@article {95703, title = {Options for the control of parasites in the Australian Goat Industry- A situational analysis of parasites and parasite control}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, pages = {107 pp}, institution = {Meat \& Livestock Australia}, type = {Final report MLA project B.GOA.0014}, address = {North Sydney, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

Objectives of this review were to: (i) provide an assessment of key parasites, their impact in the Australian goat industry and current control practices; (ii) develop guidelines to maximise and preserve the efficacy of currently registered products; (iii) identify currently unavailable parasiticides that would be beneficial to the goat industry and define the processes required to make them legally available and, (iv) identify alternative non-chemical measures that could be used to reduce reliance on chemical parasiticides. A survey addressing the extent of problems from endo and ectoparasites, and control practices was circulated to 1500 producers. Useable responses were returned from 195. Gastrointestinal parasites were always or mostly a problem on 26\% of properties and sometimes a problem on 59\% whereas lice were always or mostly a problem for 9\% of respondents and sometimes a problem for 53\%. Coccidiosis was sometimes a problem for 31\% of respondents. Eighty-eight percent of respondents used drenches to control worms, whereas 56\% treated for lice and 28\% percent treated for coccidiosis. The limited availability of effective goat parasiticides meant that products registered for control of similar parasites in other livestock species were often used. A range of non chemical parasite management techniques were also employed.

}, isbn = {9781741912166}, issn = {B.GOA.0014}, url = {https://www.academia.edu/26168219/Project_code_B_GOA_0014_Options_for_the_control_of_parasites_in_the_Australian_Goat_Industry_A_situational_analysis_of_parasites_and_parasite_control_Options_for_the_control_of_parasites_in_the_Australian_Goat_Industry?em}, author = {Maxine Lyndal-Murphy and Peter J. James and Pamela Bowles and Richard Watts and Sandra Baxendell}, editor = {Department of Primary Industries \& Fisheries Queensland} } @article {95649, title = {Population dynamics and production effects of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis Schrank) in extensively grazed flocks}, journal = {Animal Production Science}, volume = {51}, year = {2011}, month = {08-2011}, pages = {753-762}, abstract = {

An experiment was conducted to characterise population dynamics of lice and associated production loss in extensively grazed flocks infested at different times after shearing. Merino wethers were allocated to six groups of 31 sheep. In the first year (Y1), one sheep in each of two groups was infested with 2500 lice at 6 weeks after shearing (September), sheep in two groups were infested at 4 months (December) and two groups remained uninfested. In year 2 (Y2), infestations carried over from Y1, but a lousy sheep was added to each 6-week infestation mob. In year 3 (Y3), the infested mobs were treated and remained lice free, while lousy donor sheep were added to the two previously uninfested mobs. In Y1, lice appeared to die out in one 6-week-infestation group and were found on only two sheep before next shearing in the other. Lice persisted and spread in the two 4-month-infestation flocks, reaching mean counts (\±s.e.) of 0.5 (\±0.2) and 0.2 (\±0.1) per part before shearing. In Y2 and Y3, lice persisted and increased in all infested flocks, reaching mean counts of 2.3 (\±0.6), 8.5 (\±1.5), 3.6 (\±0.6) and 2.8 (\±0.7) per part in Y2 and 1.0 (\±0.2) and 1.2 (\±0.4) per part in Y3. The count of 8.5 was in the flock with both a carry-over infestation and an infestor sheep. Exponential and logistic models were fitted to describe lice increase; differences in fleece derangement reflected louse numbers. Clean fleece weight was higher in flocks without lice in all years (0.12 kg/head in Y1; 0.22 kg/head in Y2 and Y3; P \< 0.05). Classer-assigned colour scores (although not measured colour), cott score and line into which the wool was classed also differed significantly (P \< 0.05) between infested and non-infested flocks and there was an indication that staple length was reduced in more heavily infested flocks. In spring-shorn flocks in environments with high solar radiation and no lice present at shearing, even if lice subsequently enter the mob, it appears unlikely that they will increase to levels where serious economic loss will be experienced before next shearing. The study also indicated that lice could persist in flocks at levels unlikely to be detected by most commercial wool producers for extended periods, possibly through one season, which may help to explain reports of new infestations with no apparent source.

