@article {95405, title = {Infestation parameters for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) parasitising true thrushes (Aves: Passeriformes: Turdidae) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {153}, year = {2021}, month = {Jul-2021}, pages = {538{\textendash}555}, abstract = {

Seven species of Turdidae (Aves: Passeriformes) in Manitoba, Canada were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in 1993\–2019: Turdus migratorius (N = 570), Catharus ustulatus (N = 135), Catharus guttatus (N = 49), Catharus minimus (N = 12), Catharus fuscescens (N = 1), Sialia sialis (N = 4), and Sialia currucoides (N = 3). Five species of lice on T. migratorius had a prevalence of 24.0\% and a mean intensity of 16.7. Overall prevalence for lice on C. ustulatus, C. guttatus, and C. minimus was 25.0\%\–59.2\%; mean intensity was 7.0\–23.3. On S. sialis, the prevalence was 50.0\%; mean intensity was 10.0. No lice infested C. fuscescens or S. currucoides. Infestation parameters for each louse\–host combination are provided. Louse infestations were highly aggregated. Female lice were more prevalent than males, especially for Ricinus elongatus (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Ricinidae) infesting T. migratorius (eight males; 81 females), or there was no significant deviation from 50:50. Infestation parameters were higher for adult T. migratorius than for juveniles or feathered chicks but not significantly so. Mean intensity was greater in spring than in fall. Louse abundance was lower than on hosts of similar size in Manitoba and lower than on thrushes in other studies.

}, keywords = {Catharus fuscescens, Sialia currucoides}, issn = {0008-347X, 1918-3240}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2021.29}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/infestation-parameters-for-chewing-lice-phthiraptera-amblycera-ischnocera-parasitising-true-thrushes-aves-passeriformes-turdidae-in-manitoba-canada/F031FDCFAD6EA02C91D77B0AD31D2BFA}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J. and Zoe D.L. Rempel} } @article {95285, title = {Population Dynamics of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera) Infesting Birds (Aves)}, journal = {Annual Review of Entomology}, volume = {66}, year = {2021}, month = {01-2021}, pages = {209 - 224}, abstract = {

In the past 25 years, studies on interactions between chewing lice and their bird hosts have increased notably. This body of work reveals that sampling of live avian hosts, collection of the lice, and the aggregated distributions of louse infestations pose challenges for assessing louse populations. The number of lice on a bird varies among host taxa, often with host size and social system. Host preening behavior limits louse abundance, depending on bill shape. The small communities of lice (typically one\–four species) that live on individual birds show species-specific patterns of abundance, with consistently common and rare species, and lower year-to-year population variability than other groups of insects. Most species of lice appear to breed continuously on their hosts, with seasonal patterns of abundance sometimes related to host reproduction and molting. Competition may have led to spatial partitioning of the host by louse species, but seldom contributes to current patterns of abundance.

Full article can be obtained from publisher webpage http://www.annualreviews.org/eprint/C3E9XIVSXYZQ5CACDEHW/full/10.1146/annurev-ento-041420-075608

}, keywords = {abundance, ectoparasites, intensity, Prevalence, seasonality, stability}, issn = {0066-4170}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-041420-075608}, url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/eprint/C3E9XIVSXYZQ5CACDEHW/full/10.1146/annurev-ento-041420-075608}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {94834, title = {Stability of chewing louse (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) populations infesting great horned owls (Aves: Strigidae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, year = {2020}, month = {12-2019}, pages = {1 - 10}, abstract = {

The annual abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) was recorded on great horned owls (Bubo virginianus (Gmelin), Aves: Strigidae) from 1994 to 2015 in Manitoba, Canada. Kurodaia magna Emerson (Amblycera: Menoponidae) had a mean annual abundance about half that for Strigiphilus oculatus (Rudow) (Ischnocera: Philopteridae). Mean intensity, rather than prevalence, explained the variation in annual abundance. Temporal variation (measured as population variability) in abundance and mean intensity were high and similar (0.62\–0.67), but lower for nymph to female ratio (0.36\–0.38). Temporal variation of prevalence and sex ratio were higher for K. magna (0.34\–0.35) than for S. oculatus (0.21\–0.22), and typical for other louse species. The high temporal variability for abundance and mean intensity suggest lower year-to-year stability than exhibited by other chewing lice, but over 80\% of this variability was due to sampling error resulting from small sample sizes in some years and extreme intensities in the aggregated distributions of intensity. The remaining variation, \< 20\%, revealed no significant differences in annual abundance or mean intensity among years, and therefore stable populations over 22 years. Populations of 12 species of chewing lice show lower temporal variability and therefore greater stability than three other insect taxa.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2019.69}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X19000695/type/journal_article}, author = {Lamb, Robert J. and Terry D. Galloway} } @article {94778, title = {Host body size and the abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting eight owl species (Aves: Strigiformes) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {151}, year = {2019}, month = {10-2019}, pages = {621 - 628}, abstract = {

