@article {46675, title = {Occurrence and number of lice Polyplax reclinata (Nitzsch, 1864) in the Crocidura leucodon (Hermann, 1780) population from Putawy (Hermann, 1780)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {26}, year = {1980}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1980}, pages = {77 - 81}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Polish title: Wyst{\k e}powanie i liczebno{\'s}{\'c} wszy Polyplax reclinata (Nitsch, 1864) na pu{\l}awskiej populacji Crocidura leucodon (Hermann, 1780)

English Abstract: Numerous occurrence of Po!yp!ax rec!inata was stated on specimens of Crocidura !eucodon collected at Pu{\l}awy. This mamma! is a new host species of P. rec!inata in Poland. The extensity of invasion is estimated as 48 . 5\% in years 1949-50 (table 1), and the intensity was higher in autumn than in summer (table 2).

}, keywords = {animals, English Abstract, host parasite, Insectivora, lice, Poland, population density}, isbn = {0043-5163}, url = {https://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-28301910-9ea4-46bf-be32-68c8103bab79?q=bwmeta1.element.agro-f369fc4b-31ad-423b-be1f-281010c5989f;8\&qt=CHILDREN-STATELESS}, author = {Cais,Leszek} } @article {46648, title = {In memory of Guenter Timmermann (scientific historical study of the controversy the Fahrenholz principle)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {22}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {53 - 56}, keywords = {animals, bird, Germany, history, host parasite, Mallophaga classification, Parasitology, terminology}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Eichler,Wolfdietrich} } @article {46647, title = {Lice (Anoplura) of small mammals in the Volga-Kama Preserve}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {15}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {157 - 162}, abstract = {

Russian title: ВШИ МЕЛКИХ МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИХ ВОЛЖСКО-КАМСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА (ANOPLURA)

Аннотация: В результате исследования 18 068 мелких млекопитающих 15 видов собрано 25 059 вшей 7 видов. Охарактеризованы видовой состав, встречаемость и численность вшей на насекомоядных и грызунах. Отмечены неоднократные случаи нахождения вшей на несвойственных им хозяевах, отражающие межвидовые контакты зверьков. Рассмотрены сезонные и возрастные изменения зараженности массовых мышевидных грызунов, а для доминирующего вида \— европейской рыжей полевки \— также зара- женность в годы большей и меньшей ее численности.

Abstract: 18,068 small mammals belonging to 15 species were examined, 25,059 lice of 7 species (Hoplopleura acanthopus, H. edentula, H. affinis, H. longula, Polyplax serrata, P. borealis, Neohaematopinus laeviusculus) were collected from 2355 animals of 14 species. Information is given on the species composition, occurrence and abundance for lice on shrews and rodents. 50 per cent of collected animals belong to Clethrionomys glareolus and about 85 per cent of lice--to Hoplopleura edentula. Frequent cases were recorded of the occurrence of lice on non-typical hosts as a result of interspecific contacts of animals. H. edentula was more often than other species found on non-typical hosts. No specific lice were reported from shrews and some rodents, only vole lice were found. Seasonal and age changes in lice infection rate of mass rodents as well as infection rate in years of greater and lesser abundance of C. glareolus have been studied.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, English Abstract, host parasite, mammal, population density, Russia, Seasons}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46647.pdf}, author = {Sosnina,E. F. and Nazarova,I. V. and Sadekova,L. Kh} } @article {46640, title = {Viability of chicken Mallophaga following loss of their host}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {22}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {83 - 91}, abstract = {Eomenacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Goniocoles gallinae were found to have a different locomotive ability after losing contact with their host. Speed and character of the locomotion depend on vitality, leg anatomy, locomotive mechanism, and external factors, e.g. roughness of the substrate. Viability and mortality of the three Mallophaga species were investigated on such substrates as are normally found in poultry houses. The results suggest an active infectiosity of Eomenacanthus stramineus amd a passive one of Menopon gallinae and Goniocotes gallinea among hosts.}, keywords = {animals, chicken, English Abstract, host parasite, Locomotion, Mallophaga, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Urban,E. and Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga} } @article {46628, title = {Immune responses to arthropods and their products}, journal = {Annual Review of Entomology}, volume = {27}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372367; RF: 185; ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {21 - 48}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {Animal Population Groups/parasitology, animals, Antibody Formation, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Arthropod Vectors/immunology, Arthropods/immunology, Culicidae, ectoparasite, Fleas/immunology, host parasite, immunization, Insect Bites, stings, Lice/immunology, Mites/immunology, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Tick Infestations/immunology, Ticks/immunology}, isbn = {0066-4170}, author = {Wikel,S. K.} } @article {46614, title = {Head lice problems. I. Taxonomic position of Pediculus capitis}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {23}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {102 - 109}, abstract = {The recognition of the head louse and the body louse being two different species is not quite new. This view is also supported by the author as can be seen in several publications. It is based on the biological species concept of the so-called new systematics. But even quite a few contributors doing research in the field of lice still ignore this concept. Therefore, the author emphasizes all "biological" species criteria referring to modern epidemiological research done in the last decades. Considering all these facts and contemporary evolutionary theory the author concludes that the two forms should be recognized as good species. The different subspecies of the head louse described as such are listed.}, keywords = {animals, English Abstract, Evolution, host parasite, Insect vectors, Pediculus}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Eichler,Wolfdietrich} } @article {46587, title = {Maintenance of the crab louse, Pthirus pubis, in the laboratory and behavioural studies using volunteers}, journal = {Community Medicine}, volume = {5}, year = {1983}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7907617; ppublish}, month = {1983}, pages = {238 - 241}, keywords = {Anoplura, culture, host parasite, humans, light}, isbn = {0142-2456}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45517.pdf}, author = {Burgess,Ian F. and John W. Maunder and Myint,Tin Than} } @article {46574, title = {Interaction between blood-sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential}, journal = {Annual Review of Entomology}, volume = {29}, year = {1984}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372367; RF: 120; ppublish}, month = {1984}, pages = {137 - 156}, keywords = {adaptation, animals, Arthropod Vectors/physiology, blood, Diptera, Evolution, Feeding Behavior, fertility, Fleas/physiology, host parasite, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/physiology, Oviposition, Ticks/physiology}, isbn = {0066-4170}, author = {Balashov,I. U. S.} } @article {46505, title = {Dispersal in patchy environments: effect on the prevalence of small mammal ectoparasites}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {34}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {357 - 367}, abstract = {