}, issn = {1836-0939}, doi = {10.1071/an11008}, url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/an/an11008}, author = {Peter J. James and Horton,B. J. and Campbell,N. J. and D. L. Evans and J. Winkleman and R. McPhie} } @conference {95199, title = {Biology and population dynamics of sheep lice: implications for control}, booktitle = {National Conference on Flystrike \& Lice IPM Control Strategies}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, publisher = {Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research}, organization = {Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research}, address = {Launceston, TAS}, abstract = {

Knowledge\  of\  the\  biology\  of\  the\  target\  pest\  is\  essential\  to\  the\  design\  of\  efficient\  control\  programs.However, information is lacking on many important aspects of the basic biology of sheep lice (Bovicolaovis) despite recommendations of the need for research in this area from past workshops. In this paperwe\  summarise\  some\  of\  the\  more\  recent\  information\  on\  transmission\  and\  population\  dynamics\  of\  sheeplice\  and\  discuss\  implications\  for\  control.\  We\  also\  describe\  factors\  which\  may\  regulate\  these\  processesand highlight some specific areas in which information is required.

}, keywords = {regulation, survival, transmission}, url = {http://www.licebosstools.org.au/FLICS/PDFs/Chapter_2/James_Crawford_Biology_population_of_sheep_lice.pdf}, author = {Peter J. James and Crawford,S.} } @article {94522, title = {Mitochondrial Genome Fragmentation Unites the Parasitic Lice of Eutherian Mammals}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, year = {2019}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {

Abstract.\—Organelle genome fragmentation has been found in a wide range of eukaryotic lineages; however, its use in phylogenetic reconstruction has not been demonstrated. We explored the use of mitochondrial (mt) genome fragmentation in resolving the controversial suborder-level phylogeny of parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera). There are approximately 5000 species of parasitic lice in four suborders (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura), which infest mammals and birds. The phylogenetic relationships among these suborders are unresolved despite decades of studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of eight species of parasitic lice and compared them with 17 other species of parasitic lice sequenced previously. We found that the typical single-chromosome mt genome is retained in the lice of birds but fragmented into many minichromosomes in the lice of eutherian mammals. The shared derived feature of mt genome fragmentation unites the eutherian mammal lice of Ischnocera (family Trichodectidae) with Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina to the exclusion of the bird lice of Ischnocera (family Philopteridae). The novel clade, namely Mitodivisia, is also supported by phylogenetic analysis of mt genome and cox1 gene sequences. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that organelle genome fragmentation is informative for resolving controversial high-level phylogenies.

}, keywords = {genome fragmentation, Mitochondrial genome, Parasitic lice, Phylogeny}, issn = {1063-5157}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syy062}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sysbio/syy062/5098615}, author = {Fan Song and Hu Li and Guo-Hua Liu and Wei Wang and Peter J. James and Douglas D. Colwell and Anette Tran and Siyu Gong and Wanzhi Cai and Renfu Shao}, editor = {Brian Wiegmann} } @mastersthesis {48361, title = {Population dynamics and host regulation of the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis (Schrank)(Phthiraptera: trichodectidae)}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, school = {University of Minnesota}, author = {Peter J. James} } @article {48119, title = {Temporal relationship between infestation with lice (Bovicola ovis Schrank) and the development of pruritic behaviour and fleece derangement in sheep}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {149}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {251 - 257}, abstract = {

