0030-2465}, author = {Devilliers,I. L. and Liversidge,R. and Reinecke,R. K.} } @article {46524, title = {Infestacja go{\l}{\k e}bi domowych Columba livia dom., populacji wroc{\l}awskiej, wszo{\l}ami stwierdzona latem 1983 r.}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {32}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {79 - 81}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Polish abstract: Columba livia dom, kosmopolityczny i synantropijny go{\l}{\k a}b, by{\l} przedmiotem wielu bada{\'n} parazytologicznych, ale przede wszystkim dotycz{\k a} cych biologii i ekologii najpospolitszego gatunku wszo{\l}\ów tj. Columbicola columbae columbae (L.) (Martin, 1934; Stenram, 1956; Rakshpal, 1958; Asb, 1960; El-Ziady, 1963; Rem i Z{\l}otorzycka, 1981). Mniej liczne prace dotycz{\k a} w og\óle parazytofauny wszo{\l}\ów tego ptaka (Mustafajeva i Hadjiyev, 1978; Selim i wsp., 1968; Szeleszczuk i Borzemska, 1984). Prezentowana praca ma charakter czysto faunistyczny i wykonana zosta{\l}a na miejskiej populacji go{\l}{\k e}bi od{\l}owionych latem 1983 r. z ulic Wroc{\l}awia.

English title: The infestation of domestic pigeons by biting lice in Wroclaw urban population - summer 1983

Ex,ami.:nation of 30 domestic pigeons from urban population revealed the occurrence of the following parasites: -,., Columbicola columbae columbae (L.), Campanulotes bidentatus compar (B.), and Hohorstiella gigantea lata (P.), The highest extensiveness (800/o) and intensiveness (6) was determined for C. c. columbae. The remaini.ng pigeon lice were rare. H. gigantea lata was f o und for the second time in Poland

}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, Columbidae, English Abstract, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Poland, Seasons, Urban}, isbn = {0043-5163}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46524_0.pdf}, author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Kopczynska-Maslej,J.} } @article {46501, title = {CHARAKTERYSTYKA POPULACJI WSZO{\L}{\'O}W (MALLOPHAGA) U BA{\.Z}ANTA (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS L.)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {33}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {67 - 79}, abstract = {

English title: CHARACTERISTIC OF POPULATION OF BITING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) IN PHEASANT (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS L.)

During four years (1975-79) 117 males of pheasants (young and adult) from Lower Silesia were examined. It was found 4474 biting lice belonging to 7 species (Table 1 and 2). Extensity of infestation was 90,60/o and mean intensity 42,2. The degree O\&$\#$39;f infestation by biting lice were determined in 2 age groups as well as in 5 next months of autumn-winter period (Table 2, 3 and 4). It was found that
during all period study (October-March) the intensity and extensity were fluctuated and the maximum was in March. In young pheasants the infestation with many species were more frequent than in adultus (Table 5) as well as the intensity of infection was higher.

