@article {40318,
	title = {Physiology, pharmacology and parasitology},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {145 - 152},
	abstract = {The developing resistance to current chemical classes of broad- spectrum anthelmintics and insecticides presents an undeniable threat to the long-term viability of the animal health industry. Alternative treatment strategies including vaccines, biological control and breeding of parasite-resistant animals are unlikely to be widely available in the near future and even then they will be integrated with chemotherapy. The significant cost of research and development of new therapeutics for food- producing animals, together with the small market share of animal health products, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, is a positive disincentive for drug development. The chemical actives that are currently available are all that we are likely to have for the foreseeable future and they must be used more efficiently. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behaviour of antiparasitics and recognising the potential for the animal{\textquoteright}s physiological characteristics to assist drug action is crucial. Careful administration, coupled with a reduction of feed intake before oral anthelmintic treatment, maximises drug availability and therefore increases efficacy of the benzimidazole and ivermectin compounds. This is a cost- effective option that can be employed immediately, which not only increases efficacy of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}older{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} compounds but will be instrumental in prolonging the useful life of the newer drugs. Taking care to apply topical insecticide formulations directly along the backline immediately after shearing will maximise even diffusion of active around the sheep flanks to contact lice inhabiting sites remote from the point of drug application. The use of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}intelligent{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} formulation and delivery of existing compounds, based on knowledge of host physiological and pharmacological responses, holds the key to effective antiparasitic treatment. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {anthelmintic, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, feed intake, formulation, Haemonchus, insecticide, kinetic, Livestock, parasite, Phthiraptera, resistance, schrank, sheep, technique, Trichostrongylus},
	author = {Hennessy,D. R.}
}
@article {40253,
	title = {Kinetic disposition of an aqueous formulation of alphacypermethrin applied to the dorsal mid-line of sheep with long wool and its effect on lice},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {1369 - 1374},
	abstract = {A group of 5 adult Merino sheep with fleeces about 70 mm long (7-months growth of wool) was treated with a topical formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, alphacypermethrin, applied to the dorsal mid-line. Insecticide concentrations at the tip, middle and base of wool staples collected from meridians along the back, upper and lower hanks were measured at intervals from 1 to 98 days after treatment. Some movement of the alphacypermethrin from the back to the lower body occurred within 24 h after treatment, but despite careful application of the insecticide there was wide variation in the concentration between and within meridians. The majority of the alphacypermethrin remained close to the dorsal mid-line and near the tip of the staple. There were significant differences in the concentration between the tip, middle and base segments of the staples in the back and lower flank meridians (P0.05). Numbers of pyrethroid-susceptible lice surviving exposure in vitro for 20 h differed significantly between samples collected at different times after treatment (P<0.05). The numbers of Lice surviving in samples collected within 28 days after treatment tended to be lower than in those collected from 28 to 98 days but, in some samples, regardless of time after treatment, lice survived for 20 h in wool taken from parts of the fleece that contained high concentrations of alphacypermethrin. Copyright (C) 1996 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.},
	keywords = {alphacypermethrin, body, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, insecticide, kinetic, lice, louse, mid line, sheep, wool},
	author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.}
}
