@article {46254, title = {The adherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation in vitro: an assessment with therapeutic implications for head lice}, journal = {Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine}, volume = {152}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9422751; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {711 - 712}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

Pediculus humanus capitis is the insect responsible for head lice. During the female louse\&$\#$39;s 30-day lifespan, she lays approximately 10 eggs per day and attaches each of them with a gluelike, waterproof substance to human hair, 1 mm from the scalp. Larvae emerge 8 to 10 days later from these nits, or eggs, which remain firmly attached to hair.No topical agent has been shown to be 100\% ovicidal.1 The existence of any nits, a major aspect of lice infestations, signifies the potential that this contagious malady may still be present. Many schools, therefore, adhere to a \"no-nit\" policy before children can reenter the classroom after infestation, thereby imposing prolonged absenteeism. Insecticides fail to kill all nits and larvae because they act on the insects\&$\#$39; central nervous systems, which are not fully developed in the first 4 days of the insects\&$\#$39; existence. Several products, namely, Clear lice egg remover gel (Care Technologies, Greenwich, Conn), Step 2 (Genderm, Lincolnshire, Ill), and a 50/50 mixture of vinegar and water, have been suggested as beneficial in nit removal. However, no clinical benefit has been documented in the medical literature.2

}, keywords = {animals, Lice Infestations/therapy, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {1072-4710}, doi = {doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.7.711}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/189651}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Pchalek,I. and Arbogast,J.} } @article {46220, title = {Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {530 - 532}, abstract = {

Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45061.pdf}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Arbogast,J. and Smythe,P. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46221, title = {Scanning electron microscopy of human head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) egg and its clinical ramifications}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {454 - 456}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0022-2585}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Gunning,W. T. and Arbogast,J.} } @article {40362, title = {Head lice therapy revisited}, journal = {Clinical Pediatrics}, volume = {37}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {395}, keywords = {clinical, Control, Pediculus}, url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/e5066f11b48d364ccb2d0e39002262a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=42114}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Arbogast,J.} }