}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, Bird parasites, Comparative Study, English Abstract, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Poland, Seasons}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46501.PDF}, author = {Modrzejewska,Maria} } @article {46493, title = {Ectoparasites of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from South Dakota}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {23}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {331 - 333}, abstract = {During the summers of 1982 and 1983, black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were examined for parasites. Those collected and their respective prevalence included Linognathoides cynomyis (46.3\%), Opisocrostis hirsutus (53.7\%), Opisocrostis tuberculatus cynomuris (2.4\%), Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (12.2\%), Ixodes sculptus (2.4\%) and Dermacentor andersoni (4.9\%). The collection data indicated that L. cynomyis, O. hirsutus and A. fahrenholzi were at low population densities during this period.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Dermacentor, ectoparasite, fleas, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mite Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, mites, Sciuridae, Seasons, South Dakota, Tick Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0090-3558}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45418.pdf}, author = {Kietzmann,Glenn E.,Jr} } @article {46480, title = {Incidence of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) and Haematopinus suis (Anoplura: Haematopinidae) on swine in Indiana}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {80}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {1031 - 1034}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Indiana, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Scabies, Seasons, Swine, Swine Diseases/epidemiology}, isbn = {0022-0493}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45405.pdf}, author = {Wooten-Saadi,E. L. and Towell-Vail,C. A. and Williams,R. E. and Gaafar,S. M.} } @article {46457, title = {Seasonal changes in the population of Mallophaga on Acridotheres tristis}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {29}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {244 - 249}, abstract = {83.41\% specimens of Common Myna were found infested with one to four species of Mallophaga, during the year 1984. Incidence of infestation and the indices were higher during the summer months and lower during winter months. The reasons of seasonal abundance are also discussed. Temperature seems to be one of the factors. The seasonal changes in population were found corresponding to the gonadal cycle of the host.}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {S. Chandra and Agarwal,G. P. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {46439, title = {Rate of spread of sheep lice (Damalinia ovis) and their effects on wool quality}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {298 - 299}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, keywords = {animals, Body Weight, Lice Infestations/transmission/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology/transmission, Time Factors, wool}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {Cleland,P. C. and Dobson,K. J. and Meade,R. J.} } @article {46425, title = {Cattle lice (Anoplura, Mallophaga) in New York: seasonal population changes, effects of housing type on infestations of calves, and sampling efficiency}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {83}, year = {1990}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985127R; ppublish}, month = {1990}, pages = {1435 - 1438}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {A year-long survey was made of commercial dairy herds in New York for cattle lice (Anoplura and Mallophaga). All herds were infested with lice. The cattle bitting louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), accounted for about 90\% of the observed infestations; infestations of mature animals were most common during the winter months, especially March (26\% infested); and infestation rates of calves were high (30-45\%) from January through June. Cows that were housed in stanchion barns were about twice as likely to be infested (24.7\%) as were those in free stalls (11.1\%). Calves housed in individual outdoor hutches had substantially lower infestation rates (4.5\%) than calves maintained inside barns in collective stalls and pens (46.0\%).}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, New York/epidemiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons}, isbn = {0022-0493}, author = {Geden,C. J. and Rutz,D. A. and Bishop,D. R.} } @article {46395, title = {Incidence of phthirapteran infestation upon the buffaloes of Dehradun (India)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {33}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {17 - 22}, abstract = {Out of 373 buffaloes examined in different localities of Dehradun, 60.58\% have been found infested with Haematopinus tuberculatus. Incidence of infestation was higher on adults than on youngs. The lice index was highest in January and lowest in June. The adults and nymphs preferred neck, back, ribs, shoulder, belly, thigh, hind, flank, head, hind legs, tail, fore legs and fore flank in this order of decreasing frequency. On the other hand eggs were found most heavily concentrated on neck and back regions.}, keywords = {animals, buffalo, incidence, India, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development/physiology, Nymph/growth \& development, Oviposition, population dynamics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Rawat,B. S. and Trivedi,M. C. and Arun Kumar Saxena and A. Kumar} } @article {46388, title = {Ectoparasite impacts on Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {104 ( Pt 3)}, year = {1992}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0401121; ppublish}, month = {1992}, pages = {479 - 488}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {To assess ectoparasite impact on individuals and populations of Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions, I addressed the following questions. Do ectoparasites affect their host fitness and, if so, how? Do ectoparasites affect host population level? Does this parasite-host interaction support the traditional concept of parasite evolution towards avirulence? For this purpose, host infestation, infection, survival, haematological indices, and physical condition were recorded. A field experiment which included manipulating host infestation while recording host survival was conducted to determine the causal relations between these variables. G. a. allenbyi was infested by 2 fleas (Synosternus cleopatrae and Stenoponia tripectinata), 5 mesostigmatid mites (Androlaelaps centrocarpus, A. hirsti, A. insculptus, A. marshalli and Hirstionyssus carticulatus), 1 tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and 1 louse (polyplax gerbilli). Ectoparasite burden significantly reduced host survival and red blood cell indices (red cell concentration, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit). Ectoparasite burden did not significantly affect white blood cell concentration. Gerbils were not infected by haemoparasites or gut helminths which potentially could cause anaemia. The causal relationship between S. cleopatrae burden and host survival was established by manipulation of host infestation. Both ectoparasite removal and initial level of infestation significantly affected host survival. Ectoparasites that caused anaemia were not associated with host physical condition (PC), measured as weight/length3. None of the red blood cell indices was correlated with host PC. These results suggest both that host PC was not affected by ectoparasite burden and that exsanguination leading to anaemia was the main effect of the ectoparasites. Ectoparasite pressure on the host population (based on the ectoparasite effects as estimated by statistical models, combined with dispersion of the infestation within the host population) changed seasonally and was greatest when host density was the highest. A large segment of the gerbil population was affected by ectoparasites during the entire year. An explanation for the evolution of parasite virulence, contrasting parasites that evolve towards increased virulence with parasites that evolve towards avirulence is presented. This classification is primarily based on whether parasite impact is equated with a higher efficiency of host exploitation, or whether it is a {\textquoteright}side effect{\textquoteright} of parasite biology.}, keywords = {animals, ectoparasite, fleas, Gerbillinae/parasitology, health care, host parasite, lice, Lice Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, Mite Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, mites, population density, Rodent Diseases/blood/physiopathology, Seasons, Tick Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0031-1820}, author = {Lehmann,T.} } @article {46364, title = {The metazoan parasite community of migrating greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca, from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas and New Mexico}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {79}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {690 - 694}, abstract = {

Forty-eight migrant greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca, collected from southwestern Texas and southeastern New Mexico were examined for metazoan parasites. Nine helminth and 7 ectoparasite species were collected. Five new host records were recorded. The helminth fauna showed little diversity, little concentration for dominance, and no significant positive or negative associations between species were found. All species of helminths showed a contagious distribution. The component helminth community consisted of 2 core, 3 secondary, and 4 satellite species, and there was no host specialist. A checklist of metazoan parasites reported from greater yellowlegs in North America is included.

