@article {96479, title = {How many threatened lice are there? An approximation to the red list of the Spanish Phthiraptera}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {23}, year = {2024}, month = {Apr-01-2024}, pages = {5 pp}, abstract = {

Highlights

Abstract

Although the idea of conserving parasites as part of biodiversity is not new, these in general and lice in particular, are not included in the threatened list of invertebrate fauna. Assuming that the conservation status of a lice species is similar to that of its host, the number of threatened lice within the Spanish entomofauna was estimated based on the known host-lice assemblages. The lice parasitizing many of the Spanish birds and mammals are unknown. Overall, I found 6 extinct (EX) species; 4 critically endangered (CR); 15 endangered (EN), 7 vulnerable (VU) and 1 species near threatened (NT), at regional level. Since the status of hosts varies through time and space, it, (together with those of their lice, must be periodically updated. In addition to a number of reasons that justify the conservation of parasites, lice deserve being conserved, particularly, because of their scientific value.

}, keywords = {Aegypoecus perspicuous, Aquila adalberti, Aquiligogus barbate, Aquiligogus imperialis, birds, Coloceras brittanicum, conservation, Gyps hymalayensis, Halipeurus abnormis, Hohortsiella streptopeliae, lice, mammals, Neocolpocephalum percnopteri, Nisaetus cirrhatus, Spain, Streptopelia turtur, Turnix sylvatica}, issn = {2213-2244}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100903}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224423001049}, author = {Jes{\'u}s M. P{\'e}rez} } @article {95389, title = {External parasites of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes): identification in an ex situ population from Mexico}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {59}, year = {2011}, month = {09-2011}, pages = {257-1264, }, abstract = {

Raptorial birds harbor a variety of ectoparasites and the mayority of them are host specific. The aim of this study was to identify the ectoparasites of captive birds of prey from Mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health of infested birds. Raptorial birds were confiscated and kept in captivity at the Centro de Investigaci\ón y Conservaci\ón de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) in Los Reyes La Paz, Mexico State. Seventy-four birds of prey (66 Falconiformes and eigth Strigiformes) of 15 species were examined for the presence of ectoparasites. We examined both juvenile and adult birds from both sexes. The overall prevalence was 16.2\%; 66.7\% of raptors were infested with a single type of external parasite. Lice were the most prevalent ectoparasites (91.7\%), followed by feather mites and fleas (8.3\%). Degeeriella fulva (72.7\%), Craspedorrhynchus sp. (45.4\%) and Strigiphilus aitkeni (9.1\%) (Ischnocera, Philopteridae) were recovered from wings, head and neck regions of red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Swainson\’s hawk (B. swainsoni), Harris\’s hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) and Barn owl (Tyto alba). Low lice infestation level was observed. Nymphs and females of feather mites Kramerella sp. (Pterolichoidea, Kramerellidae) were recovered solely from Barn owl (T. alba); while one Caracara (Caracara cheriway) was infested by the sticktight flea Echidnophaga gallinacea (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae). No clinical signs were observed in any infested bird. Probably the periodic use of organophosphorates was responsible of the low prevalence and lice infestation levels. The diversity of external parasites illustrates the importance of detailed revision of incoming and long-term captive raptors as part of responsible captive management. Five new hosts and geographic records are presented

