@article {47459, title = {Top 10 head lice concerns}, journal = {SkinMed}, volume = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {269 - 270}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-9740.2006.05852.x/abstract}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {47460, title = {Head lice therapies revisited}, journal = {Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {3}, url = {http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dz638vq}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {47199, title = {Ectoparasitic diseases in dermatology: reassessment of scabies and pediculosis}, journal = {Advances in DermatologyAdvances in Dermatology}, volume = {15}, year = {1999}, pages = {67 - 108}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {47195, title = {Head louse infestations: the {\textquotedblleft}no nit{\textquotedblright} policy and its consequences}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {45}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {891 - 896}, abstract = {

Health authorities in the USA, Canada and Australia recommend a \“no nit\” policy, i.e. theimmediate dismissal of all children who have head lice, eggs and/or nits on their hair from school, camp or child-care settings. These children would be readmitted to the institution only when all head lice, eggs and nits have been removed. The \“no nit\” policy assumes that all nits seen when examining the scalp are viable and therefore the infested individual should be treated for lice, and all nits must be removed from the scalp. However, it has been repeatedly shown that only a small number of children who have nits on their scalp are also infested with living lice. Accordingly, in the USA alone 4\–8 million children are treated unnecessarily for head lice annually, which amounts to 64\% of all lice treatments. In addition, 12\–24 million school days are lost annually. The annual economic loss owing to missed workdays by parents who have to stay home with their children adds US$4\–8 billion to the country\’s economy. The policy also results in serious psychological problems for children and their parents. Therefore, the \“no nit\” policy should be abandoned and alternative ways of examination and treatment for head lice should be found.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46305.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Meinking,Terri A. and Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {47184, title = {Asphyxiation of lice with topical agents, not a reality...yet}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {721 - 722}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1040}, url = {http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(05)04568-8/abstract}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {46254, title = {The adherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation in vitro: an assessment with therapeutic implications for head lice}, journal = {Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine}, volume = {152}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9422751; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {711 - 712}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

Pediculus humanus capitis is the insect responsible for head lice. During the female louse\&$\#$39;s 30-day lifespan, she lays approximately 10 eggs per day and attaches each of them with a gluelike, waterproof substance to human hair, 1 mm from the scalp. Larvae emerge 8 to 10 days later from these nits, or eggs, which remain firmly attached to hair.No topical agent has been shown to be 100\% ovicidal.1 The existence of any nits, a major aspect of lice infestations, signifies the potential that this contagious malady may still be present. Many schools, therefore, adhere to a \"no-nit\" policy before children can reenter the classroom after infestation, thereby imposing prolonged absenteeism. Insecticides fail to kill all nits and larvae because they act on the insects\&$\#$39; central nervous systems, which are not fully developed in the first 4 days of the insects\&$\#$39; existence. Several products, namely, Clear lice egg remover gel (Care Technologies, Greenwich, Conn), Step 2 (Genderm, Lincolnshire, Ill), and a 50/50 mixture of vinegar and water, have been suggested as beneficial in nit removal. However, no clinical benefit has been documented in the medical literature.2

}, keywords = {animals, Lice Infestations/therapy, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {1072-4710}, doi = {doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.7.711}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/189651}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Pchalek,I. and Arbogast,J.} } @article {46225, title = {School nurses{\textquoteright} perceptions of and experiences with head lice}, journal = {Journal of School Health}, volume = {69}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {153 - 158}, abstract = {

Researchers examined school nurses\&$\#$39; perceptions of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two-wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a \"no-nit\" rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60\%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66\%), and 9\% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63\%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66\%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76\%) and professional conferences/conventions (62\%).

}, keywords = {adult, Analysis of Variance, animals, Attitude of Health Personnel, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Lice Infestations/nursing/prevention \& control, Middle Aged, Organizational Policy, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, School Nursing, Self Efficacy, U.S.A.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x}, author = {Price,J. H. and Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Islam,R.} } @article {46224, title = {Molecular composition of the louse sheath}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {559 - 561}, abstract = {

Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess the chemical composition of the head louse\&$\#$39;s nit sheath. The pyrolyzate of the female insect\&$\#$39;s secretions, which form a cement-like cylinder holding the egg onto the hair, is dominated by amino acid derivatives and fatty acids. No chitin-specific compounds were detected in the sheath. These results, contrary to previous reports, show that the polymeric complex of the sheath is composed of proteinaceous moieties, possibly cross-linked to aliphatic components. This study constitutes the first chemical characterization of the pyrolysis products of insect (louse) glue and unequivocally confirms that louse sheaths are not chitinous, as suggested by earlier histochemical studies. Development of agents that might loosen nits from the hair shaft is dependent on research that addresses the chemical composition of the nit sheath.

}, keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Fatty Acids/analysis, Insect proteins, Mass Fragmentography, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3285796.pdf}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Stankiewicz,B. A. and Pchalek,I. and Kruge,M. A. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46220, title = {Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {530 - 532}, abstract = {

Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45061.pdf}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Arbogast,J. and Smythe,P. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46221, title = {Scanning electron microscopy of human head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) egg and its clinical ramifications}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {454 - 456}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis.}, keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Ovum/ultrastructure, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0022-2585}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Gunning,W. T. and Arbogast,J.} } @article {46188, title = {Oral ivermectin therapy for phthiriasis palpebrum}, journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology}, volume = {118}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7706534; 0 (Anthelmintics); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {134 - 135}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {Administration, Oral, animals, anthelmintic, child, Child, Preschool, Eyelashes, hair, humans, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology, Pthirus}, isbn = {0003-9950}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46174, title = {Scanning electron microscopic examination of the egg of the pubic louse (Anoplura: Pthirus pubis)}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {201 - 202}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the eggs of pubic lice with consideration of their clinical relevance. STUDY DESIGN: Pubic lice eggs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The egg is totally encased by a proteinaceous sheath, except for the operculum, by which oxygen exchange occurs. CONCLUSION: Pubic lice have proved resilient to human therapies through the ages. The anatomical target of topical insecticides for ovicidal kill is the operculum and the protective layers that surround the developing embryo. More research into these structures is warranted.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Ovum/ultrastructure}, isbn = {0011-9059}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Gunning,W. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46146, title = {Clinical evidence of lice resistance to over-the-counter products}, journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery}, volume = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {199 - 201}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Over-the-counter insecticidal solutions continue to be the mainstream treatment for most cases of head lice. Recorded insecticidal activity 15 years ago was at 100\%, with ovicidal kill at 80\%. Recently scattered accounts of possible resistance have surfaced. OBJECTIVE: This article is to document the general consensus that head lice are becoming resistant to standard over-the-counter therapies. METHODS: Direct testing of lethality of adult lice with permethrin and pyrethroid was assessed. RESULTS: Present over-the-counter products proved to be successful in only 9 of 32 head lice tested (28\% insecticidal activity). CONCLUSIONS: Our series of cases further documents that over-the-counter head lice preparations no longer achieve high levels of insecticidal activity, suggesting increased resistance to these insecticides.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Microbial, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Failure}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347540000400405}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {46147, title = {Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications}, journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery}, volume = {4}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {181 - 185}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects\&$\#$39; ability to \&$\#$39;resurrect\&$\#$39; after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {1203-4754}, doi = {DOI: 10.1177/120347540000400402}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12100953_Scanning_electron_microscopy_of_adult_head_lice_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_with_focus_on_clinical_implications}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Gunning,W. T.} } @article {46138, title = {The route of head lice transmission needs enlightenment for proper epidemiologic evaluations}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; CIN: Int J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;39(11):877-8. PMID: 11123459; ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {878 - 879}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {animals, Australia, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/transmission, Pediculus, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0011-9059}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x }, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46108, title = {Recommendation to standardize pediculicidal and ovicidal testing for head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {38}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {127 - 129}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Pediculosis capitis is a prevalent and highly communicable condition infesting millions of elementary school students annually. Topical insecticides are the present standard treatment for this condition. Because resistance of head lice to insecticides is a growing concern, assessment of efficacy of pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of the various agents is needed for public health interests. Given the number of anecdotal and market-driven reported studies, assessment of topical lice therapies requires standardized testing. Evaluations based on adaptations of World Health Organization guidelines are not ideal, whereas a protocol reflecting clinical exposure to insecticides is preferable.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Insect Control, insecticide, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Ovum, Pediculus}, isbn = {0022-2585}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44934.pdf}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {46035, title = {Head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {347}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1381 - 1382}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission, Malathion, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {46019, title = {Fomite transmission with head lice: a continuing controversy}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {361}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985213R; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {99 - 100}, address = {England}, abstract = {

There is controversy about the mode of transmission of head lice, although there is agreement that physical contact of one head to another\&$\#$39;s scalp can pass the infestation. The disagreement concerns the role of fomite transmission, as there has been little experimental work on this question (a fomite is an object that can harbour a pathogenic organism). Nevertheless there is abundant evidence to suggest that fomite transmission must be significant. In this respect, the recent report by D Canyon and colleagues1 is important.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/transmission, Pediculus}, isbn = {0140-6736}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12243-X}, url = {http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)12243-X/fulltext}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {45942, title = {Head lice revisited: in vitro standardized tests and differences in malathion formulations}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {140}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 121-75-5 (Malathion); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {488 - 489}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