}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, Cestoda, ectoparasite, Helminths, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, New Mexico/epidemiology, Prevalence, Seasons, Texas/epidemiology, Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Trematoda}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3283606}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3283606}, author = {Secord,M. L. and Albert G. Canaris} } @article {46311, title = {The mathematical modelling of the possible morbidity from epidemic louse-borne typhus under current conditions}, journal = {Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii}, volume = {(1)}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0415217; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {31 - 33}, address = {RUSSIA}, abstract = {On the basis of their earlier formula for modeling the possible development of the epidemic process of louse-borne exanthematous typhus the authors have calculated the probability of the development of such process for high indices (10 -- 12 \% of convalescents with louse contamination rate among them reaching 20 -- 40 \%) characterizing this process. The number of sources of this infection (primary patients), as well as the rate of increase and scale of louse contamination of the population, are of prime importance for the prognostication of the development of the epidemic.}, keywords = {animals, Disease Outbreaks, English Abstract, humans, incidence, Insect vectors, lice, Mathematics, Models, Biological, Morbidity, Seasons, typhus}, isbn = {0372-9311}, author = {Lukin,E. P. and Mikhailov,V. V. and Oleichik,V. L. and Solodiankin,A. I.} } @article {46314, title = {Comparison of local and systemic responsiveness of lymphocytes in vitro to Bovicola ovis antigen and concanavalin A in B. ovis infested and naive lambs}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); 11028-71-0 (Concanavalin A); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {1499 - 1504}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {The in vitro proliferation assay was used to determine lymphocyte responsiveness to soluble antigen of B. ovis and to Concanavalin A (Con A) in peripheral blood, spleen and various lymph nodes from B. ovis-infested and naive lambs. From March to July, an assay of monthly blood samples showed generally higher proliferative responses to antigen and Con A in B. ovis-infested than naive lambs. The proliferative response of cells from the skin-draining prescapular lymph nodes to B. ovis antigen was significantly higher in B. ovis-infested than naive lambs. Responses of cells from the medial iliac, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes (which do not receive lymph from the skin) and spleen showed no significant differences between groups. Within the B. ovis-infested lambs, the response of cells from the prescapular lymph node was significantly higher than that from any other lymphoid organ examined. Responsiveness of the prescapular, medial iliac and mesenteric lymph node and spleen cells to Con A was not significantly different between groups, while mediastinal lymph node cells showed a significantly higher response in B. ovis-infested lambs. The data indicate that the antigen-specific cellular immune response is operating mainly locally, at the level of the skin and draining lymph nodes. Responses to the T cell mitogen Con A did not support non-specific immunodepression as reported in other ectoparasite/host systems.}, keywords = {animals, antigens, Comparative Study, In Vitro, Lice Infestations/immunology/veterinary, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes/immunology, Lymphoid Tissue/immunology, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Bany,J. and Pfeffer,A. and Phegan,M. D.} } @article {46299, title = {Doramectin systemic activity against cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), and cattle lice, Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae), Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), and Haematopinu}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {307 - 317}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice. Insect species present and the number of trials that included each species were: Hypoderma lineatum, 2; Hypoderma bovis. 1; Bovicola bovis, 5; Haematopinus eurysternus, 1; Linognathus vituli, 5; and Solenopotes capillatus, 3. Examinations for lice were performed prior to treatment and either weekly or bi-weekly thereafter for 28 days. Examinations for cattle warbles were performed either weekly or every 4 to 5 weeks from time of first appearance through last appearance in the backs of the cattle. No H. lineatum, H. bovis, H. eurysternus, L. vituli, or S. capillatus were found on doramectin-treated animals at any time following treatment. By 28 days following treatment, the number of B. bovis was reduced between 58 and 98\%. Treatments applied later in the season, i.e. in March, were more efficacious against B. bovis than those applied in January or February.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Hypodermyiasis, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, Time Factors}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Waggoner,J. W. and Phillips,F. E.} } @article {46296, title = {The epidemiological aspects of pediculosis}, journal = {Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal}, volume = {317}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2984871R; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {29 - 32}, address = {RUSSIA}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/prevention \& control/transmission, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Pediculus, Russia/epidemiology, scalp dermatoses, Seasons}, isbn = {0026-9050}, author = {Khudobin,V. V.} } @article {46287, title = {Association between duration of humid season and geographical distribution patterns of different species of chewing lice (Mallophaga:Insecta) infesting domestic chickens in Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {1034 - 1036}, abstract = {

In a countrywide study of the geographical distribution patterns of chicken lice in Nigeria, 3 species, Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann 1912), Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842, and Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758), were completely restricted to within areas with a long humid season (6-12 humid mo per yr). In constrast, 4 species, Cuclotogaster occidentalis Tendeiro, 1954, Menacanthus cornutus (Schommer, 1913), Amyrsidea powelli (Bedford, 1920), and Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879), thrived only in areas where the humid season was of a short duration (\< or = 5 mo). The last 3 named species extended also into the fringes of areas with a long humid season (6-8 humid mo) at significantly reduced numbers. They were entirely absent in areas with a particularly protracted humid season (9-12 humid mo). Three other species. Numidilipeurus tropicalis (Peters, 1931), Goniocotes gallinae (DeGeer, 1778), and Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758), were just as abundant in areas of a long humid season as they were in areas with a short humid season. It was concluded that there was an association between duration of the humid season and the geographical distribution patterns of certain species of chicken lice in Nigeria. The duration of the humid season might thus provide a means of predicting the potential occurrence of some species of chicken lice in a particular area.

