@conference {95199, title = {Biology and population dynamics of sheep lice: implications for control}, booktitle = {National Conference on Flystrike \& Lice IPM Control Strategies}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, publisher = {Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research}, organization = {Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research}, address = {Launceston, TAS}, abstract = {

Knowledge\  of\  the\  biology\  of\  the\  target\  pest\  is\  essential\  to\  the\  design\  of\  efficient\  control\  programs.However, information is lacking on many important aspects of the basic biology of sheep lice (Bovicolaovis) despite recommendations of the need for research in this area from past workshops. In this paperwe\  summarise\  some\  of\  the\  more\  recent\  information\  on\  transmission\  and\  population\  dynamics\  of\  sheeplice\  and\  discuss\  implications\  for\  control.\  We\  also\  describe\  factors\  which\  may\  regulate\  these\  processesand highlight some specific areas in which information is required.

}, keywords = {regulation, survival, transmission}, url = {http://www.licebosstools.org.au/FLICS/PDFs/Chapter_2/James_Crawford_Biology_population_of_sheep_lice.pdf}, author = {Peter J. James and Crawford,S.} } @article {94850, title = {Temperature and Humidity Effects on Off-Host Survival of the Northern Fowl Mite (Acari: Macronyssidae) and the Chicken Body Louse (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {101}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan-04-2008}, pages = {637 - 646}, abstract = {

Off-host survival of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), was studied at 12 combinations of temperature (15, 21, 27, and 33?C) and humidity (31, 65, and 85\% RH). Mite protonymphs and louse third instars survived longer on average than the respective adult stages. Higher temperatures signi\Þcantly reduced survival of adult and immature stages of both ectoparasites, whereas relative humidity had signi\Þcant effects on O. sylviarum (especially protonymphs) but not M. stramineus. The LT50 values for adult northern fowl mites ranged from 1.9 (at 33?C, 31\%RH) to 8.3 d (at 15?C, 85\%RH), LT50 values for mite protonymphs ranged from 2.0 (at 33?C, 31\%RH) to 18.1 d (at 15?C, 85\%RH), LT50 values for adult lice ranged from 0.5 (at 33?C, 31\%RH) to 1.7 d (at 15?C, 65\%RH), and LT50 values for nymphal lice ranged from 1.2 (at 33?C, 65\%RH) to 3.3 d (at 21?C, 31\%RH). Maximum survival of the northern fowl mite was up to 35 d for adults and 29 d for protonymphs. Maximum survival for the chicken body louse was 3.3 d for adults and 5.8 d for nymphs. The data provide minimum guidelines for leaving poultry houses vacant long enough to allow ectoparasites to die before introduction of subsequent new \ßocks.

}, keywords = {humidity, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, survival, temperature}, issn = {00220493}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[637:TAHEOO]2.0.CO;2}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/101/2/637/902882}, author = {Brian L. Chen and Mullens,B. A.} } @article {40353, title = {Dust-ruffling: a simple method for quantifying ectoparasite loads of live birds}, journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology}, volume = {68}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {509 - 518}, abstract = {

We present a simple, accurate method for quantifying the ectoparasite loads of live birds in the field. Birds were dusted with pyrethrin to irritate their ectoparasites, which were then dislodged from the plumage by ruffling the feathers over a collecting surface for repeated timed bouts until the point of diminishing returns was reached. This method required less equipment and was more accurate and efficient than previously described methods, as we show by comparing our method to other popular approaches. Dust-ruffling is best suited for sampling \&$\#$39;\&$\#$39;permanent\&$\#$39;\&$\#$39; ectoparasites, such as chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), which pass their entire life cycle on the body of the host.

}, keywords = {host, lice, mites, survival}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3086.pdf}, author = {Walther,B. A. and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {40289, title = {Effect of vertically transmitted ectoparasites on the reproductive success of swifts (Apus apus)}, journal = {Functional Ecology}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {733 - 740}, abstract = {

1. Parasites that are transmitted vertically from parent hosts to offspring are expected to be relatively benign, because their fitness depends on successful host reproduction. The effects of two species of vertically transmitted ectoparasite on the reproductive success of swifts (Apus apus L.) were tested. Populations of the Chewing Louse, Dennyus hirundinis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), and the Flightless Louse Fly, Crataerina pallida (Latreille) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), were experimentally manipulated, effectively converting the natural aggregated frequency distribution of each species into a bimodal distribution of high and low loads. 2. Neither parasite had any effect on nestling growth or fledging success, even though parasite loads were boosted above natural levels and host environmental conditions were poor during part of the study, thus increasing the chances of detecting an effect of the parasites. 3. In contrast to parasite load, year, brood size and hatch date were all significantly related to components of nestling growth. Year and brood size were also significantly related to fledging success. 4. These results are consistent with theoretical models suggesting that vertically transmitted parasites evolve reduced virulence because they depend on host reproduction for dispersal to new hosts.

}, keywords = {biology, bird, Chewing lice, cost, fly, growth, Hippoboscidae, host, lice, louse, parasitism, Phthiraptera, size, survival, virulence}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3000.pdf}, author = {Tompkins,D. M. and Jones,T. and Clayton,Dale H.} }