@article {95965, title = {Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Viability of Campanulotes bidentatus compar (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera)}, journal = {Asian Journal of Experiemental Sciences}, volume = {35}, year = {2021}, pages = {27-32}, abstract = {

Small pigeon louse, Campanulotes bidentatus compar were studied in vitro. They were subjected to different temperature i.e. 20 ̊C, 25 ̊C, 30 ̊C, 35 ̊C, 40 ̊C and 45 ̊C and relative humidity i.e. 33\%, 50\%, 75\% and 90\% to determine lice longevity, an incubation period of egg, daily egg production and hatching of an egg. The optimum temperature range between 30-40 ̊C was found essential for normal
survival of C. bidentatus compar. The best suitable temperature and humidity were found to be 75\±1 ̊C and 75\±1\%. Temperature above 40 ̊C was lethal to adult as well as developing stages of C. bidentatus compar. Egg laying, survival time, incubation and hatching period dropped as temperature and relative humidity increased or decreased mention range (i.e. above 40\  ̊C and 75\% and below 30\  ̊C and 50\%)

}, keywords = {adult longevity, Campanulotes bidentatus compar, incubation period, temperature and relative humidity}, url = {http://ajesjournal.com/PDFs/2021_2/paper-5.pdf}, author = {Nisha Dhoundiyal and A. Kumar} } @article {94329, title = {Egg microtopography of chicken bug louse, Stenocrotaphus gigas (Taschenberg) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera, Goniodidae)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter naturhistorische SchriftenR1}, volume = {16}, year = {2010}, month = {April 2010}, pages = {111 - 115}, abstract = {

The chewing louse Stenocrotaphus gigas, known locally as \»chicken bug louse\« or \»large chicken louse\«, originally infested only the Guineafowl Numida meleagris. However, at least 130 years ago this insect, a member of the African fauna, established itself world-wide on the domestic hen Gallus gallus f. dom. The first description of the nit of Stenocrotaphus gigas, from hens in central Germany, was made by Wilhelm hohoRsT in 1939. According to this description, the domed egg cap (operculum) has a very long thread-like attachment (calyptra), which at its base is broadly ribbed (lamellae-like). This delicate top attachment can very easily break off, and perhaps because of this, or because of chemical treatments, this calyptra has yet to be found on S. gigas eggs from hens in Uttrakhand, India.


The eggs of Chicken bug louse, Stenocrotaphus gigas is somewhat cylindrical or pot like in appearance, measuring 1.34- 1.40 mm in length (after hohoRsT up to 1.25 mm) and 0.52- 0.56 mm in width. It bears faint hexagonal marking on the whole egg shell and obliquely fitted operculum (0.32-0.36 mm in width) on egg mouth. The anterior half of operculum is like visor of a cap and bear 50-60 micropyles.


The results confirm the opinion that egg morphology could be used for preparation of taxonomic key for identification of both phthirapteran species and genera. The further development of the young discipline of Phthirapteran oology is pleaded for.

German title:\Über das Ei des \»H\ühnerfederlings\« Stenocrotaphus gigas (Taschenberg) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera, Goniodidae)

Zusammenfassung

Der als \»chicken bug louse\« oder \»large chicken louse\« bezeichnete Federling Stenocrotaphus gigas (TaschenbeRg, 1879) bewohnte urspr\ünglich nur das Perlhuhn Numida meleagris. Seit mehr als 130 Jahren hat sich dieses afrikanische Faunenelement weltweit auch auf dem Haushuhn Gallus gallus f. dom. etabliert. Die erste Beschreibung der Ni\ß von Stenocrotaphus gigas, und zwar aus mitteldeutschen Haush\ühnern, gab Wilhelm hohoRsT 1939. Danach tr\ägt der gew\ölbte Eideckel einen sehr langen fadenf\örmigen Aufsatz, der an der Basis breit lamellenartig ist. Dieser zart gebaute Aufsatz bricht sehr leicht ab. Vielleicht deshalb und besonders infolge chemischer Behandlung konnte er an gigas-Eiern von Haush\ühnern aus Uttrakhand in Indien nicht festgestellt werden.