}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, animals, chicken, Climate, humidity, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nigeria/epidemiology, Poultry Diseases, Seasons}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3284220?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents}, author = {Fabiyi,J. P.} } @article {46276, title = {Helminth and arthropod parasites of sandy fox, Vulpes ruppeli (Fissipedea; Carnivora) from Sohag, with redescription of Platynosomum fastosum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 8102141; ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {755 - 772}, address = {EGYPT}, abstract = {Forty-seven Vulpes ruppeli from two rural areas neighbouring the poultry farms in Sohag, Egypt were examined for helminth and arthropod parasites. A total of ten species of helminths (4 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 3 nematodes) and six species of arthropod ectoparasites (one louse, 3 fleas and one tick) were found. Redescription of the trematode parasite, Platynosomun fastosum Kossack 1910, which was recovered for the first time in Sohag, was the most important point. Data were discussed.}, keywords = {animals, Arthropods/classification, Cestoda, ectoparasite, Egypt, fleas, Foxes/parasitology, Helminths, lice, Nematoda/isolation \& purification, Prevalence, Seasons, ticks, Trematoda}, isbn = {0253-5890}, author = {el-Damarany,M.} } @article {46261, title = {Seasonal dynamics and variation among sheep in densities of the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {283 - 292}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Cyclic patterns and variations among sheep in numbers of Bovicola ovis are described in Polypay and Columbia ewes that were initially infested with equal numbers of lice and penned indoors continuously for 2 years. Bovicola ovis populations were censused at 3-4-week intervals at 69 body sites on each animal. In the second year of the study, the ewes were reinfested and half were mated. Louse populations were monitored on the resulting lambs from birth until 25 weeks of age. Strong seasonal cycles in louse numbers were observed on the ewes, with peaks in spring and troughs in summer. These cycles occurred in the absence of shearing, direct solar radiation or rainfall. Populations began to decline when daily mean and maximum temperatures were 11.5 degrees C and 15 degrees C, respectively, well below temperatures thought to cause warm season decline. Louse densities on Polypay ewes were approximately 10 times higher than on Columbias at most inspections. There were also large differences among sheep within breeds and sheep counts were highly correlated among dates, both within and between years. One third of the ewes failed to become infested despite having lice applied on five separate occasions and being penned together with other infested sheep. Pregnancy and lactation did not significantly affect louse numbers on the ewes. There was a significant negative correlation between louse counts and weight gains in the lambs, and lamb counts were significantly correlated with those of their dams up until, but not after, weaning. It is suggested that sheep may exert regulatory influences on lice which contribute to cycles in B. ovis populations.

}, keywords = {animals, breeding, Disease Susceptibility, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Minnesota, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology, temperature, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00188-4}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997001884?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Brown,D. R.} } @article {46259, title = {Pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {419 - 427}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

This study examined the relationships among louse density, pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis. Polypay and Columbia ewes were allocated to two groups, infested and naive, and louse densities and pruritis were monitored for 15 months. Ten months after the initial infestation, all sheep were tested for hypersensitivity on the midside and ears by intradermal injection of soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis. The areas of skin reactions were measured at 20 min, 1, 3 and 24 h after injection and skin thickness was measured at 24 h. Louse densities on Polypays were approximately 10 times greater than on Columbias, and pruritis was correlated with louse numbers at most inspections. Most pruritic behaviour was directed to the sides of infested sheep. Wheal and flare reactions developed rapidly to all extracts in both infested and naive ewes. Reactions to louse extract were larger in infested than naive sheep at all four times after injection. In the infested Polypays, reactions to louse extract were greater than to the fly extracts, but in naive sheep there was little difference among extracts. Reactions in naive Columbias were larger than in naive Polypays at 20 min, 1 and 3 h, but had almost completely abated in both groups at 24 h. Reactions in infested Columbias were greater than in infested Polypays at 20 min, but at 24 h reactions in the Polypays were larger. Louse numbers and pruritis were correlated with wheal areas and skin thickness at 24 h, but there was little relationship with the size of reactions at earlier times. These findings are consistent with the development of a hypersensitive response to B. ovis and suggest that dermal reactions to lice may influence sheep susceptibility.