Pruritic behaviour and deranged fleece are often used as indicators of sheep louse infestation but the exact relationship between infestation and the observation of signs of pruritis was unclear. Two studies were conducted to examine this association. In the first, 24 castrate Merino sheep were randomly assigned to six pens in groups of four and the sheep in three pens infested with 10 lice each on the right mid-side. Louse numbers were counted, fleece derangement scored and pruritic behaviour assessed periodically on each sheep until 38 weeks after infestation. In the second study a single moderately infested sheep was paddocked for 15 weeks with 32 uninfested sheep and louse numbers and fleece derangement monitored for 41 weeks.In the pen studies, differences between infested and non-infested sheep in fleece derangement and pruritic behaviour first became significant ( p \< 0.05) at 8 and 14 weeks, respectively and at louse densities of 0.06 and 0.27 per 10 cm wool part. Some sheep showed definite signs of deranged fleece as early as 5 weeks after initial infestation. In the paddock studies, it took 37 weeks until lice were detected on all sheep in the flock. The correlation between louse numbers and fleece derangement score first became significant (r = 0.44 and p \< 0.05) at 9 weeks after introduction of the lousy sheep, reached a maximum of r = 0.79 ( p \< 0.001) at 22 weeks when 84\% of sheep had lice detected and the mean louse density was 0.29 per part, and then declined to r = 0.12 (n.s.) at 41 weeks when all sheep were infested and the mean louse density was 3.04 per part. It is concluded that fleece derangement is a powerful early indicator of the presence of lice and that sheep may exhibit signs of pruritis well before lice can be readily found by direct inspection. Fleece derangement may be useful as a basis for establishing economic thresholds for the application of long wool treatments in developing louse infestations but appears to be a poor indicator of louse numbers once the infestation is advanced.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47259.pdf}, author = {Peter J. James and Bartholomaeus,F. W. and Karlsson,L. J. E.} } @article {46430, title = {Evaluation of ear tags impregnated with cypermethrin for the control of sheep body lice (Damalinia ovis)}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {67}, year = {1990}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370616; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52315-07-8 (cypermethrin); ppublish}, month = {1990}, pages = {128 - 131}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, abstract = {

The application of polymer matrix ear tags impregnated with 8.5\% w/w cypermethrin to 6 wethers following shearing reduced lice to non-detectable levels on 4 of them at 29 weeks after tagging. At the conclusion of the study at 45 weeks the mean count of lice on tagged wethers was 3 per sheep compared to 158 on untreated wethers. In a second experiment, 6 non-infected sheep were treated at shearing with cypermethrin tags, 6 with 25 g/l cypermethrin backline formulation, 6 with tags plus backline and 6 were left untreated. Each group was exposed to 6 sheep with moderate to heavy infestations of lice. Compared to controls, all treatments delayed infestation, but cypermethrin tags gave no longer protection than backline treatment. All sheep were infested by 17 weeks after commencement of the study. At 45 weeks mean counts of lice were 38, 27, 20 and 74 respectively for sheep treated with tags, backline formulation, backline plus tags and untreated. Possible reasons for the better effect observed from applying tags to infested sheep than to sheep which were not infected at application but which were subsequently exposed to infested sheep are discussed.

}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, animals, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development, Pyrethrum, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control}, isbn = {0005-0423}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07728.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07728.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Erkerlenz,P. and Meade,R. J.} } @article {46375, title = {Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in South Australian populations of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis)}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {70}, year = {1993}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370616; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52315-07-8 (cypermethrin); ppublish}, month = {1993}, pages = {105 - 108}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, abstract = {

Lice were collected from 71 flocks detected as infested at market inspection in 1990 and 1991, from 16 flocks where resistance was suspected and from 31 flocks from Kangaroo Island. Susceptibility to cypermethrin was measured by a treated surface technique and survival of lice at 5 ppm or greater was taken as an indication of resistance. The prevalence of resistance was 34\% in louse populations from the market inspection sample, 50\% in flocks in which resistance was suspected and 68\% in flocks from Kangaroo Island. Most resistance factors were in the range 1 to 20 although one louse population with a resistance factor of 91 was found on Kangaroo Island.

}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lethal Dose 50, lice, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Pyrethrum, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology/prevention \& control}, isbn = {0005-0423}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03287.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03287.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Saunders,P. E. and Cockrum,K. S. and Munro,K. J.} } @article {46261, title = {Seasonal dynamics and variation among sheep in densities of the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {283 - 292}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Cyclic patterns and variations among sheep in numbers of Bovicola ovis are described in Polypay and Columbia ewes that were initially infested with equal numbers of lice and penned indoors continuously for 2 years. Bovicola ovis populations were censused at 3-4-week intervals at 69 body sites on each animal. In the second year of the study, the ewes were reinfested and half were mated. Louse populations were monitored on the resulting lambs from birth until 25 weeks of age. Strong seasonal cycles in louse numbers were observed on the ewes, with peaks in spring and troughs in summer. These cycles occurred in the absence of shearing, direct solar radiation or rainfall. Populations began to decline when daily mean and maximum temperatures were 11.5 degrees C and 15 degrees C, respectively, well below temperatures thought to cause warm season decline. Louse densities on Polypay ewes were approximately 10 times higher than on Columbias at most inspections. There were also large differences among sheep within breeds and sheep counts were highly correlated among dates, both within and between years. One third of the ewes failed to become infested despite having lice applied on five separate occasions and being penned together with other infested sheep. Pregnancy and lactation did not significantly affect louse numbers on the ewes. There was a significant negative correlation between louse counts and weight gains in the lambs, and lamb counts were significantly correlated with those of their dams up until, but not after, weaning. It is suggested that sheep may exert regulatory influences on lice which contribute to cycles in B. ovis populations.