Die dort untersuchten Eier haben eine ann\ähernd zylindrische und etwas bauchige Form. Die wei\ßlichen Eier messen in der L\änge 1,34-1,40 mm (nach hohoRsT nur bis zu 1,25 mm), in der Breite 0,52-0,56 mm. Die gesamte Eioberfl\äche besitzt eine feine hexagonale Felderung. Der Eideckel ist schr\äg aufgesetzt und 0,32-0,36 mm breit. Die vordere H\älfte des Eideckels ist marginal mit einer rei\ßverschlu\ßartigen halbkreisf\örmigen Aufreihung von 50 bis 60 Mikropylen versehen.


Die Befunde bekr\äftigen die Auffassung, da\ß f\ür die Diagnostik von Arten und Gattungen der Phthiraptera die Ber\ücksichtigung ihrer Eimorphologie n\ützlich ist. Es wird f\ür eine Weiterentwicklung der noch jungen Disziplin der Oologie der Tierl\äuse pl\ädiert.

}, keywords = {egg morphology, hicken louse, Phthirapteran oology., Stenocrotaphus gigas}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290448862}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and A. Kumar and Eberhard Mey} } @article {94328, title = {Micromorphology of Egg of Chicken Louse, Gallacanthus cornutus (SCH{\"O}MMER) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Menoponidae s. l.)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter naturhistorische SchriRftuend}, volume = {22}, year = {2017}, month = {09-2017}, pages = {27 - 32}, abstract = {

Chicken louse, Gallacanthus cornutus (Sch\ömmer, 1913) (Menoponidae s. l.) have piercing and sucking-type mouthparts. They are haematophagous, chitinophagous and running rapidly on host\’s body which cause irritation, itching and discomfort to the infested bird. The egg of G. cornutus is highly specific measuring 0.70-0.80 mm in length and 0.27-0.32 mm in width. The operculum exhibited bee hive-like polygonal markings and bears 12-14 micropyles which are arranged at the circumference of operculum. One fifth of anterior egg chorion has bearing bristles arranged in 8-9 rows with characteristic markings. The egg of G. cornutus found to be quite specific and highly variable to intrageneric species. So, egg morphology could be used for development of new branch of science (phthirapteran oology), identification of species providing clue about present as well as past infestation on host and included as intrageneric characteristics in insects.

German title:\ Die Mikromorphologie des Eies vom H\ühnerl\äusling Gallacanthus cornutus (SCH\ÖMMER) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Menoponidae s. l.)

Zusammenfassung:\ 

Die beim Haushuhn Gallus gallus forma domestica h\äufig anzutreffende Amblyzere Gallacanthus cornutus (Sch\öm- mer, 1913) ern\ährt sich von Blut und Federteilchen ihres Wirtes. Auch durch ihre flinke Bewegung auf der Haut- oberfl\äche kann sie bei gr\ö\ßerer Befallsintensit\ät negativen Einfluss auf das Wohlbefinden des Wirtes nehmen. Das Ei (Ni\ß) von Gallacanthus cornutus misst in der L\änge 0,70-0,80, in der Breite 0,27 -0,32 mm. Hier vorgestellte rasterelektonenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, dass nur der zitzenf\örmige Eideckel polygonal gefeldert ist und in kreisf\örmiger Anordnung jeweils 12-14 Mikropylen besitzt. Auf der Spitze des Eideckels ist kein fadenf\örmiger Fortsatz nachweisbar. Unterhalb des Operculatum ist das Exochorion auf etwa einem F\ünftel der Eil\änge mit 8-9 Reihen von gekr\äuselten Forts\ätzen (\»Kr\äuselhaar\«) besetzt. Darunter ist die Eioberfl\äche glatt. Die Morphologie des Eies von Gallacanthus cornutus ist vermutlich zumindest gattungsspezifisch, doch ist bisher noch keine andere Gallacanthus-Art beschrieben worden. Die Eimorphologie bei Tierl\äusen (Phthiraptera) interspezifisch genauer unter die Lupe zu nehmen, verspricht einen interessanten, nicht ganz neuen, aber bisher kaum \über Ans\ätze hin- ausreichenden Zweig in der Phthirapterologie: die Oologie.