}, keywords = {animals, Antigens/immunology, Behavior, Animal, breeding, hypersensitivity, Intradermal Tests/veterinary, Lice Infestations/immunology/pathology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Pruritus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/pathology, Skin/immunology/pathology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00200-2}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997002002?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46217, title = {Health status of a recently discovered population of feral swine in Kansas}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {35}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {624 - 627}, abstract = {Twenty feral hogs (Sus scrofa) from a newly discovered population on Fort Riley Army Base (Kansas, USA) were shot and examined from November 1993 through February 1994 to assess the health of the population. The hogs were generally healthy, although serologic evidence indicated that some individuals had been exposed to parvovirus, enterovirus, and swine influenza. We found no indications of brucellosis, pseudorabies, or porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome. Lung worms (Metastrongylus spp.), round worms (Ascaris suum), and whipworms (Trichuris suis) were found in nine, four and two of the hogs, respectively. Seven hogs had infestations of lice (Haematopinus suis). Fence-line contacts were documented between four wild boars and domestic sows, and in three cases wild boars entered pens containing domestic sows. We recommend that hogs be examined periodically from this and other wild populations to monitor health status since new animals may enter populations through deliberate translocation, escape from shooting preserves or domestic swine producers, or dispersal from other feral populations.}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Wild, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Antibodies, Viral/blood, health care, Kansas, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/veterinary, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development, Liver/pathology, Lung/parasitology/pathology, Parasitic disease, Seasons, Swine, Swine Diseases/epidemiology, virus}, isbn = {0090-3558}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45058.pdf}, author = {Gipson,Phillip S. and Veatch,Johna K. and Matlack,Raymond S. and Jones,David P.} } @article {46163, title = {Winter ectoparasites of mammals in the northeastern piedmont area of Georgia}, journal = {Journal of Vector Ecology}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {23 - 27}, abstract = {Twenty-three species of ectoparasites were recovered from 10 species of mammals (89 individuals) in Mistletoe State Park, Columbia County, Georgia, during three winter months of 1998. The collection consisted of 9 species of fleas, 6 mites, 4 sucking lice, 3 ticks, and 1 mammal-associated beetle. Some rarely-collected arthropods were recorded including the ctenophthalmid fleas, Doratopsylla blarinae C. Fox and Epitedia cavernicola Traub, the laelapid mite, Echinonyssus blarinae (Herrin) (first records from Georgia for these three ectoparasites), and the leptinid beetle, Leptinus orientamericanus Peck (second record for Georgia). Varying degrees of host-specificity were exhibited by the 23 species of ectoparasites. Because relatively few mammal ectoparasite surveys are completed during the winter months, some seemingly rare species may, in reality, be more common at this time of year.}, keywords = {animals, Beetles, fleas, geography, Georgia, lice, mammal, mites, parasite, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology, Seasons, ticks}, isbn = {1081-1710}, author = {Hu,R. and Lance A. Durden and James H. Oliver Jr} } @article {46160, title = {Diversity of ectoparasites in sheep flocks in S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Tropical animal health and production}, volume = {32}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {225 - 232}, abstract = {The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the {\textquoteright}Associacao Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos{\textquoteright} (ASPACO; Sao Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6\% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5\%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5\%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0\%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3\%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8\%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0\%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9\%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3\%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9\%), and ticks with lice (5.0\%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8\%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Brazil, Diptera, ectoparasite, lice, Lice Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary, Questionnaires, Screw Worm, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/economics/epidemiology/parasitology, Tick Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary, ticks}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44992.pdf}, author = {Madeira,N. G. and Amarante,A. F. and Padovani,Carlos Roberto} } @article {46119, title = {Ectoparasites of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {37}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {189 - 193}, abstract = {

The ectoparasite fauna for island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island (California, USA) in April (wet season) and September (dry season) 1998 was evaluated. Three taxa of ectoparasites were identified. These were fleas (Pulex irritans), lice (Neotrichodectes mephitidis), and ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Ectoparasite abundances varied seasonally. Typical of insular endemic species, island foxes may be especially vulnerable to the introduction of novel disease organisms and their vectors.

}, keywords = {Animal Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology, animals, California, ectoparasite, fleas, Foxes, Ixodes, lice, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Seasons, Sex Characteristics}, isbn = {0090-3558}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.189}, url = {https://www.jwildlifedis.org/doi/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.189}, author = {Crooks,Kevin R. and Scott,Cheryl A. and Angeloni,Lisa and Bowen,Lizabeth and Kimsey,Robert B. and Van Vuren,Dirk H.} } @article {46110, title = {Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXIX. Helminth and arthropod parasites of Angora goats in the southern Karoo}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {68}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401107; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {27 - 35}, address = {South Africa}, abstract = {

Parasites were collected from 160 Angora goats and kids on the Jansenville Experimental Farm, Eastern Cape Province. Six nematodes were identified to species level and three to generic level. Nematodirus spathiger was the most numerous of the economically important nematodes recovered. It was always present, and fourth stage larvae were collected from untreated goats from August to March, while animals used as tracers also picked up most infection from August to March. Kids born on the farm during October acquired their first nematode infections between 2 and 3 months of age and the intensity of infection increased erratically thereafter to reach a plateau once the kids were 14 months of age. Eight of the nine kids between 3 and 5 months of age and examined between January and March were infected with Moniezia expansa. Five ixodid tick species were collected from the goats of which Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum was the most numerous and prevalent. Its immature stages were present mainly from March to September and adults from July to January. The goats also harboured the biting louse Damalinia limbata and the sucking louse Linognathus africanus. The greatest intensity of infestation with L. africanus occurred on the kids during the first few months of their lives. The larvae of the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis were present in kids at 1 month of age, and infestation took place mainly from spring to late summer.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, animals, Arthropods/classification, Diptera, ectoparasite, goat diseases, goats, Helminths, lice, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Nematoda/isolation \& purification, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, South Africa, Strongylida/isolation \& purification, Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0030-2465}, url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cfea/45b6a119ca92b00c5259f90fdbd3d9da8355.pdf}, author = {Horak,Ivan G. and Macivor,K. M. and Greeff,C. J.} } @article {46069, title = {Variation among Merino sheep in susceptibilty to lice (Bovicola ovis) and association with susceptibility to trichostrongylid gastrointestinal parasites}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {103}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {355 - 365}, abstract = {