Specimens (n = 508) of eight species of owl (Aves: Strigiformes) collected from 1994 to 2017 in Manitoba, Canada, were weighed and examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera). The relationship between host body mass and infestation by 12 species of lice was examined. Host body mass explained 52\% (P = 0.03) of the variation in mean intensity of louse infestation among hosts, due primarily to a high abundance of lice on the heaviest owl species. The relationship was due to the mean intensity of lice, and neither species richness nor the prevalence of lice was related to host body mass. For individual louse species, the relationship was due primarily to Kurodaia acadicae Price and Beer, Kurodaia magna Emerson, and an undetermined species of Kurodaia Uchida (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) (R2 = 0.997), but not the nine Strigiphilus Mj\öberg (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) species (R2 = 0.27). Louse intensity did not increase with body size for individual birds of any of the owl species. Mean intensity is expected to increase in proportion with the size, specifically the surface area, of the host. Why that relationship holds only for one louse genus, and not for the most abundant genus of lice on owls, and weakly compared with other families of birds, has yet to be determined.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2019.43}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X19000439/type/journal_article}, author = {Lamb, Robert J. and Terry D. Galloway} } @article {94777, title = {Infestation parameters for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting owls (Aves: Strigidae, Tytonidae) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {151}, year = {2019}, month = {July-2019}, pages = {608 - 620}, abstract = {

Eleven of the 12 species of owls (Aves: Strigidae, Tytonidae) known to occur in Manitoba, Canada, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from 1976 to 2015: barn owl (Tyto alba (Scopoli); Aves: Tytonidae) (n = 2), snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 77), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus (Gmelin); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 262), great grey owl (Strix nebulosa F\örster; Aves: Strigidae) (n = 142), barred owl (Strix varia Barton; Aves: Strigidae) (n = 10), northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 18), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 74), long-eared owl (Asio otus (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 67), eastern screech owl (Megascops aslo (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 59), boreal owl (Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 47), and northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin); Aves: Strigidae) (n = 44), a total of 802 owls. No lice were found infesting barn owl (Tyto alba (Scopoli); Aves: Tytonidae) or eastern screech owl (Megascops asio (Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae). We collected a total of 113 810 lice of 12 species: Kurodaia Uchida (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) \– three species; and Strigiphilus Mj\öberg (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) \– nine species. Overall prevalence of infestation ranged from 10.0\% to 88.9\%. Mean intensity for total lice ranged from 22.4 to 506.5. Infestation parameters for each louse\–host combination are provided; prevalence and mean intensity were not related for louse\–host species combinations. Distribution of louse infestations was highly aggregated. In all louse\–host combinations but one, either females were more prevalent than males or there was no significant deviation from 50:50. Male Strigiphilus ceblebrachys Denny significantly outnumbered females in snowy owls. There was a tendency for louse species to co-occur on the same host specimen. Where sample sizes for owls were large enough, no seasonal patterns in abundance of lice were detected.

}, keywords = {Bubo scandiacus}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2019.42}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X19000427/type/journal_article}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {94384, title = {Abundance and stability of populations of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) infesting two species of woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {150}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-04-2018}, pages = {180 - 189}, abstract = {