Date 2017 reflectes the printed version of the paper. See Mey, E. (2017) [2016] Neue Gattungen und Arten aus dem Brueelia-Komplex (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae s.l.). Rudolst\ädter naturhistorische Schriften, 22, 85\–215. See Addedum on page 182, paper printed 09 2017. http://phthiraptera.info/node/94325

}, keywords = {egg morphology, Gallacanthus cornutus, India, micromorphology, Uttarakhand}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320559236}, author = {A. Kumar and Rakesh Kumar} } @article {94327, title = {Effect of Gallacanthus cornutus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae s. l.) on the meat production in chicken Gallus gallus forma domestica}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter naturhistorische SchriRftuend}, volume = {22}, year = {2017}, month = {09- 2017}, pages = {77 - 83}, abstract = {

Lice infest wide range of livestock and incur loss of million dollars to poultry, leather and dairy industries. The parasites have also reservoir and spread pathogenic strain among host which indirectly increase the mortality and decline vitality host. The impact of chewing lice on live host confined equivocal and contradictory as cited in literature by previous phthirapterist. In the present work, impact of Gallacanthus cornutus (Sch\ömmer 1913) (Menoponidae s. l.) on meat production (weight gain) of domestic fowl has been accessed at Purola (Uttarkashi), India. The 100 birds of similar age and breed were kept in two separate pens (infested and uninfested flocks). The weight gain of two groups has been recorded and statistically analysed. The weight gains in uninfested categories were much quicker than infested categories. G. cornutus able to reduce as much as 900 gm body weight per bird. The young chickens (2 to 4 months) were found to be severely affected as compared to adult. Two tailed paired t-test was found significant between weight gain in uninfested and infested birds (t (4) = 4.702, p = 0.005). So, it causes great loss to the poultry industry as well as the economy of any country.

German Title: Der Einfluss des H\ühnerl\äuslings Gallacanthus cornutus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae s. l.) auf die Fleischproduktion beim Haushuhn Gallus gallus forma domestica

Zusammenfassung: Auf praktisch allen Arten der vom Menschen gehaltenen Nutztieren leben nat\ürlicherweise Tierl\äuse (Phthiraptera). Unter den Bedingungen der konzentrierten Tierproduktion bewirken sie in Gefl\ügel-, Leder- und Milchwirt- schaft Sch\äden in Millionenh\öhe. Der Einfluss von Haarlingen und Federlingen auf ihre als Haus- und Nutztiere gehaltenen Wirte wird in der Fachliteratur von Spezialisten unterschiedlich bis widerspr\üchlich bewertet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der Einfluss von Gallacanthus cornutus (Sch\ömmer 1913) (Menoponidae s. l.) auf die Fleischproduktion \über die Ver\änderung der K\örpermasse bei Haush\ühnern in Purola (Bezirk Uttarkashi) in Indi- en untersucht worden. 100 gleichaltrige H\ühner einer Herkunft wurden im Alter von zwei Monaten chemisch von Ektoparasitenbefall befreit. Jeweils 50 wurden in zwei separaten Verschl\ägen gehalten. Die eine Gruppe wurde mit jeweils 20 Individuen von Gallacanthus cornutus pro Wirtsindividuum infiziert, die andere blieb davon verschont. Die Massezunahme der H\ühner vom K\üken- bis zum Erwachsenenstadium verlief von Juli bis Dezember in beiden Gruppen unterschiedlich. Sie war bei den nicht mit G. cornutus infizierten H\ühnern gr\ö\ßer als bei den infizierten. Der Zweistichproben-t-Test f\ür abh\ängige Stichproben ergab einen signifikanten Unterschied (t (4) = 4,702, p = 0,005). Daraus ist der Schluss zu ziehen, dass Gallacanthus cornutus-Befall bei industriem\ä\ßig gehaltenen Haus- h\ühnern einen klar negativen Einfluss auf ihre Massezunahme aus\übt und damit zu \ökonomischen Verlusten f\ührt.