Sheep of two bloodlines of Merino were artificially infested with equal numbers of lice (Bovicola ovis) and the resulting louse populations were monitored over the following 20 months. The sheep were shorn 6 and 17 months after infestation and, for analysis, the louse counts considered in 3 years separated by shearings. Nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) were assessed on faecal samples collected on five occasions, three times following natural challenge and twice after artificial challenge with 40,000 trichostrongyloid larvae (84\% Trichostrongylus vitrinus). In addition, blood samples were collected and measured for B. ovis-specific immunoglobulins (predominantly IgG), B. ovis-specific IgE and serum total IgE. Bloodlines differed significantly in the size of louse populations at the end of year 2, FEC after both natural and artificial challenge and in serum levels of all three antibodies (p0.05). FEC following artificial challenge was significantly correlated with louse counts in year 3 (r=0.36, p0.05) or year 1 (r=0.04, p\>0.05). Louse counts in the 3 years were significantly correlated with anti-B. ovis antibody concentration (r=0.60, 0.48, 0.36), but not with levels of either anti-B. ovis or total serum IgE.These results suggest that sheep with greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites also tend to be less susceptible to lice. Whether this is due to interaction of the effects of the parasites or to correlation in underlying resistance mechanisms requires clarification.

}, keywords = {animals, Disease Susceptibility/veterinary, Feces/parasitology, immunization, immunoglobulin, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology/veterinary, Lice Infestations/complications/immunology/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/parasitology, Trichostrongylus, wool}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00601-X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030440170100601X?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Carmichael,I. H. and Pfeffer,A. and Martin,R. R. and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,M. G.} } @article {46044, title = {Seasonality trends of Pediculosis capitis and Phthirus pubis in a young adult population: follow-up of 20 years}, journal = {Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9216037; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {257 - 259}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It is not mandatory to report Pediculosis capitis and Phthirus pubis in most countries; therefore, little is known about the seasonality of these infestations. METHODS: We analysed the data based on routine and mandatory reporting of every case of Pediculosis capitis and Phthirus pubis to the Army Health Branch Epidemiology Department, Israel, over the last two decades. RESULTS: The average 20-year incidence of Pediculosis capitis shows a significant rise during the warmer months (R2 = 0.692, P < 0.05) with a parallel significant decrease in the cooler months (R2 = 0.893, P < 0.05). The results for Phthirus pubis show a significantly higher person-time incidence in the winter (P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis to investigate possible sources of heterogeneity during this time indicated that no single year was an important source of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis capitis is more frequent in the warmer months, whereas Phthirus pubis is more dominant in the cooler months.}, keywords = {adult, animals, Follow-Up Studies, groin, humans, incidence, Israel/epidemiology, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Linear Models, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Pediculus, populations, Pthirus, scalp dermatoses, Seasons}, isbn = {0926-9959}, author = {Mimouni,D. and Ankol,O. E. and Gdalevich,M. and Grotto,I. and Davidovitch,N. and Zangvil,E.} } @article {46026, title = {The life of a head louse}, journal = {Nursing times}, volume = {98}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0423236; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {54}, address = {England}, abstract = {When children return to school after the summer holiday, cases of head lice appear to increase. Ian Burgess describes the life cycle of the head louse and dispels some of the myths about transmission of this insect. A second article discusses the detection and treatment of head lice.}, keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, child, Children, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/transmission, Life Cycle Stages, Pediculus, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors}, isbn = {0954-7762}, author = {Burgess,Ian F.} } @article {46021, title = {A preliminary pilot survey on head lice, pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant extracts}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; 0 (Plant Extracts); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {725 - 736}, address = {Egypt}, abstract = {Twelve different representative areas in Sharkia Governorate were surveyed for head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. The pre-valence was investigated among 120 houses containing 2,448 individual, with different age, sex and socioeconomic status. Examination was done by naked eye aided with hand-lens. A total of 137 individuals were infested. Infestation rates were higher in the rural areas with low socioeconomic levels, concrete houses with over-crowded family members. Children had significantly higher infestation rates than adults. Males had lower infestation rates than females. However, the hair length and permanent hair washing were the factors accounted for both age and sex difference in prevalence of pediculosis. Head lice infestations were found all over the year, but increased in summer and spring. One hundred infested patients (90 females and 10 males) with different aged and hair length were treated with tour mixed cream from plants Lawsonia alba L. (Henna). Trigonella faemum-gracanum (Fenugreek), Hibiscus cannabinus (Hibiscus) and Artemisia cina (Wormseed). The head lice completely disappeared within a week among those patients treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100\%) or mixed with helba (75\%) or with karkada (50\%).}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Hibiscus/chemistry, humans, Infant, Lawsonia Plant/chemistry, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, Prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Trigonella/chemistry}, isbn = {0253-5890}, author = {El-Basheir,Z. M. and Fouad,M. A.