The annual abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) was recorded from 1996 to 2015 in Manitoba, Canada, on two species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae). Yellow-bellied sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus)) were infested with Menacanthus pici (Denny) (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); northern flickers (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus)) were also infested with M. pici, as well as two other Ischnocera, Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) and Picicola porisma Dalgleish. The mean annual abundance varied from nine to 51 lice per bird for the four species, with prevalence, mean intensity, sex ratio, and nymphs per female also varying among louse species. Menacanthus pici populations on both hosts were unstable: abundance rose over two decades because of increasing prevalence, whereas the abundance of the other three louse species fluctuated around a mean. Population variability was similar for the lice on both hosts, with the metric, PV, ranging from 0.41 to 0.51 on a 0\–1 scale, once the effect of the trend in abundance for M. pici had been removed. Although the population dynamics for species of lice on these two woodpeckers were distinct, inter-specific differences in population stability were less pronounced than observed in the few other species of bird lice studied in this way.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2017.62}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X17000621/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X17000621}, author = {Lamb, Robert J. and Terry D. Galloway} } @article {94314, title = {Abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) increases with the body size of their host woodpeckers and sapsuckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {149}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {473 - 481}, abstract = {

Specimens of five species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae) from Manitoba, Canada, were weighed and examined for chewing lice, 1998\–2015: downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus), n=49), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus (Linnaeus), n=23), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus), n = 10), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), n = 170), and yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus), n = 239). The relationship between body mass of each host species and infestation by seven species of lice was analysed: Menacanthus pici (Denny) from all host species, Brueelia straminea (Denny) from Picoides Lac\ép\ède species, Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) from northern flicker, Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) from the other four hosts, Picicola porisma Dalgleish from northern flicker, Picicola snodgrassi (Kellogg) from Picoides species, and Picicola marginatulus (Harrison) from pileated woodpeckers. Mean abundance of lice increased with the mean mass of their host. Neither the species richness of lice nor the prevalence of lice were related to host body mass. Host body mass explained 98\% of the variation in mean intensity of louse infestation among hosts. The positive association of mean intensity and body size was also detected for three genera of lice. Louse intensity also increased with body size for individual birds, more so for some species of lice and hosts than others. Body size matters, but the adaptations that allow higher mean intensity on larger host species remain to be determined.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Manitoba, sapsuckers, woodpeckers}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2017.18}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X17000189/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X17000189}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {94267, title = {Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) infesting woodpeckers and sapsuckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {148}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-10-2016}, pages = {520 - 531}, abstract = {

Five species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae) in Manitoba, Canada were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera): downy woodpecker (DOWO) (Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus), n = 56), hairy woodpecker (HAWO) (Picoides villosus (Linnaeus), n = 32), pileated woodpecker (PIWO) (Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus), n = 12), northern flicker (NOFL) (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), n = 223), and yellow-bellied sapsucker (YBSA) (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus), n = 192). Seven species of lice were collected (total number = 40 613): Menacanthus pici (Denny) from all species of woodpeckers, Brueelia straminea (Denny) from both species of Picoides Lac{\'e}p{\`e}de, Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) from northern flicker, Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) from all species of woodpeckers examined except northern flickers, Picicola porisma Dalgleish from northern flickers, Picicola snodgrassi (Kellogg) from both species of Picoides, and Picicola marginatulus (Harrison) from pileated woodpeckers. Prevalence for total louse infestation ranged from 32.3\% to 85.7\% (NOFL \> YBSA \> PIWO \> DOWO \> HAWO). Mean intensity for total lice ranged from 29.2 to 232.4 (PIWO\>NOFL\>HAWO\>YBSA\>DOWO). Infestation parameters for each louse/host combination are provided. Distribution of louse infestations was highly aggregated. In all louse/host combinations, either females were more prevalent than males or there was no significant deviation from 50:50. There was a tendency for louse species to co-occur on the same host specimen.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2015.89}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X15000899}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {94266, title = {Seasonal population dynamics of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) infesting three species of woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {148}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-12-2016}, pages = {683 - 692}, abstract = {

Three species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae) in Manitoba, Canada, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera): the resident downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus), n = 55), and two migrants, yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus), n = 316) and northern flicker (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), n = 225). Six species were collected: Menacanthus pici (Denny) (Amblycera: Menoponidae) from all hosts, and five species of Ischnocera (Philopteridae): Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) from downy woodpeckers and sapsuckers, Picicola snodgrassi (Kellogg) and Brueelia straminea (Denny) from downy woodpeckers, and Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) and Picicola porisma Dalgleish from flickers. Adults and nymphs were present on downy woodpeckers all year, and on migrant sapsuckers and flickers from when they arrived until they left, suggesting lice reproduce continuously on their hosts. Prevalence and mean intensities of louse infestations generally decreased from their respective springtime levels to their lowest values during or at the end of the breeding season of their hosts, and then increased in various degrees during the fall. No seasonal pattern in louse sex ratios was observed except on northern flickers, where male to female ratios for two of three species were lowest during the breeding season. Resident and migrant hosts had similar seasonal patterns of infestation by lice.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2016.27}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X16000274}, author = {Lamb, Robert J. and Terry D. Galloway} } @article {68932, title = {Seasonal population dynamics of four species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) on feral pigeons (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {147}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-12-2015}, pages = {712 - 722}, abstract = {

