@article {46378,
	title = {Patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1993},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {214 - 216},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {<p>Two general patterns of erythrocyte digestion were observed in representative species from four insect orders. Ingested erythrocytes were hemolyzed rapidly, and blood meals remained liquefied within body lice, Pediculus humanus L. and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) and Xenopyslla cheopis (Rothschild). Peritrophic membrane was absent. In contrast, there was a lag time of 6-18 h before substantial degradation of erythrocytes within the blood meals of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L.; the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; and the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex pipiens L. Blood meals of sand flies and mosquitoes were clotted and surrounded by peritrophic membrane at 18-24 h after feeding. Clotting and peritrophic membrane were less pronounced in bed bugs. It is proposed that acquisition and maintenance of pathogen types (i.e., prokaryotic versus eukaryotic) within insects are constrained by the general pattern of bloodmeal processing.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, bedbugs, Comparative Study, Culicidae, Fleas/physiology, Insect vectors, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	isbn = {0022-2585},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.1.214},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/30/1/214/2221260},
	author = {Vaughan,J. A. and Azad,A. F.}
}
@article {46152,
	title = {Ectoparasites of dogs belonging to people in resource-poor communities in North West Province, South Africa},
	journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7503122; ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {175 - 179},
	address = {South Africa},
	abstract = {<p>A total of 344 dogs belonging to people in resource-poor communities in North West Province, South Africa, was examined for ectoparasites, and all visible arthropods were collected from the left side of each dog. By doubling these numbers it was estimated that the dogs harboured 14,724 ixodid ticks, belonging to 6 species, 1,028 fleas, belonging to 2 species, and 26 lice. Haemaphysalis leachi accounted for 420 and Rhipicephalus sanguineus for 14,226 of the ticks. Pure infestations of H. leachi were present on 14 dogs and of R. sanguineus on 172 dogs. Small numbers of Amblyomma hebraeum, R. appendiciulatus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. simus were also collected. The predominance of R. sanguitneus accounts for the high prevalence of canine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis) within the survey region, compared to canine babesiosis (Babesia canis), which is transmitted by H. leachi, and is a much rarer disease.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Diptera, Dog Diseases, ectoparasite, fleas, larva, lice, Prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, South Africa, ticks},
	isbn = {1019-9128},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/135f/6d1d3ca73844a32456a941491d8749c4eeff.pdf},
	author = {Bryson,N. R. and Horak,Ivan G. and Hohn,E. W. and Louw,J. P.}
}