Part-time ectoparasites on small mammals disperse via the habitat, while full-time parasites spread throughout the host population by direct contacts between host animals. It is therefore supposed that the effect of the natural environment is different for the two groups. This was studied as differences between observed and expected prevalence, the percentage of the infested host population, during different environmental conditions. Two possible mechanisms of such an effect were analysed, i.e. a) host selection and its change with host frequency and b) parasite migration and reproduction rates as reflected by the frequency distribution patterns on the hosts. As expected the prevalence of full-time ectoparasites (Anoplura and subfamily Laelapinae) could be predicted on the basis of host species frequencies during different environmental conditions, with the exception of one louse species (Hoplopleura acanthopus), because of its restricted distribution. Prediction was not possible for part-time ectoparasites (subfamily Hameogamasinae). Species of the subfamily Haemogamasinae were more catholic in host selection than species of Anoplura and subfamily Laelapinae. The haemogamasin mites changed host species to a greater extent than did Anoplura and Laelapinae. All haemogamasin mites had short-tailed frequency distribution patterns and all Anoplura and Laelapinae, except Hyperlaelaps microti, had long-tailed frequency distributions.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Finland, host parasite, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, mammal, Mite Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Mites/physiology, Norway, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sweden}, author = {Lars Lundqvist and Anders Edler} } @article {46489, title = {Louse infestation--a lousy life}, journal = {Community outlook}, year = {1987}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7900730; ppublish}, month = {1987}, pages = {16 - 19}, address = {ENGLAND}, keywords = {animals, host parasite, humans, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Lice/growth \& development/physiology, scalp}, isbn = {0262-8759}, author = {Roberts,C.} } @article {46476, title = {Rodent-louse association in rural biotopes of peninsular India}, journal = {Journal of Communicable Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0261652; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {52 - 57}, address = {INDIA}, keywords = {animals, ecology, host parasite, humans, India, Lice/parasitology, rat, Rodentia/parasitology, Rural Population}, isbn = {0019-5138}, author = {Saxena,V. K.} } @article {46477, title = {Damalinia caprae infestations on sheep}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {65}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {66}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, keywords = {animals, goats, host parasite, lice, Lice Infestations/veterinary, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Sheep/parasitology}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,M. G. and Moore,E. and Langman,M.} } @article {46470, title = {Morphometric variation in wild population of louse Polyplax stephensi and its value in taxonomy}, journal = {Journal of Communicable Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0261652; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {155 - 158}, address = {INDIA}, keywords = {animals, Biometry, host parasite, Lice/anatomy \& histology, populations}, isbn = {0019-5138}, author = {Saxena,V. K.} } @article {46464, title = {Ectoparasites and phoresants of the root vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) in the Polesye}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {22}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0101672; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {372 - 377}, address = {RUSSIA}, abstract = {Drainage melioration in the Polesye resulted in a sharp increase in the number of tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) which quickly included into the parasitocenosis of the drained land. There were found 26 parasitic and nonparasitic species of Gamasoidea, 3 species of Ixodidae and 2 species of Trombiculidae, 10 species of Aphaniptera, 3 species of Anoplura but there was found no species specific only for the tundra vole. All found parasites occur on many hosts. This explains wide parasitic links of the tundra vole with other homothermic animals which especially extensive with the bank vole and it may have important consequences for epizootiology of tularemia and tick-borne encephalitis.}, keywords = {animals, Byelarus, ecology, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, host parasite, lice, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Microtinae/parasitology, Tick Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0031-1847}, author = {Savitskii,B. P. and Kulnazarov,B. K.} } @article {46447, title = {Distribution of Mallophaga on the body of Acridotheres tristis (Aves)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {39 - 42}, abstract = {4 species of Mallophaga (2 Amblycera, Menacanthus eurysternus and Myrsidea sp., and 2 Ischnocera, Brueelia chayanh and Sturnidoecus affinis) coexist on the body of Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis. The distribution of eggs, nymphs and adults of these species on the body of host is discussed. The patterns of distribution coincides with their morphological adaptations.}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {S. Chandra and Agarwal,G. P. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {46446, title = {Phoresy and hyperparasitism in Ornithomya (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) in the Federal Republic of Germany}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {43 - 46}, abstract = {