} } @article {46015, title = {Efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin cattle Pour-on (Saber) against sucking and biting lice infesting beef cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Therapeutics}, volume = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100936368; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 68085-85-8 (cyhalothrin); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {387 - 395}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Four studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on (Saber Pour-on, Schering-Plough Animal Health) for control of sucking lice (Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus) and biting lice (Damalinia bovis) on beef cattle. Seventy-four mixed-breed cattle naturally infested with one or more species of lice at locations in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and North Dakota were included in the study. Pretreatment lice samples were taken and identified by genus with the exception that sucking lice were not identified by genus at the North Dakota site. In January or February, half of the cattle at each location received a single application of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on at 10 ml per head for cattle weighing less than 273 kg (600 lb) or 15 ml per head for cattle weighing 273 kg or more. The other cattle at each site served as untreated controls. Lice on designated body areas were counted 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, and the sum of all lice observed on each counting area was reported for each animal. The collective efficacy 6 weeks after treatment against three species of sucking lice (L. vituli, H. eurysternus, S. capillatus) was 88.4\% at the Wisconsin site, 92.0\% at the North Dakota site, and 100\% at the Nebraska and Oklahoma sites. The 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on eliminated all biting lice within 2 weeks after treatment, and no biting lice were detected 8 weeks after treatment. A single treatment of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on administered when lice populations were highest (January or February) provided effective season-long control of both biting and sucking lice on cattle.}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, Treatment Outcome, Wisconsin}, isbn = {1528-3593}, author = {Endris,R. G. and Amodie,D. and Reuter,V. and Hair,J. A. and Meyer,H. J. and Carey,D. R. and Campbell,J. B. and Smith,L. L. and Meyer,J. A.} } @article {46011, title = {Structure and seasonal dynamics of the biotic community ectoparasites of the bank vole in the Il{\textquoteright}men{\textquoteright}-Volkhov lowland}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0101672; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {433 - 446}, address = {Russia}, abstract = {A biodiversity, seasonal dynamics and parasite load of a single individual and local population of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in coniferous and mixed forests of the Ilmen-Volkhov lowland (neighborhood of Oskuy village, Chudovo region, Novgorod Province) in the period from June 1999 till May 2002. The Gero{\textquoteright}s traps were used for collecting the host. Lines of traps stood in each place during 3-5 days and were checked twice a day. Trapping of micromammalian hosts and collecting of parasites took place each month, except a few gaps. Total number of collected animals 2854 including 1405 bank voles. The 29 ectoparasite species were recorded on the bank vole in the area of study. Among some mites and fleas a few species are accidental parasites probably accepted by voles from other species of animals. In the Oskuy area, the bank voles are the main and additional hosts of 25 ectoparasite species: fleas--8, lice--1, ixodid ticks--2, gamasid mites--7, acariform mites 7. Species composition of ectoparasites, their occurrence and abundance change during the year. Seasonal changes of abundance and occurrence indices are most expressed in the temporary ectoparasites (ixodid ticks, chiggers, gamasid mites), while in the permanent parasites (lice, acariform mites: Myobiidae, Myocoptidae, Listrophoridae), the seasonal fluctuations of indices are displayed in a less scale. Most vole specimens were infected with this or that ectoparasite species. The parasitocenosis on an individual specimen usually included less than 10 species of the total number 29 species recorded on the bank vole in the area investigated. One ectoparasite species was recorded on 21\% of host specimens, 2-5 ectoparasite species were found on 71\% of host individuals. Maximal number of ectoparasite species (10 species) was registered on one specimen only. The parasite load was dispersed unevenly among the infected voles. Mean number of parasites of all species on a host individual varied from 124 to 295. The highest grade of parasites (237-297 parasite specimens) was found in the voles with 7-10 species of parasites.}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, host parasite, Ixodes, lice, Microtinae/parasitology, mites, population density, Russia/epidemiology, Seasons, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0031-1847}, author = {Balashov,I. U. S. and Bochkov,A. V. and Vashchenok,V. S. and Grigor{\textquoteright}eva,L. A. and Tret{\textquoteright}iakov,K. A.} } @article {46012, title = {A longitudinal study of a natural lice infestation in growing cattle over two winter periods}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {112}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20031208; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {307 - 323}, abstract = {A group of 61 cattle which were naturally infested with lice was followed over two winter periods. Data were collected on the number of lice found at various body sites over this period. Summary statistics were produced and due to the repeated measured and hierarchical structure of the data, multi-level analysis was used to model the population dynamics of Bovicola bovis and assess the influence of the various hierarchical levels. A four level Poisson model was produced--level one, the individual number of lice at each parting; level two, the body site examined (shoulder, midline or rump); level three, the time of the inspection and level four, the animal. Seasonal fluctuation in lice numbers was modelled using a cosine function transformation of time. A seasonal pattern was seen in both year{\textquoteright}s with lice counts higher in the first than the second year. The midline area was the most sensitive to detection of B. bovis. Variance contributed by the individual animal was less than that contributed by the body site examined and the time of the inspection. The model suggested that lice numbers within the shoulder and rump sites were near random following a Poisson distribution, but aggregation of lice occurred at the midline site with the distribution between animals following a Negative Binomial Pattern. The midline site was the most sensitive site for detecting B. bovis. Infestation numbers were higher in the first winter when cattle were younger. In the second winter, there was no difference in lice numbers between cattle exposed to infection for the first or second time.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Longitudinal Studies, Mallophaga, population dynamics, Seasons}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Milnes,A. S. and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,C. J. and Green,L. E.} } @article {45957, title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province}, journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nac. de Cordoba}, volume = {60}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303003; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {43 - 53}, address = {Argentina}, abstract = {