Resumen

Las aves rapaces albergan una gran variedad de ectopar\ásitos y la mayor\ía de ellos son espec\íficos de acogida. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los ectopar\ásitos de aves de presa en cautiverio en M\éxico y verificar su impacto en la salud de las aves. Se estudiaron 74 rapaces (66 Falconiformes y ocho Strigiformes) de 15 especies, juveniles y adultos de ambos sexos que fueron confiscadas y mantenidas en el Centro de Investigaci\ón y Conservaci\ón de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) en Los Reyes La Paz (20\º22\’ N, 98\º59\’ W), estado de M\éxico. La prevalencia fue de 16.2\%; 66.7\% de las rapaces estaban infestadas por un \único tipo de ectopar\ásito. Los piojos fueron los m\ás prevalentes (91.7\%), seguidos por los \ácaros y las pulgas (8.3\%). Los piojos Degeeriela fulva (72.7\%), Craspedorhynchus sp. (45.4\%) y Strigiphilus aitkeni (9.1\%) fueron extra\ídos de las alas, cabeza y cuello de aguililla cola-roja (Buteo jamaicensis), aguililla migratoria (B. swainsoni), aguililla de Harris (Parabuteo unicinctus) y lechuza de campanario (Tyto alba). El \ácaro Kramerella sp. fue exta\ído de T. alba; mientras que un Caracara (Caracara cheriway) estaba infestado por la pulga Echidnophaga gallinacea. No se observaron signos cl\ínicos en ninguna de las aves infestadas. Probablemente el uso peri\ódico de organofosforatos fue el responsable de la baja prevalencia y de los niveles de ingesta de piojos. La diversidad de ectopar\ásitos identificados ilustra la importancia de una detallada revisi\ón de las rapaces en cautiverio. Cinco nuevos hospederos y registros geogr\áficos son presentados.

Palabras clave: aves de presa, piojos, \ácaros, pulgas, conservaci\ón, cautiverio.

}, keywords = {birds of prey, captivity, conservation, feather mites, fleas, lice}, url = {https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0034-77442011000300026}, author = {Oliveira, Jaqueline Bianque and Tiziano Santos and Heber Santiago} } @article {94749, title = {Gastrointestinal and external parasites of the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Chile}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {28}, year = {2019}, month = {07-2019}, pages = {376 - 382}, type = {e-pub}, abstract = {

Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy \& Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biob\ío region and one specimen from the Valpara\íso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3\%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus K\éler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20\%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus L\ühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.

Resumo

No Chile, informa\ç\ões sobre parasitas associados a aves de rapina diurnas s\ão escassas. Entre os anos 2006 e 2017, um total de 15 esp\écimes do Falc\ão Vari\ável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy \& Gaimard, 1824) mortos, foram examinados, 14 deles provenientes de diferentes localidades da regi\ão do Biob\ío e um esp\écime na regi\ão de Valpara\íso. Um exame externo da plumagem foi feito para coletar os ectoparasitas e necropsias do tracto gastrointestinal para coleta de endoparasitas. Cinco aves (33,3\%) foram positivas para tr\ês esp\écies de piolhos (Phthiraptera): 97 esp\écimes de Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), seis esp\écimes de Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 e nove esp\écimes n\ão identificados do g\ênero Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em tr\ês aves (20\%), incluindo vermes redondos (Nematoda) do g\ênero Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, e vermes achatados (Acanthocephala) do g\ênero Centrorhynchus L\ühe, 1911. As esp\écies Colpocephalum turbinatum e os dos g\êneros Craspedorrhynchus, Centrorhynchus e Procyrnea corresponderam a novos registros para o Falc\ão Vari\ável.

Palavras-chave: Parasitas, piolhos, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, aves, raptores.

}, keywords = {Acanthocephala, birds, Geranoaetus polyosoma, lice, Nematoda, New records, parasites, raptors}, issn = {0103-846X}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612019045}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1984-29612019000300376\&tlng=en}, author = {Alexandra Grand{\'o}n-Ojeda and Patricio Cort{\'e}s and L. Moreno and John M. Kinsella and Armando Conrado Cicchino and Carlos Barrientos and Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a} } @article {94546, title = {Lice infestations of Steppe Buzzards (Buteo buteo vulpinus) markedly differ from those of Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo buteo)}, journal = {Journal of Raptor Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2019}, pages = {7 pp}, type = {Short Communications}, abstract = {