}, keywords = {animals, breeding, Disease Susceptibility, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Minnesota, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology, temperature, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00188-4}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997001884?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Brown,D. R.} } @article {46259, title = {Pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {419 - 427}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

This study examined the relationships among louse density, pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis. Polypay and Columbia ewes were allocated to two groups, infested and naive, and louse densities and pruritis were monitored for 15 months. Ten months after the initial infestation, all sheep were tested for hypersensitivity on the midside and ears by intradermal injection of soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis. The areas of skin reactions were measured at 20 min, 1, 3 and 24 h after injection and skin thickness was measured at 24 h. Louse densities on Polypays were approximately 10 times greater than on Columbias, and pruritis was correlated with louse numbers at most inspections. Most pruritic behaviour was directed to the sides of infested sheep. Wheal and flare reactions developed rapidly to all extracts in both infested and naive ewes. Reactions to louse extract were larger in infested than naive sheep at all four times after injection. In the infested Polypays, reactions to louse extract were greater than to the fly extracts, but in naive sheep there was little difference among extracts. Reactions in naive Columbias were larger than in naive Polypays at 20 min, 1 and 3 h, but had almost completely abated in both groups at 24 h. Reactions in infested Columbias were greater than in infested Polypays at 20 min, but at 24 h reactions in the Polypays were larger. Louse numbers and pruritis were correlated with wheal areas and skin thickness at 24 h, but there was little relationship with the size of reactions at earlier times. These findings are consistent with the development of a hypersensitive response to B. ovis and suggest that dermal reactions to lice may influence sheep susceptibility.

}, keywords = {animals, Antigens/immunology, Behavior, Animal, breeding, hypersensitivity, Intradermal Tests/veterinary, Lice Infestations/immunology/pathology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Pruritus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/pathology, Skin/immunology/pathology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00200-2}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997002002?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46249, title = {Serum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, on experimentally infested sheep}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {12}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Antibodies); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {276 - 283}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

The sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) feeds superficially on the skin of sheep but appears to stimulate an immune response. In this study we examined the association between louse infestation and serum and skin surface antibodies. Louse numbers were monitored on experimentally infested Polypay and Columbia ewes for two years and on their lambs in the second year. Serum and skin wash samples were tested for antibodies to soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of skin wash extracts on B. ovis were examined in vitro. The titre of anti-B. ovis antibodies in the serum did not differ significantly between infested and naive ewes. However, there was an increase in serum antibody titre which coincided with periods of high louse density in ewes with high louse counts. Infested lambs had higher serum antibody levels than naive lambs. Substantial cross reactivity was evident among extracts of the different insects. Densities of lice on the ewes during population decline were negatively related to the titre of skin surface antibodies. Skin washings collected from sheep during B. ovis population decline reduced the number of louse progeny when incorporated into louse diet. These results indicate that B. ovis stimulates an immune response in sheep and suggest that compounds on the skin surface may play a role in the regulation of louse populations.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies/analysis, Biological Assay, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, population density, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/immunology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Ragsdale,D. W.} } @article {46234, title = {Spatial distribution and spread of sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, from point infestations}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {81}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {323 - 339}, abstract = {

The spatial distribution of chewing lice (Bovicola ovis) on their hosts was examined in Polypay and Columbia ewes initially artificially infested on the midside or the neck. Densities of lice were determined at 69 body sites in eight body regions at approximately monthly intervals for 2 years. In the second year, half of the ewes were mated and lice were counted at 26 body sites on the resulting lambs. Polypay ewes had higher densities of lice than Columbias at most inspections but there was little effect of infestation point or mating on either numbers or the distribution of lice. During periods of high louse numbers densities were generally greatest on the sides or the back. Densities on the head were also high at times and peaked later than overall louse densities. Shearing markedly reduced density but increased the proportion of lice found on the neck, belly and lowleg sites. The distribution of lice on the lambs was similar to that on the ewes except that fewer lice were found on the head. Comparisons of lice per part with the numbers of lice extracted from clipped patches indicated that a sheep with wool bearing area of 1 m2 and a mean count of one louse per 10 cm fleece parting carried approximately 2000 lice. At most times of the year inspections for sheep lice should be concentrated on the sides and back, but in recently shorn sheep greater attention should be paid to the lower neck and ventral regions. Implications of the observed distributions of lice for the efficacy of chemical treatments are discussed.