The recent article \"Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment\" by Yoon and colleagues1 contained valuable information and data, including assessment of knockdown resistance by DNA sequencing. Indeed, the study of insect control is entering a genomic era. For example, I have been investigating 2 features of the head louse that may act as targets for future treatments, namely, the bacterial symbionts within head lice (with 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis) and the glue extruded from the louse (which after deposition upon the hair shafts, oxidizes within seconds and becomes the nit sheath).2 In terms of the sheath, it is composed of 4 major bands of protein with some cross-linking to aliphatic components.2

}, keywords = {animals, Drug Resistance, Microbial, humans, In Vitro, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malathion, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pediculus, Recurrence, Risk Assessment, scalp}, isbn = {0003-987X}, doi = {doi:10.1001/archderm.140.4.488}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/480391}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45905, title = {Oral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {51}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 7907132; 0 (Insecticides); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); CON: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jan;50(1):1-12; quiz 13-4. PMID: 14699358; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {1037; author reply 1037 - 8}, address = {United States}, keywords = {Administration, Oral, Administration, Topical, Body Weight, Drug Administration Schedule, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Permethrin, Pthirus}, isbn = {1097-6787}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {45870, title = {Head lice: scientific assessment of the nit sheath with clinical ramifications and therapeutic options}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {53}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {129 - 133}, abstract = {Head lice, like many insects, produce a protective coating for their newly laid eggs that is essential to the survival of the species. Knowledge of the composition of the sheath, which is the glue by which the egg is attached to human hair, and the nit laying process could lead to production of agents that could be used to attack louse infestations by interfering with the normally protected environment of nymph development within the egg. The physical removal of nits has become an important part of treatment of head louse infestations given the "no-nit" policy in schools. Biochemical analysis has revealed that the nit sheath of the head louse is composed of 4 bands of protein, possibly cross-linked to aliphatic components with a tertiary structure of beta sheeting. Nature has protected the louse by making the nit sheath similar in composition to the hair; thereby, agents designed to unravel the nit sheath may also damage human hair. Possible targets to destroy the nit sheath include proteases, denaturants, beta sheet breaker proteins, and small protein inhibitors of sheath formation. Better understanding of insect glues may allow us to develop compounds so that the liquid secretions of the collateral glands of the female louse, which becomes the nit sheath, do not solidify by oxidation when placed with the louse egg onto human hair. Knowledge of insect behavior, such as oviposition, may also suggest methods for repelling female lice from laying eggs onto hair. Alternatively, agents that coat the nits and restrict the oxygen transfer to the developing larvae may prove beneficial.}, isbn = {1097-6787}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45604, title = {Head lice}, journal = {Cutis}, volume = {64}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {314B}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45605, title = {Another look at ivermectin in the treatment of scabies and head lice}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {38}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {235}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {40361, title = {An assessment of topical and oral prescription and over-the- counter treatments for head lice}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {38}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {979 - 982}, abstract = {A plethora of head lice cases that require optimal therapeutic assessments are developing in elementary schools. Over-the- counter therapies continue to be the mainstream solution for most cases of pediculosis capitis, but the onset of resistant cases dictates a review of available treatment modalities. The increased efficacy of prescription drugs, namely topical 5\% permethrin and oral ivermectin, underline the expanding role that physicians will serve in the eradication of head lice in our communities.}, keywords = {clinical, Control, efficacy, Ivermectin, Pediculosis capitis, Pediculus, Scabies, therapy}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N. and Burkhart,K. M.} } @article {40362, title = {Head lice therapy revisited}, journal = {Clinical Pediatrics}, volume = {37}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {395}, keywords = {clinical, Control, Pediculus}, url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/e5066f11b48d364ccb2d0e39002262a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=42114}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart and Arbogast,J.} } @article {40299, title = {Update on therapy: Ivermectin is available for use against lice}, journal = {Infections in Medicine}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {689 - 689}, keywords = {clinical, ectoparasite, efficacy, Pediculus, Scabies}, author = {Burkhart,K. M. and Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {39734, title = {Use of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anaplura : Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {170 - 171}, abstract = {

Head lice are caused by the host-specific, ectoparasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and remain a common human infestation. As a response to increasing; resistance of head lice to present insecticidal agents, additional agents must be pursued. Inasmuch as nicotine has been used for controlling poultry lice, an in vitro study assessing its possible usage for human head lice was performed. Nicotine proved not to be an efficient insecticide, although it may facilitate removal of adult lice because it induces muscle twitches that may affect the insect\&$\#$39;s normal grip on hair follicles.

}, keywords = {capitis, clinical, Control, head, humanus, lice, nicotine, Pediculus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37882.pdf}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {39733, title = {Return of the silent merengue: the crab louse}, journal = {Infections in Medicine}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, note = {178GT INFECT MED}, month = {1999}, pages = {182 - 182}, keywords = {clinical, Pthirus, Pthirus pubis}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} }