243 louse-flies of the genus Ornithomya were examined for mites and Mallophaga. 12 out of 71 O. fringillina and 4 out of 153 O. avicularia were infested by Microlichus avus. Myialges uncus were found on 5 O. avicularia. One O. avicularia was infested by Myialges pari. Mallophaga were found on 8 O. avicularia. The following species were identified: Allobruelia abluda, A. amsel, Turdinirmus merulensis, Trichodectes sp., Brueelia sp.

}, keywords = {animals, Diptera, English Abstract, Germany, host parasite, Mallophaga, Mites/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0003-3162}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20425883_Phoresy_and_hyperparasitism_in_Ornithomya_Diptera_Hippoboscidae_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany}, author = {Walter,G.} } @article {46419, title = {External parasites of birds (investigations in Poland)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {37}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; RF: 28; ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {61 - 66}, address = {POLAND}, keywords = {animals, Bird parasites, ectoparasite, Fleas/anatomy \& histology/classification/isolation \& purification/physiology, host parasite, Mallophaga, Mites/anatomy \& histology/classification/isolation \& purification/physiology, Poland, population density}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga} } @article {46402, title = {Evolution of host-parasite associations among species of lice and rock-wallabies: coevolution? (J. F. A. Sprent Prize lecture, August 1990)}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {497 - 501}, address = {ENGLAND}, keywords = {animals, Australia, Awards and Prizes, Evolution, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Macropodidae, Parasitology, Phylogeny, Societies, Scientific}, isbn = {0020-7519}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002075199190053A/part/first-page-pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {46388, title = {Ectoparasite impacts on Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {104 ( Pt 3)}, year = {1992}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0401121; ppublish}, month = {1992}, pages = {479 - 488}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {To assess ectoparasite impact on individuals and populations of Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi under natural conditions, I addressed the following questions. Do ectoparasites affect their host fitness and, if so, how? Do ectoparasites affect host population level? Does this parasite-host interaction support the traditional concept of parasite evolution towards avirulence? For this purpose, host infestation, infection, survival, haematological indices, and physical condition were recorded. A field experiment which included manipulating host infestation while recording host survival was conducted to determine the causal relations between these variables. G. a. allenbyi was infested by 2 fleas (Synosternus cleopatrae and Stenoponia tripectinata), 5 mesostigmatid mites (Androlaelaps centrocarpus, A. hirsti, A. insculptus, A. marshalli and Hirstionyssus carticulatus), 1 tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), and 1 louse (polyplax gerbilli). Ectoparasite burden significantly reduced host survival and red blood cell indices (red cell concentration, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit). Ectoparasite burden did not significantly affect white blood cell concentration. Gerbils were not infected by haemoparasites or gut helminths which potentially could cause anaemia. The causal relationship between S. cleopatrae burden and host survival was established by manipulation of host infestation. Both ectoparasite removal and initial level of infestation significantly affected host survival. Ectoparasites that caused anaemia were not associated with host physical condition (PC), measured as weight/length3. None of the red blood cell indices was correlated with host PC. These results suggest both that host PC was not affected by ectoparasite burden and that exsanguination leading to anaemia was the main effect of the ectoparasites. Ectoparasite pressure on the host population (based on the ectoparasite effects as estimated by statistical models, combined with dispersion of the infestation within the host population) changed seasonally and was greatest when host density was the highest. A large segment of the gerbil population was affected by ectoparasites during the entire year. An explanation for the evolution of parasite virulence, contrasting parasites that evolve towards increased virulence with parasites that evolve towards avirulence is presented. This classification is primarily based on whether parasite impact is equated with a higher efficiency of host exploitation, or whether it is a {\textquoteright}side effect{\textquoteright} of parasite biology.}, keywords = {animals, ectoparasite, fleas, Gerbillinae/parasitology, health care, host parasite, lice, Lice Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, Mite Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, mites, population density, Rodent Diseases/blood/physiopathology, Seasons, Tick Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0031-1820}, author = {Lehmann,T.} } @article {46343, title = {Comments on Poulin, R. the disparity between observed and uniform distributions: a new look at parasite aggregation}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0314024; CON: Int J Parasitol. 1993 Nov;23(7):937-44. PMID: 8106186; ppublish}, month = {1994}, pages = {919 - 920}, address = {ENGLAND}, keywords = {animals, Flatfishes/parasitology, host parasite, lice, parasite, population dynamics, ticks}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Ploeger,H. W.} } @article {46335, title = {The adaptive potentials of human head and clothes lice when parasitizing on man}, journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni}, volume = {(1)}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376635; ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {23 - 25}, address = {RUSSIA}, abstract = {Two species of lice (Pediculus capitis and P. corporis) from various areas of Russian and adjacent republics were examined and analysed for their specific features. Each species was characterized in terms of its morphology, karyology, biology, reproductive isolation, parasitic connections, epidemiology and role as casual organisms. The two species live apart on the same host and they can live on it simultaneously. P. corporis has a higher influence on the host{\textquoteright}s metabolism than P. capitis; P. corporis seems to be a younger species and its adaptation to man has not achieved the level that is inherent in P. capitis. The head lice (P. capitis) do not affect an epidemic process in typhus and so pediculosis should be identified by the species of lice.}, keywords = {adaptation, adolescent, adult, animals, child, English Abstract, host parasite, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology/transmission, Pediculus, Russia}, isbn = {0025-8326}, author = {Khudobin,V. V.} } @article {46306, title = {Observations on the vitality of lice from dead pigeons}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {42}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {337 - 347}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Experiments were carried out in July, September, October 1993 and January 1994 on 48 dead pigeons kept in cold storage (refrigerating machine) and at a window. The behaviour of Mallophaga was observed. The insects left the feather after the cooling of the bird body, usually after 24 hours. The process lasted 3 days in cold storage conditions, while in outdoor (open-air) environment the Mallophaga were still alive for another 14 days. The vitality of Mallophaga is bigger in open-air, in moderately higher temperature and in warmer seasons of the year. The examined representants of three species dominating in infestation demonstrated varying suitability for survival in harder conditions. The reaction of Hohorstiella gigantea lata (PIAG.) to the drop of temperature was the fastest, while Columbicola columbae columbae (L.) reacted more slowly and the reaction of the Campanulotes bidentatus compar (BURM.) was the slowest. Also the reaction of larvae to falling temperatures was faster that that of the adult forms.