}, keywords = {abdomen, Analysis of Variance, animals, Back/parasitology, head, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Linear Models, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/parasitology, wool}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00259-3}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401798002593?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46216, title = {Do sheep regulate the size of their mallophagan louse populations?}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antibodies); RF: 54; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {869 - 875}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Alternatives to chemicals for controlling parasites are required to minimise problems from resistance, residues in animal products and occupational exposure. Utilisation of host response to parasites through selection of resistant types or vaccination is an appealing option. To date most studies have been with haematophagous or invasive parasites which directly contact elements of the host immune system. Sheep lice (Bovicola ovis) feed superficially on the skin of sheep ingesting lipid, scurf, bacteria and loose stratum corneum squames. Evidence is presented that despite their surface feeding habit Bovicola ovis stimulate an immune response in sheep and that this response may play a part in regulating the size of louse populations.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies/immunology, hypersensitivity, Lice Infestations/immunology/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/parasitology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00055-7}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751999000557?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James} } @article {46125, title = {Survival away from sheep and alternative methods of transmission of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis)}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {205 - 216}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Transmission of sheep lice is thought to occur mainly by sheep to sheep contact although the possibility of other sources of infestation is often suggested. This study investigated the period of survival of Bovicola ovis after removal from sheep under varying conditions and assessed the likelihood of new infestations arising from contaminated facilities, wool caught on fences and shearers\&$\#$39; footwear.In laboratory studies with lice held away from sheep at 4, 20, 25 and 36.5 degrees C, adults and nymphs survived longest at 25 degrees C (LT90 of 11.7 and 24.1 days for adults and large nymphs, respectively). Nymphs survived longer than adults and lice provided with raw wool survived longer than lice provided with wool that had been degreased. Nymphal lice survived for up to 29 days on unscoured wool at 36.5 degrees C, but the LT50 was less than 9 days in most experiments. In shearing sheds in winter and early spring lice survived for up to 14 and 16 days, respectively. These periods of survival are considerably longer than previously indicated for B. ovis. Most lice dropped out of wool staples attached to a fence within 1 h and only two of a total of 225 lice were still present after 24 h, suggesting that sheep are unlikely to become infested from wool caught on fences. Adult and nymphal lice readily transferred to shearers\&$\#$39; moccasins and survived there for up to 10 days, indicating that transmission of lice on the footwear of shearers or other sheep handlers may be a cause of new infestations. Microwaving each moccasin for 5 min killed all lice and may provide a simple method of reducing the likelihood of transmission of B. ovis between properties.

}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Disease Transmission, Horizontal/veterinary, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/transmission/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Life Cycle Stages, sheep, Sheep Diseases/transmission, Shoes, temperature, Time Factors, wool, zoonoses}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00374-5}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401700003745?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Crawford,S. and Peter J. James and Maddocks,S.} } @article {46069, title = {Variation among Merino sheep in susceptibilty to lice (Bovicola ovis) and association with susceptibility to trichostrongylid gastrointestinal parasites}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {103}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {355 - 365}, abstract = {

Sheep of two bloodlines of Merino were artificially infested with equal numbers of lice (Bovicola ovis) and the resulting louse populations were monitored over the following 20 months. The sheep were shorn 6 and 17 months after infestation and, for analysis, the louse counts considered in 3 years separated by shearings. Nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) were assessed on faecal samples collected on five occasions, three times following natural challenge and twice after artificial challenge with 40,000 trichostrongyloid larvae (84\% Trichostrongylus vitrinus). In addition, blood samples were collected and measured for B. ovis-specific immunoglobulins (predominantly IgG), B. ovis-specific IgE and serum total IgE. Bloodlines differed significantly in the size of louse populations at the end of year 2, FEC after both natural and artificial challenge and in serum levels of all three antibodies (p0.05). FEC following artificial challenge was significantly correlated with louse counts in year 3 (r=0.36, p0.05) or year 1 (r=0.04, p\>0.05). Louse counts in the 3 years were significantly correlated with anti-B. ovis antibody concentration (r=0.60, 0.48, 0.36), but not with levels of either anti-B. ovis or total serum IgE.These results suggest that sheep with greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites also tend to be less susceptible to lice. Whether this is due to interaction of the effects of the parasites or to correlation in underlying resistance mechanisms requires clarification.