Date 2017 reflects the pinted version of the publication. see Mey, E. (2017) [2016] Neue Gattungen und Arten aus dem Brueelia-Komplex (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae s.l.). Rudolst\ädter naturhistorische Schriften, 22, 85\–215. See Addedum on page 182, paper printed 09 201. http://phthiraptera.info/node/94325

}, keywords = {Gallacanthus cornutus, Gallus gallus forma domestica., meat production, weight-gain}, author = {A. Kumar and Rakesh Kumar} } @article {46395, title = {Incidence of phthirapteran infestation upon the buffaloes of Dehradun (India)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {33}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {17 - 22}, abstract = {Out of 373 buffaloes examined in different localities of Dehradun, 60.58\% have been found infested with Haematopinus tuberculatus. Incidence of infestation was higher on adults than on youngs. The lice index was highest in January and lowest in June. The adults and nymphs preferred neck, back, ribs, shoulder, belly, thigh, hind, flank, head, hind legs, tail, fore legs and fore flank in this order of decreasing frequency. On the other hand eggs were found most heavily concentrated on neck and back regions.}, keywords = {animals, buffalo, incidence, India, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development/physiology, Nymph/growth \& development, Oviposition, population dynamics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Rawat,B. S. and Trivedi,M. C. and Arun Kumar Saxena and A. Kumar} } @article {44315, title = {Cropteeth of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Linn.) (Phthiraptera: Amblycera)}, journal = {Bioved}, volume = {6}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {219 - 222}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and A. Kumar and S. K. Singh} } @article {44319, title = {Site preference of four pigeon lice (Phthiraptera, Insecta) on host body. 17(3): 341-349.}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {17}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {341 - 349}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296194590_Site_preference_of_four_pigeon_lice_Phthiraptera_Insecta_on_host_body}, author = {S. K. Singh and A. Kumar and Smita Badola,Surman and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {44316, title = {SEM studies on the microtopography of eggs of four pigeon lice (Phthiraptera, Insecta)}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {17}, year = {2000}, month = {2001}, pages = {351 - 358}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296194487_SEM_Studies_on_the_microtopography_of_eggs_four_pigeon_lice_Phthiraptera_Insecta}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and S. K. Singh and A. Kumar and Smita Badola,Surman} } @article {40431, title = {Incidence of Phthiraptea upon cattles of Dehradun (India)}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {9}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {353 - 360}, abstract = {Prevalence of three phthirapteran species and ticks on the cattles belonging to Dehradun has been recorded. Linognathus vituli has been found to be most common species while incidence of Haematopinus eurysternus and Bovicola bovis remained quite low. The incidence of infestation was higher on females than the males while youngs were more frequently infested than the adults. The intensity of infestation has also been recorded.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3213.pdf}, author = {Rawat,B. S. and A. Kumar and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40434, title = {Distribution of two phthirapteran species (Insecta) on the goats Capra aegagrus forma hircus of India}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {6}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {79 - 82}, abstract = {The distribution of an ischnoceran, Bovicola caprae and an anopluran, Linognathus africanus on host body has been noted. Both the species prefer to occupy the hair belonging to the back, neck and nape areas. The other areas carry low louse population. The distribution pattern of both the sexes of adults and the nymphs was almosty identical. The louse remains confined to those areas that are not easily groomed by host. The egg laying sites have also been discussed.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3216.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40435, title = {A note on the population structure of the goat sucking louse Linognathus africanus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Anoplura, Linognathidae)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {7}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {53 - 56}, abstract = {The population composition of the goat sucking louse, Linognathus africanus has been recorded by examining 68 goatskins (55 by brushing cum searching and 13 by disolving method). The overall male to female ration has been found to be 1:2.2 by brushing cum searching method and 1:1.51 by disolving method. The overall adult, nymph ratio remained 1:0.69 in brushing cum searching method and 1:2.13 in disolving method. The population composition has been recorded at different levels of infestation. The efficacy of two methods has also been discussed.}, author = {A. Kumar and Goel,N. K. and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40440, title = {Prevalence of Haematopinus suis Linne (Phthiraptera, Haematopinidae) on swine belonging to an Indian locality}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {93 - 97}, abstract = {Incidence as well as relative intensity of Haematopinus suis upon 200 pigs belonging to Dehradun (India) has been recorded. 38.5 \% of the examined animals have been found infested. Incidence rate was higher on youngs than the adults and nearly similar on two sexes. Infestation rate has been assessed by point system. Nearly half of infested hosts carried light infestation. The distribution of louse on host body has also been discussed.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3222.pdf}, author = {Rawat,B. S. and A. Kumar and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40430, title = {Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal}, journal = {Journal of Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {69 - 72}, abstract = {