Paper in Polish, title: Obserwacje nad zywotnoscia wszolow z martwych golebi

}, keywords = {animals, body, Columbidae, English Abstract, host parasite, Mallophaga}, isbn = {0043-5163}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46306.pdf}, author = {Petryszak,A. and Rosciszewska,M. and Bonczar,Z. and Szwalec,R.} } @article {46309, title = {Mallophaga of pigeons in Cracow}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {42}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {235 - 242}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Infestation of Columba livia domestica GMELIN with Mallophaga has been investigated in both, breeding and feral pigeons. All pigeons came from the area of Cracow. Five species of Mallophaga have been distinguished: Columbicola columbae columbae (L.), Campanulotes bidentatus compar (BURM.), Coloceras damicornis fahrenholzi EICHLER, Hohorstiella gigantea lata (PIAG.), Neocolpocephalum (Neocolpocephalum) turbinatum (DENNY). It appeared that the first two of the above-mentioned species showed the highest intensity of occurrence. The most frequent was the mixed invasion of these two species. Research on infestation with Mallophaga with regard to the origin of pigeons showed bigger infestation of breeding pigeons, besides, the females were more intensively infested that the males. The higher degree of infestation occurred in old and weak pigeons.

Paper in PolisH, title: Wszoly u golebi z Krakowa

}, keywords = {animals, breeding, Columbidae, ectoparasite, English Abstract, host parasite, Mallophaga, Poland, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Rosciszewska,M. and Petryszak,A. and Bonczar,Z. and Duda,M.} } @article {46277, title = {Qualitative and quantitative study of biting lice (Mallophaga) from selected species of Charadriiformes (Aves)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {43}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {195 - 206}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Paper in Polish, Title: Studium jakosciowe i ilosciowe nad wszolami [Mallophaga] z wybranych przedstawicieli rzedu Charadriiformes [Aves]

Biting lice were collected (mostly in Poland) from 15 species of Charadriiformes (Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, Laridae and Alcidae). We tried to determine the frequency of occurrence of particular species of Mallophaga. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of co-occurrence of external parasites (Mallophaga and some Astigmata) was also carried out. We stated that inter-species competition is not significant in shaping the fauna of external parasites of Charadriiformes.