ABSTRACT.\—The Steppe Buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus), an eastern subspecies of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), is a long-distance migrant raptor that breeds across eastern European and central Asian grasslands. The eastern European populations migrate through a geographic bottleneck in Israel and overwinter in eastern and southern Africa. To investigate how the metabolic demand of long-distance migration may affect their health, we trapped Steppe Buzzards (n 1\⁄4 28) at Eilat, Israel, during the spring migration of 2016 and 2017 and collected their parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). We compared their lice infestation levels to published data on nonmigratory or short-distance migratory Common Buzzards (B. b. buteo). These Common Buzzards were divided into two groups, free-living birds (n 1\⁄4 59) and captive ones (n 1\⁄4 104). All the Steppe Buzzards we examined harbored 1\–4 species of lice. The Amblyceran lice that feed partially on living tissues and are thought to be relatively more virulent (Laemobothrion maximum and Colpocephalum nanum) were significantly more prevalent on Steppe Buzzards than on Common Buzzards (either free-living or in captivity). In contrast, the less-harmful Ischnoceran lice (Craspedorrhynchus platystomus and Degeeriella fulva) were either similarly or less prevalent on Steppe Buzzards than on the nonmigratory Common Buzzards, either free-living or in captivity. We hypothesize that this difference may mirror the metabolic demands of long-distance migration or, alternatively, our Eilat sample of Steppe Buzzards might have been biased in favor of the heavily infested individuals. In the Steppe Buzzard sample, we also detected a formerly unknown negative correlation between the abundance of Laemobothrion maximum and Colpocephalum nanum.

LAS INFESTACIONES DE PIOJOS DE BUTEO BUTEO VULPINUS VAR ́IAN DE LAS DE B. B. BUTEO
RESUMEN.\—Buteo buteo vulpinus, una subespecie oriental de B. buteo, es una rapaz migratoria de larga distancia que cr ́{\i}a en los pastizales del este de Europa y el centro de Asia. Las poblaciones del este de Europa migran a trave ́s de un cuello de botella geogra ́fico en Israel y pasan el invierno en el este y sur de\ ́frica. Para investigar como la demanda metabo ́lica de un migrante de larga distancia puede afectar la salud de esta especie atrapamos individuos de B. b. vulpinus (n 1\⁄4 28) en Eilat, Israel, durante la migracio ́ n de primavera de los an ̃os 2016 y 2017 y recolectamos sus piojos (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Comparamos los niveles de infestacio ́n con piojos con datos publicados de individuos no migratorios o migrantes de corta distanciadeB.b.buteo.Losindividuosdeestau ́ltimasubespeciefuerondivididosendosgrupos,aveslibres (n 1\⁄4 59) y aves cautivas (n 1\⁄4 104). Todos los individuos de B. b. vulpinus que examinamos albergaron entre 1 y 4 especies de piojos. Los piojos del suborden Amblycera Laemobothrion maximum y Colpocephalum nanum, que se alimentan parcialmente de tejidos vivos y que se cree que son relativamente ma ́s virulentos, fueron significativamente ma ́s prevalentes en B. b. vulpinus que en B. b. buteo libres o en cautivos. Por el contario, los piojos menos dan ̃inos del suborden Ischnocera Craspedorrhynchus platystomus y Degeeriella fulva fueron igual o menos prevalentes en B. b. vulpinus que en los individuos no migratorios de B. b. buteo libres o cautivos. Hipotetizamos que esta diferencia puede reflejar las demandas metabo ́licas de la migracio ́n de larga distancia o, alternativamente, nuestra muestra de Eilat de B. b. vulpinus podr ́{\i}a haber estado sesgada en favor de individuos fuertemente infestados. En la muestra de B. b. vulpinus tambie ́n detectamos una correlacio ́n negativa previamente desconocida entre la abundancia de Laemobothrion maximum y la de Colpocephalum nanum.