Seasonal dynamics of louse (Phthiraptera) populations on feral pigeons, Columba livia Gmelin (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae) were investigated from 2003 to 2012 in southern Manitoba, Canada. Pigeons were infested with: Philopteridae \– Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus), and Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro; Menoponidae \– Hohorstiella lata (Piaget). We consider the hypothesis that four species living on the same host show similar seasonal dynamics, coordinated by the life history of the host. Adults of both sexes and nymphs of all four species were present on pigeons throughout the year, consistent with continuous feeding and reproduction. Campanulotes compar and C. columbae populations were low in spring and peaked in September, with C. columbae showing greater seasonal changes for all population parameters. Coloceras tovornikae showed two annual peaks in abundance in spring and late summer, and H. lata was most abundant in the cold months of the year. Over 10 years, the four species showed distinct seasonal dynamics, although they live on the same birds. Seasonal patterns provided no evidence that louse reproduction or abundance is coordinated by the long breeding and moulting seasons of the host.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2014.84}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X14000844}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {68931, title = {Abundance and stability of populations of a chewing louse, Mulcticola macrocephalus (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), on common nighthawks, Chordeiles minor (Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae) in Manitoba, Canada}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {147}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-12-2015}, pages = {723 - 731}, abstract = {

Populations of the chewing louse, Mulcticola macrocephalus (Kellogg) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), were investigated on its host the common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (Forster) (Aves: Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae), from 1992 to 2013 in southern Manitoba, Canada. The louse was present in all but one year with an annual prevalence of 0.52, mean intensity of 16 lice per infested bird, a ratio of 0.81 males and 1.89 nymphs to female (n = 178). Intensity was the same in the first 11 and last nine years of the study, but prevalence dropped from 0.59 to 0.34 between the two decades. Population variability for annual abundance, measured as PV, was 0.49. In August, adults and newly fledged nighthawks had a prevalence of infestation similar to the adults that immigrated in the spring, but mean intensity did not reach spring levels until September\–October. Samples of hosts were small in some years, reducing the precision of parameter estimates, particularly those based on ratios. The population parameters for M. macrocephalus on a native migrant host were intermediate in the ranges of parameters for four species of lice on non-migratory, introduced feral pigeons, Columba livia Gmelin (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae), but the distributions of M. macrocephalus among nighthawks was less severely aggregated than those from pigeons.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2014.85}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X14000856}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} } @article {68809, title = {Abundance and stability are species traits for four chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) on feral pigeons, Columba livia (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae)}, journal = {The Canadian Entomologist}, volume = {146}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-08-2014}, pages = {444 - 456}, abstract = {

Population parameters of ectoparasites on feral pigeons, Columba livia Gmelin (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae), were estimated from 1995\–2012 in southern Manitoba, Canada. The ectoparasites are chewing lice (Phthiraptera): Philopteridae \– Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus), and Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro; Menoponidae \– Hohorstiella lata (Piaget). We tested the hypotheses that both abundance and population stability are species-specific traits. Over 10 years, the four species of lice had distinct population dynamics. Campanulotes compar and C. columbae were more abundant than C. tovornikae and H. lata, had higher male to female sex ratios and higher ratios of nymphs to females, different levels of aggregation, and more stable populations. Campanulotes compar was more prevalent than C. columbae and its prevalence was more stable, and the two species also showed differences in the levels and stabilities of male and nymph to female ratios. Coloceras tovornikae had a higher prevalence and male to female sex ratio than H. lata, but the two species showed similar levels of stability for these parameters. The level of stability of these populations was relatively high com- pared with many other organisms, and in particular higher than for plant ectoparasites (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Although the four species occupy similar habitats, often on the same bird, and three of the four feed in a similar way, the population biology of each species is distinct. The life history traits that lead to these differences have yet to be determined.

}, issn = {0008-347X}, doi = {10.4039/tce.2013.86}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X13000862}, author = {Terry D. Galloway and Lamb, Robert J.} }