}, keywords = {animals, Bird parasites, ecology, English Abstract, host parasite, Lice/classification/physiology, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0043-5163}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46277.PDF}, author = {Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga and Modrzejewska,Maria and Towarnicka,I.} } @article {46253, title = {The neglected saliva: medically important toxins in the saliva of human lice}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {116 Suppl}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401121; 0 (Anticoagulants); 0 (Toxins); 0 (Vasodilator Agents); RF: 79; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {S73 - 81}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {Although there has been a great deal of research effort within the last two decades on identifying the active components of the saliva of blood-sucking ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, fleas and bugs, essentially neglected have been the human lice. Despite initial reports in the early part of this century suggestive of vasodilatory, anticoagulant and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva, for the next 50 years there were no biochemical studies on the active principles. Very recently, anatomical and biochemical studies have begun to characterize the bioactive molecules in lice saliva. The louse stocks a salivary vasodilator in excess over what is needed for a single bite, and injects similar amounts at each successive bite. The vasodilator in lice saliva appears to have different pharmacological properties than peroxidative, oxidative and maxidilan types of vasodilators reported from other blood-sucking insects. Possible anticoagulant activities have also been characterized. This belated, but welcome, interest comes at a time of resurgence of lice-born disease in certain parts of Africa, and of resistance to chemical control in Europe and North America.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Anticoagulants/metabolism/therapeutic use, Disease Vectors, host parasite, humans, Lice/chemistry/microbiology, Relapsing Fever, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., salivary, toxin, typhus, vasodilator}, isbn = {0031-1820}, author = {Jones,D.} } @article {46256, title = {Jungles: a new solution to the host/parasite phylogeny reconciliation problem}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {149}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0103146; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {191 - 223}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {The problem of finding least-cost reconstructions of past host/parasite associations, given the phylogenetic histories of a set of host taxa and of their associated parasites, is known to be complex. I provide in this article a new method of implicitly listing all the potentially optimal solutions to the problem, by considering each hypothesised past association individually, in a structure I have termed a Jungle. These structures are demonstrated to enable fast acquisition of globally optimal solutions under general weighting schemes, including minimisation of total number of postulated events and maximization of postulated cospeciation events. A simple example is given, and the pocket gopher/chewing louse system investigated by Hafner and Nadler [Hafner and Nadler, Nature 332 (1988) 258] is re-examined.}, keywords = {animals, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Likelihood Functions, Mallophaga, Models, Biological, Phylogeny, Rodent Diseases/parasitology, Rodentia/parasitology}, isbn = {0025-5564}, author = {Charleston,Michael A.} } @article {46171, title = {A Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {54}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {352 - 364}, abstract = {Information on the history of cospeciation and host switching for a group of host and parasite species is contained in the DNA sequences sampled from each. Here, we develop a Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation. We suggest a simple model of host switching by a parasite on a host phylogeny in which host switching events are assumed to occur at a constant rate over the entire evolutionary history of associated hosts and parasites. The posterior probability density of the parameters of the model of host switching are evaluated numerically using Markov chain Monte Carlo. In particular, the method generates the probability density of the number of host switches and of the host switching rate. Moreover, the method provides information on the probability that an event of host switching is associated with a particular pair of branches. A Bayesian approach has several advantages over other methods for the analysis of cospeciation. In particular, it does not assume that the host or parasite phylogenies are known without error; many alternative phylogenies are sampled in proportion to their probability of being correct.}, keywords = {animals, Bayes Theorem, dna, host parasite, Lice/physiology, Models, Genetic, Monte Carlo Method, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology}, isbn = {0014-3820}, author = {Huelsenbeck,J. P. and Rannala,B. and Larget,B.} } @article {46154, title = {Seabird and louse coevolution: complex histories revealed by 12S rRNA sequences and reconciliation analyses}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {49}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9302532; 0 (RNA, Ribosomal); 0 (RNA, ribosomal, 12S); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {383 - 399}, address = {England}, abstract = {

We investigated the coevolutionary history of seabirds (orders Procellariiformes and Sphenisciformes) and their lice (order Phthiraptera). Independent trees were produced for the seabirds (tree derived from 12S ribosomal RNA, isoenzyme, and behavioral data) and their lice (trees derived from 12S rRNA data). Brook\&$\#$39;s parsimony analysis (BPA) supported a general history of cospeciation (consistency index = 0.84, retention index = 0.81). We inferred that the homoplasy in the BPA was caused by one intrahost speciation, one potential host-switching, and eight or nine sorting events. Using reconciliation analysis, we quantified the cost of fitting the louse tree onto the seabird tree. The reconciled trees postulated one host-switching, nine cospeciation, three or four intrahost speciation, and 11 to 14 sorting events. The number of cospeciation events was significantly more than would be expected from chance alone (P \< 0.01). The sequence data were used to test for rate heterogeneity for both seabirds and lice. Neither data set displayed significant rate heterogeneity. An examination of the codivergent nodes revealed that seabirds and lice have cospeciated synchronously and that lice have evolved at approximately 5.5 times the rate of seabirds. The degree of sequence divergence supported some of the postulated intrahost speciation events (e.g., Halipeurus predated the evolution of their present hosts). The sequence data also supported some of the postulated host-switching events. These results demonstrate the value of sequence data and reconciliation analyses in unraveling complex histories between hosts and their parasites.

}, keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, bird, Evolution, host parasite, Lice/classification/genetics, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Seawater, variation}, isbn = {1063-5157}, url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/3/383.full.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Wallis,G. P. and Wallis,L. J. and Russell D. Gray} } @article {46056, title = {A statistical test for host-parasite coevolution}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {51}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {217 - 234}, abstract = {A new method, ParaFit, has been developed to test the significance of a global hypothesis of coevolution between parasites and their hosts. Individual host-parasite association links can also be tested. The test statistics are functions of the host and parasite phylogenetic trees and of the set of host-parasite association links. Numerical simulations are used to show that the method has correct rate of type I error and good power except under extreme error conditions. An application to real data (pocket gophers and chewing lice) is presented.}, keywords = {animals, Evolution, Molecular, host parasite, lice, Models, Statistical, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, rodentia}, author = {Legendre,P. and Desdevises,Y. and Bazin,E.} } @article {46031, title = {Vernon Kellogg, host-switching, and cospeciation: rescuing straggled ideas}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1045 - 1048}, abstract = {

Cospeciation and host-switching have become central concepts in host\–parasite coevolutionary studies (Brooks, 1981; Hafner and Nadler, 1988, 1990; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Page, 1993, 1994). Parasite speciation may either be concomitant with and resulting from host speciation (cospeciation) or follow the colonization of a \‘\‘new\’\’ host from an existing one (host-switching). Historical summaries that deal with these concepts (Klassen, 1992; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Hoberg et al., 1997) credit the origin of one or both of these concepts to Vernon Lyman Kellogg, an entomologist at Stanford, who specialized on the taxonomy and distribution of the mallophagan lice of birds and mammals.The issue is not without its intrigue and controversy however; another leading mallophagan systematist of the time, Wolfdietrich Eichler (Eichler, 1942, 1948), apparently accused Kellogg of \‘\‘stealing\’\’ the idea of cospeciation from Fahrenholz (Klassen, 1992). According to Klassen (1992), the issue is settled in favor of Kellogg because he had the idea before Fahrenholz did. During the course of research on the logic and implications of the host\–parasite method in biogeography, see Marques (2000), for example, it was discovered that Kellogg did not ascribe any evolutionary significance to \‘straggling,\’ nor did he address cospeciation until he became aware of Fahrenholz\’s work. The present critical comment discusses these conclusions. In supporting our contentions, Kellogg\’s own writings have been quoted extensively because this approach leaves little room for misinterpretation and allows the readers to judge for themselves the validity of the conclusions reached here.

}, keywords = {animals, Bird parasites, Evolution, history, host parasite, humans, Lice/growth \& development, Parasitology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3285560}, author = {Choudhury,Anindo and Moore,B. R. and Marques,F. L.} } @article {46024, title = {Understanding parasite strategies}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {19}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 100966034; CON: Trends Parasitol. 2002 Sep;18(9):387-90. PMID: 12377254; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {15 - 6; author reply 16-7}, address = {England}, keywords = {animals, bird, ecology, Evolution, Feathers/parasitology, host parasite, lice infestations, Lice/growth \& development, Mite Infestations, Mites/growth \& development, parasite}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Jovani,R.} } @article {46011, title = {Structure and seasonal dynamics of the biotic community ectoparasites of the bank vole in the Il{\textquoteright}men{\textquoteright}-Volkhov lowland}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0101672; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {433 - 446}, address = {Russia}, abstract = {A biodiversity, seasonal dynamics and parasite load of a single individual and local population of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in coniferous and mixed forests of the Ilmen-Volkhov lowland (neighborhood of Oskuy village, Chudovo region, Novgorod Province) in the period from June 1999 till May 2002. The Gero{\textquoteright}s traps were used for collecting the host. Lines of traps stood in each place during 3-5 days and were checked twice a day. Trapping of micromammalian hosts and collecting of parasites took place each month, except a few gaps. Total number of collected animals 2854 including 1405 bank voles. The 29 ectoparasite species were recorded on the bank vole in the area of study. Among some mites and fleas a few species are accidental parasites probably accepted by voles from other species of animals. In the Oskuy area, the bank voles are the main and additional hosts of 25 ectoparasite species: fleas--8, lice--1, ixodid ticks--2, gamasid mites--7, acariform mites 7. Species composition of ectoparasites, their occurrence and abundance change during the year. Seasonal changes of abundance and occurrence indices are most expressed in the temporary ectoparasites (ixodid ticks, chiggers, gamasid mites), while in the permanent parasites (lice, acariform mites: Myobiidae, Myocoptidae, Listrophoridae), the seasonal fluctuations of indices are displayed in a less scale. Most vole specimens were infected with this or that ectoparasite species. The parasitocenosis on an individual specimen usually included less than 10 species of the total number 29 species recorded on the bank vole in the area investigated. One ectoparasite species was recorded on 21\% of host specimens, 2-5 ectoparasite species were found on 71\% of host individuals. Maximal number of ectoparasite species (10 species) was registered on one specimen only. The parasite load was dispersed unevenly among the infected voles. Mean number of parasites of all species on a host individual varied from 124 to 295. The highest grade of parasites (237-297 parasite specimens) was found in the voles with 7-10 species of parasites.}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, host parasite, Ixodes, lice, Microtinae/parasitology, mites, population density, Russia/epidemiology, Seasons, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0031-1847}, author = {Balashov,I. U. S. and Bochkov,A. V. and Vashchenok,V. S. and Grigor{\textquoteright}eva,L. A. and Tret{\textquoteright}iakov,K. A.} } @article {45944, title = {Geographical structuring of feather mite assemblages from the Australian brush-turkey (Aves: Megapodiidae)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {60 - 66}, abstract = {