}, keywords = {Common Buzzard, Infestation, lice, Migration, Steppe Buzzard}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94546_v2.pdf}, author = {Reuven Yosef and Ofir Strutzer and Reut Tabibi and Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {44282, title = {Occurrence and species of lice on free-living and captive raptors in California}, journal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, volume = {15}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {288 - 292}, abstract = {This study determined the occurrence and identity of chewing lice (Mallophaga) on 35 clinically healthy raptors presented with traumatic injuries at the California Raptor Center during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Samples of lice were collected and preserved in 70\% ethanol during physical examinations within 24 hours of admission. Eleven species of chewing lice were collected and identified from 7 species of raptors, including 2 long-term captive birds. All louse species except 1 were on their usual, previously documented raptor hosts. Four of the 10 species of free-living birds examined had no lice, but their sample sizes were small (1{\textendash}3 birds each). At least 1 bird from each of the other 6 raptor species harbored some lice, but only 2 species, an American kestrel (Falco sparverius) and a barn owl (Tyto alba) were sampled in useful numbers. One of 8 kestrels yielded lice (1 species), and 4 of 14 barn owls were infested with lice (representing 2 species). Two captive birds, a spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) and a Swainson{\textquoteright}s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), were infested with lice (1 species each) after 463 days and 1198 days in captivity, respectively.}, keywords = {avian, bird, lice, Mallophaga, parasite}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/7767.pdf}, author = {Morishita,Teresa Y. and James W. Mertins and Baker,David G. and Monahan,Clifton M. and Brookds,Dale L.} } @article {40337, title = {New synonymies of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) described from the Falconiformes (Aves)}, journal = {European Journal of Entomology}, volume = {94}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {537 - 545}, abstract = {

Eighteen new synonymies are given for taxa of chewing lice taken from hosts in the avian order Falconiformes. Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818 is synonymized with Falcocephalum Tendeiro, 1989. The latter genus contained a single species which thus becomes a new combination: Colpocephalum pricei (Tendeiro, 1989), comb. n. Further synonymies include 12 species (Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 = C. wemecki Orfila, 1959, syn. n.; C. nanum Piaget, 1890 =C. meridionale Perez-Jimenez et al., 1988, syn. n.; C. trachelioti Price \& Beer, 1963= C. aegypii Tendeiro, 1989, syn. n.; C. ateri Price \& Beer, 1964 = C. sinuosum Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.; C. maculatum Piaget, 1880 = C. chimangoi Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.;C. holzenthali Clayton \& Price, 1989 = C. violanii Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.; Nosopon milvus Tendeiro, 1959= N. aduncum Tendeiro, 1993, syn. n.; Laembothrion vulturis (F., 1775) = L. gigas Nitzsch, 1861, syn. n.; L. tinnunculi (L., 1758) = L. iberum P\érez-Jim\énez et al., 1988, syn. n.;Craspedorrhynchus ranjhae Ansari, 1955 = C. pennati Gallego, Martin Mateo \& Aguirre, 1987, syn. n.; Degeeriella rufa (Burmeister, 1838) = D. carrikeri Orfila, 1959, syn. n.; Falcolipeurus assessor (Giebel, 1874) = Trollipeurus kleinmachnowensis Zlotorzycka, 1963, syn. n.), and 5 subspecies (Colpocephalum zerafae Ansari, 1955 =C. zerafae biarmicus Tendeiro, 1988, syn. n.; C. subzerafae Tendeiro, 1988 =C. subzerafae exiguum Tendeiro, 1988, syn. n.; Nosopon lucidum (Rudow, 1869) = N. lucidum pyargus Tendeiro, 1959, syn. n.; Laemobothrion vulturis (F., 1775) = L. vulturis daneckii Zlotorzycka, 1969, syn. n.; Degeeriella mookerjeei Clay, 1957 =D. mookerjeei pilgrimi Tendeiro, 1979, syn. n.).

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Falconiformes, lice, mtax, PHP, Phthiraptera, synonymies}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3067.pdf}, author = {Roger D. Price and Ricardo L. Palma and Hellenthal,Ronald A.} }