67.6\% of the fowls examined in 18 different localities of Garhwal, during 1992-94 were found infested with the poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. Some factors like host sex, feather condition and mode of captivity had marginal effect on the prevalence of louse. Incidence rates remained distinctly higher on older birds as compared to younger ones. Mean monthly incidence did not fluctuate appreciably during different months of the year. However, intensity of infestation remained distinctly higher during the summer months.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3212.pdf}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and A. Kumar and S. K. Singh and Surman} } @article {40432, title = {Site preference of the poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on host body}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {383 - 389}, abstract = {

SIte preference of the poultry shaft louse Menopon gallinae on host body has been recorded by sacrificing 34 poultry birds. The louse exhibits wide spread distribution on host body but prefers to occupy abdomen, breast and back region. Both the sexes of adults and different nymphal instars exhibit similar distribution on the hosts body. The egg laying sites have also been discussed.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3214.pdf}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and Smita Badola,Surman and S. K. Singh and A. Kumar} } @article {40433, title = {SEM sudies on the microtopology of eggs of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera)}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {11}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {275 - 281}, abstract = {

SEM studies have been performed to record the microtopology of eggs of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. The egg mouth is boardered by two rows of apophyses. The apophyses belonging to the inner row have been found quite porous and spongy. The polar thread is made up of several fine strands. The eggs stigma remains indistinct.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3215.pdf}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and Arya,S. and A. Kumar and S. K. Singh and Chauhan,S. C.} } @article {40436, title = {Description of life history stages of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Menoponidae)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {81 - 85}, abstract = {

Nymphs of successive generations of Menopon gallinaeI (L. 1758), parasite on Gallus gallus f. domestica, highly resemble to each other from the moment of emergence and show the number of abdominal segments characteristic of adult form. Apart from evident differences in body size, the relative size of abdomen (head, thorax and abdomen ratio), rising chitinization of the cuticle, the succesive nymph stages can also be distinguished on the basis of progression of chaetotaxy. Furthermore, brush (spiniform setae) on fourth sterna and spiracular aperture become evident in third instar nymphs.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3218.pdf}, author = {Arun Kumar Saxena and Surman and S. K. Singh and A. Kumar} } @article {40429, title = {Population structure of goat biting louse Bovicola caprae (Phthirpatera: Ischnocera)}, journal = {Applied Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {141 - 145}, abstract = {

The population structure of Bovicola caprae on goats has been recorded by examining 57 goat skins (45 by brushing cum searching and 12 by disolving method). Population, sex ratio, adult nymph ratio has been recorded at different levels of infestation. The female dominated over the male population and M:F ratio has been found to be 1:2 by brushing cum searching and 1-1.7 by disolving method. Likewise, A:N was found to be 1:1.2 by brushing cum searching and 1-1.7 by disolving method. The number of males and females follow similar pattern throughout population and were found to exhibit a high degree of correlation.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3208.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena and Agarwal,G. P.} } @article {40428, title = {Prevalence of ectoparasites on goats in Dehradun (India)}, journal = {Applied Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {227 - 236}, abstract = {

The prevalence of two phthiraptera species, Bovicola caprae and Linognathus africanus on 1048 goats from Dehradun (India) was 79.2\% and 38\% respectively. Prevalence of both species was higher on visibly weaker and less hairy goats. Sex related differences in prevalence were not found. The prevalence of L. africanus was slightly higher on young goats but the same was not true in case of B. caprae. The incidence of B. caprae showed moderately negative correlation with environmental temperature and photoperiod. The relative intensity of B. caprae has been found higher during winter months, followed by summers. Study primarily deals with lice but the information about prevalence of other ectroparasites like ticks, fleas and keds, has also been supplemented.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3207.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena and Agarwal,G. P.} } @article {40417, title = {Biometic studies on two ischnoceran Phthiraptera (Insecta: Trichodectidae) infesting sheeps and goats of Garhwal (India)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {47 - 52}, abstract = {Ten morphometric characters of one goat biting louse, Bovicola caprae and one sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis are described by the statistics of locomotion and dispersionof departure from normal distribution has also been tested by skewness and kurtosis. Certain characters exhibited similar values for three measures of central tendency. The dimensions of prothorax, pterothorax and abdomen exhibited higher values of coefficient of variation. On the other hand, dimensions of the head have been found most useful for statistical measurement of biting lice.}, author = {A. Kumar} }