Paper in Spanish. Title: Prevalencia de infestaci\ón por Pediculus humanus capitis en escolares de despe\ñaderos (Provincia de C\órdoba) / Prevalence of pediculus humanus capitis infestation in schoolchildren at Despe\ñaderos, C\órdoba Province

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80\% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c\&$\#$39; test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.

}, keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Prevalence, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {0014-6722}, author = {Ramirez,A. and Luduena Almeida,F. F. and Almiron,W. R.} } @article {45869, title = {Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys in lice collected from dogs in Australia}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {83}, year = {2005}, note = {JID: 0370616; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {101 - 102}, address = {Australia}, keywords = {Anaplasma/genetics/isolation \& purification, Anaplasmosis/epidemiology/etiology/transmission, animals, Australia, dna, Dog Diseases, Insect vectors, Lice/microbiology, polymerase, Seasons}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {Brown,G. K. and Martin,A. R. and Roberts,T. K. and Dunstan,R. H.} } @article {45862, title = {Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource-poor communities in Brazil}, journal = {British Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {153}, year = {2005}, note = {JID: 0004041; ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {150 - 156}, address = {England}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Pediculosis capitis and scabies are common parasitic skin diseases, especially in resource-poor communities, but data on epidemiology and morbidity are scanty. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence, seasonal variation and morbidity of pediculosis capitis and scabies in poor neighbourhoods in north-east Brazil. METHODS: The study comprised cross-sectional surveys of a representative population of an urban slum (n = 1460) in Fortaleza, the capital of Ceara State (Brazil) and a fishing community 60 km south of the city (n = 605). Study participants were examined for the presence of scabies and pediculosis capitis. In a longitudinal study in the slum, variation of prevalence in different seasons of the year was assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of pediculosis capitis was 43.4\% in the slum and 28.1\% in the fishing community. Children aged 10-14 years and females were most frequently affected. Scabies was present in 8.8\% of the population in the slum and in 3.8\% of the population in the fishing community. There was no consistent pattern of age distribution. Superinfection was common in patients with scabies, and cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with pediculosis capitis. Multivariate analysis showed that age \< or = 15 years, being of female sex and living in the urban slum were independent factors contributing to the simultaneous coinfestation with pediculosis capitis and scabies. The longitudinal data from the urban slum showed a characteristic seasonal variation of pediculosis capitis, but no fluctuation of scabies. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis capitis and scabies are hyperendemic in the study areas and are associated with considerable morbidity. There is an urgent need to develop control measures for these parasitic skin diseases in resource-poor communities. This is the first community-based study describing in detail the epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and head lice infestation in Brazil.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Factors, animals, Brazil, child, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, epidemiology, humans, Infant, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Scabies, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Urban}, isbn = {0007-0963}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06591.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06591.x}, author = {J{\"o}rg Heukelbach and Wilcke,T. and Winter,B. and Feldmeier,Hermann} } @article {45855, title = {Seasonal occurrence and production effects of the biting louse Damalinia limbata on Angora goats and 2 treatment options}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {76}, year = {2005}, note = {JID: 7503122; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Nitriles); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {74 - 78}, address = {South Africa}, abstract = {

Adult biting lice Damalinia limbata (Gervais 1844) were most numerous on Angora goats in southwestern Free State Province from November to May with the smallest numbers present during August. Nymphs were most numerous from January to March with the smallest numbers present during July. The largest proportion of adult lice was present on the ventral surface of goats during winter, when population numbers were lowest, and the largest proportion of nymphs during summer, when population numbers were highest. Infestation did not affect the body weight of goats, but adversely affected both the quantity and quality of mohair produced. A single treatment with deltamethrin, applied as a pour-on along the mid-line of the backs of the goats, effectively controlled infestation and resulted in a significant increase in mohair production compared with untreated goats. Deltamethrin sprayed along the sides of the animals was equally effective in controlling infestation.

}, keywords = {animals, goat diseases, goats, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nitriles/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Pyrethrum, Seasons, Treatment Outcome, wool}, isbn = {1019-9128}, url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/59f2/e44ffe9b3f3e187356a67a27acf408ae56be.pdf}, author = {Brown,L. and van der Linde,T. C. and Fourie,L. J. and Horak,Ivan G.} }