}, keywords = {animals, Disease Susceptibility/veterinary, Feces/parasitology, immunization, immunoglobulin, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology/veterinary, Lice Infestations/complications/immunology/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/parasitology, Trichostrongylus, wool}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00601-X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030440170100601X?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Carmichael,I. H. and Pfeffer,A. and Martin,R. R. and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,M. G.} } @article {46071, title = {Sensitivity of two-stage sampling to detect sheep biting lice (Bovicola ovis) in infested flocks}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {103}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {157 - 166}, abstract = {

The sampling distribution of Bovicola ovis (Schrank) on sheep was examined in two flocks, one with a light and one with a heavy infestation of lice. The derived distributions were used to calculate the sensitivity of detecting lice on individual sheep and in flocks by fleece parting regimes that varied in number of parts per animal and number of sheep per flock, different scenarios of flock sizes, proportion infested and louse density were examined. Lice were aggregated among fleece partings in the heavily infested flock and described by a negative binomial distribution with k values between 0.3 and 1.92. The distribution was indistinguishable from Poisson in the lightly infested flock. The assumed distribution had little effect on sensitivity, except when only one fleece part per animal was examined. On individual sheep where louse density was 0.5 per 10 cm part or greater, there were only marginal gains from inspecting more than 10 parts per animal. Increasing the number of sheep inspected always increased sensitivity more than increasing number of parts per sheep by an equivalent amount. This advantage was greatest in situations where a low proportion of sheep in the flock were infested with a high density of lice, and less where a low proportion of sheep were infested with a low density of lice, or a high proportion of sheep were infested with a high density of lice.

}, keywords = {animals, head, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sensitivity and Specificity, sheep, Sheep Diseases/diagnosis/parasitology, wool}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00585-4}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401701005854?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Garrett,J. A. and Moon,R. D.} } @article {45954, title = {Effect of sulphur amino acids on epithelial immunity and parasite susceptibility}, journal = {Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {12 Suppl}, year = {2003}, note = {JID: 9440304; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {S58}, address = {Australia}, abstract = {

Background - The sulphur amino acid (SAA), cysteine, which can be synthesised from methionine, is believed to act as a regulatory signal during immune responses to parasitic challenge. Objective - Sheep postruminal SAA supply was manipulated by providing rumen-protected methionine (RPM). The objective was to measure resulting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and skin hypersensitivity or allergic responses of sheep known to differ in susceptibility to the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis. Design - The three-month trial was a completely randomised 2 x 2 factorial design (high and low louse-susceptibility x control and RPM diet). RPM diet contained 1.18\% SAA, control contained 0.57\%. Blood samples were collected fortnightly for white blood cell (WBC) counts, total plasma sulphur and anti-louse antibody titres. Skin hypersensitivity (SH) tests were conducted at the end of the trial. Outcomes - RPM diet raised total plasma sulphur levels by 12\%. Low susceptibility sheep had elevated peripheral eosinophils (P=0.04). Sheep fed the RPM diet showed a faster (P=0.05) immediate SH response and RPM fed low susceptibility sheep showed an accelerated (P= 0.03) late phase SH response. Anti-louse antibody titres were higher in high susceptibility sheep (P\<0.05) at the beginning and end of the trial, with no diet effect. Conclusions - Results suggest that sheep with low susceptibility to lice exhibit an enhanced hypersensitive immune response, whilst highly susceptible sheep exhibit a stronger humoral immune response. They also suggest that SAA supplementation may influence the response time of hypersensitive immunity of sheep to a B.ovis challenge.

}, isbn = {0964-7058}, url = {http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/ProcNutSoc/2000\%2B/2003/2003.htm}, author = {Pain,S. J. and Revell,D. K. and Peter J. James} } @article {45916, title = {The prevalence of lice on sheep and control practices in South Australia}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {82}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 0370616; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {563 - 568}, address = {Australia}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of infestations of lice in sheep flocks and to survey control practices for lice in South Australia DESIGN: A total of 201 managers of sheep flocks, 75 chosen randomly from the high rainfall zone (HR), 76 from the cereal sheep zone (CS) and 50 from the pastoral zone (PA), were surveyed by telephone interview. PROCEDURE: Interviews were conducted between May 19 and May 25, 1999, according to a set questionnaire. Information was collected on presence of lice at last shearing, control practices for lice, factors important for gaining good effect from chemical treatments, sources of information on control practices and property details. Survey results were analysed by agricultural region. RESULTS: The apparent state prevalence of flocks infested with lice was 21\%, with 13\% infested in the HR, 21\% in the CS and 25\% in the PA. Ninety one percent of managers claimed to take precautions to prevent the introduction of lice and 91\% routinely checked their flocks for lice. Seventy eight percent treated their sheep for lice annually and 85\% had treated within the last 12 months. Of those treating in the last year, 69\% had used a backline application, 16\% had used a shower dip and 17\% had used plunge dipping. Only 4\% of producers used a long wool treatment. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) based products were used by 50\% of producers who used backline treatments in the preceding 12 months, compared to 42\% and 8\% for insect growth regulator and organophosphorous (OP) based products, respectively. Only 34\% of managers identified SP-based products as having potential resistance problems. Of those producers who used shower or plunge dips in the last 12 months, 75\% used an OP based product. Rural newspapers and magazines were by far the most commonly noted source of information for the control of lice on sheep.

}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry/methods/statistics \& numerical data, animals, Australia, lice, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control/veterinary, Prevalence, Questionnaires, sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, wool}, isbn = {0005-0423}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11204.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11204.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Riley,M. J.} } @article {40162, title = {Controlled release insecticide devices for protection of sheep against head strike caused by Lucilia cuprina}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {52}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {113 - 128}, abstract = {

The effectiveness of polymer matrix tags containing (w/w) 8.5\% cypermethrin, 7.5\% flucythrinate, 13.7\% tetrachlorvinphos or 20.0\% diazinon in protecting sheep against head strike by the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann) was investigated in larval implant, fly cage and field studies. Tags impregnated with cypermethrin reduced the total number of egg masses deposited on the heads of sheep in fly cage studies over a 6 week period by 7 3.3\% compared with no treatment. Tags impregnated with flucythrinate reduced the number of egg masses by 25.3\% over 21 weeks but there were no significant differences (P \< 0.05) between treated and untreated sheep at individual exposures. Egg masses were found on the majority of tagged sheep and no protection was provided against implants with first instar L. cuprina larvae by either cypermethrin or flucythrinate tags. Tags impregnated with diazinon gave longer protection than treatment with a liquid formulation containing 400 ppm diazinon in larval implant, fly cage and field studies. Over a 12 week period in field studies, 6.6\% of rams treated with diazinon tags became struck compared with 30\% treated by diazinon jetting, 35.7\% treated with plastic tags not impregnated with insecticide and 24.2\% of untreated rams. When the rams were exposed to high populations of L. cuprina in an exposure house from 13 to 18 weeks after treatment, 3.3\% of rams treated with diazinon tags, 57.1\% treated by diazinon jetting, 43.8\% treated with plastic tags and 23.5\% of untreated rams became struck. Most strikes in the diazinon tagged sheep occurred at sites which were not contacted by the tags. Tags impregnated with tetrachlorvinphos reduced the number of strikes in comparison with no treatment in larval implant and fly cage studies but the results were inconsistent and not as good as those from diazinon tags. It is concluded that well designed controlled release devices that reliably contact the wool on the heads of sheep at sites of flystrike risk and which are able to withstand damage from rams fighting may be able to give prolonged protection against head strike.

}, keywords = {controlled, Damalinia ovis, diazinon, flucythrinate, head, lice, lucilia cuprina, populations, sheep arthropoda, strike, tags, technology, tetrachlorvinphos}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(94)90041-8}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304401794900418?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Mitchell,H. K. and Cockrum,K. S. and Ancell,P. M. C.} } @article {40006, title = {Effect of insecticidal ear tags on populations of lice (Damalinia ovis) infesting sheep}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {134 - 137}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09778.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09778.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Meade,R. J. and Powell,D.} }