Populations of a host species may exhibit different assemblages of parasites and other symbionts. The loss of certain species of symbionts (lineage sorting, or \"missing-the-boat\") is a mechanism by which geographical variation in symbiont assemblages can arise. We studied feather mites and lice from Australian brush-turkeys (Aves: Megapodiidae: Alectura lathami) and expected to observe geographical structuring in arthropod assemblages for several reasons. First, because the brush-turkey is a sedentary ground-dwelling bird, we predicted that geographically close host populations should share more similar arthropod assemblages than distant ones. Second, because brush-turkeys do not brood their young, vertical transfer of arthropods is unlikely, and brush-turkeys probably acquire their mites and lice at social maturity through contact with other birds. Young birds could disperse and found new populations without carrying complete sets of symbionts. We predicted that young birds would have fewer species of arthropods than older birds; in addition, we expected that males (which are polygynous) would have more species than females. Birds were sampled from 12 sites (=populations) along the east coast of Queensland, Australia, that were separated by a distance of 12.5-2,005 km. In total, 5 species of mites from the Pterolichidae and 1 species from the Ascouracaridae were found. Two species of lice were collected but in numbers too low to be statistically useful. Differentiation of mite assemblages was evident; in particular, Leipobius sp. showed 100\% prevalence in 3 host populations and 0\% in the remaining 9. A dendrogram of brush-turkey populations based on mite assemblages showed 2 geographically correlated clusters of sites, plus 1 cluster that contained 2 sites near Brisbane and 1 approximately at a distance of 1,000 km. There was no strong effect of host age or sex on number of mite species carried. Horizontal transfer of feather mites by hippoboscid flies, in addition to physical contact between hosts, may play a role in homogenizing symbiont assemblages within populations.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, bird, bird diseases, body, Disease Transmission, Horizontal/veterinary, Feathers/parasitology, host parasite, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/classification, Mite Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/veterinary, Mites/classification, Prevalence, Queensland, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sex Distribution}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3286125 }, author = {Heather C. Proctor and Jones,D. N.} } @article {45137, title = {Path coefficient analysis of correlation between breeding cycles of the common myna Acridotheres tristis (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) and its phthirapteran ectoparasites}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {50}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {315 - 316}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, breeding, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Lice/growth \& development, Models, Biological, parasite, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Songbirds/classification/parasitology/physiology}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8860.pdf}, author = {Srivastava,Roshani K. and Sandeep Kumar and Nidhi Gupta and S. K. Singh and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {42375, title = {Differences in straggling rates between genera of dove lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) reinforce population genetic and cophylogenetic patterns}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {34}, year = {2004}, note = {1117}, month = {2004}, pages = {1113 - 1119}, abstract = {

Differences in dispersal abilities have been implicated for causing disparate evolutionary patterns between Columbicola and Physconelloides lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, no study has documented straggling (when lice are found on atypical hosts) rates within these lineages. We used the fact that the Galapagos Hawk, Buteo galapagoensis (Gould) (Falconiformes) feeds on the Galapagos Dove Zenaida galapagoensis Gould (Columbiformes) within an ecologically simplified setting. The Galapagos Dove is the only typical host of Columbicola macrourae (Wilson) and Physconelloides galapagensis (Kellogg and Huwana) in Galapagos. We quantitatively sampled and found these lice on both bird species. A DNA barcoding approach confirmed that stragglers were derived from Galapagos doves. We also collected a Bovicola sp. louse, likely originating from a goat (Capra hircus). On hawks, C. macrourae was significantly more prevalent than P. galapagensis. On doves, the two lice were equally prevalent and abundant. Differences in prevalence on hawks was a function of differences in straggling rate between lice, and not a reflection of their relative representation within the dove population. This provides further evidence that differences in dispersal abilities may drive differences in the degree of cospeciation in Columbicola and Phyconelloides lice, which have become model systems in evolutionary biology.

}, keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, Bird parasites, Ecuador, Evolution, host parasite, Lice/classification/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/5618.pdf}, author = {Whiteman,Noah Kerness and Santiago-Alarcon,Diego and Kevin P. Johnson and Patricia G. Parker} } @article {40513, title = {Investigating patterns may reveal processes: evolutionary ecology of ectoparasitic monogeneans}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {111 - 119}, abstract = {

We reviewed several published and ongoing studies concerning monogenean communities. Patterns of species richness, host specificity, community structure and host-parasite coevolutionary interaction were carefully analysed, and hypotheses of evolutionary processes are proposed. The structuring of monogenean communities seems to be related to both ecological and historical constraints. The database supports an absence of intra- and interspecific competition in monogeneans. Species richness seems to be more due to host characteristics than to parasite interactions. Monogeneans seem to specialise on large hosts, leading to greater species richness on those hosts. The morphometric evolution of attachment and copulatory organs support the hypothesis of a reproductive segregation among conspecifics parasitising the same host(s). It also suggests the existence of concurrent adaptive and non-adaptive processes. The general absence of a coevolutionary pattern between host and parasites also suggests the constraints of history without dismissing the influences of ecological factors in the structuring of the communities. More generally, we strengthen the need to study the structure of communities in a phylogenetic context. (C) 2002 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {coevolution, communities, competition, Diversity, fishes, fresh water, gill, history, host parasite, marine, monogeneans, parasite, richness, species, specificity}, author = {Serge Morand and Simkova,A. and Matejusova,I. and Plaisance,L. and Verneau,O. and Desdevises,Y.} } @article {40483, title = {Host specificity of a generalist parasite: genetic evidence of sympatric host races in the seabird tick Ixodes uriae}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {14}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {395 - 405}, abstract = {

Due to the close association between parasites and their hosts, many \&$\#$39;generalist\&$\#$39; parasites have a high potential to become specialized on different host species. We investigated this hypothesis for a common ectoparasite of seabirds, the tick Ixodes uriae that is often found in mixed host sites. We examined patterns of neutral genetic variation between ticks collected from Black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in sympatry. To control for a potential distance effect, values were compared to differences among ticks from the same host in nearby monospecific sites. As predicted, there was higher genetic differentiation between ticks from different sympatric host species than between ticks from nearby allopatric populations of the same host species. Patterns suggesting isolation by distance were found among tick populations of each host group, but no such patterns existed between tick populations of different hosts. Overall, results suggest that host-related selection pressures have led to the specialization of I. uriae and that host race formation may be an important diversifying mechanism in parasites.

}, keywords = {apple, coevolution, colonial, differentiation, dispersal, Evolution, fly, host, host parasite, Ixodes, maggot, microsatellites, populations, santa rosalia, seabirds, selection, specialization, speciation, specificity, subdivision}, url = {https://mivegec.ird.fr/images/stories/PDF_files/0262.pdf}, author = {McCoy,K. D. and Boulinier,T. and Tirard,C. and Michalakis,Y.} } @article {40272, title = {Temporal congruence revisited: comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in cospeciating pocket gophers and their chewing lice}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {151 - 167}, abstract = {

Molecular phylogenies can be used to test hypotheses of cospeciation between hosts and parasites by comparing both cladistic relationships and branch lengths. Molecular data can also help discriminate between competing reconstructions of the history of the host-parasite association. Methods for comparing sequence divergence in hosts and parasites are described and applied to data for pocket gophers and their chewing lice. The hypothesis of cospeciation between these two clades is strongly supported. The lengths of homologous branches in the gopher and louse phylogenies are positively correlated, but there is little support for the hypothesis that lice are evolving an order of magnitude faster than are their hosts.

}, keywords = {analysis, assemblages, Chewing lice, clock, component, cospeciation, dna, Evolution, geomydoecus, Geomyidae, Geomys, gopher, host parasite, lice, lineages, Mallophaga, molecular, Orthogeomys, Phylogeny, pocket, sequence, speciation, substitutions, thomomydoecus, thomomys, tree, trees, trichodectidae}, url = {http://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sysbio/45/2/10.1093/sysbio/45.2.151/2/45-2-151.pdf?Expires=1485178998\&Signature=Ot51qtPL0yKCXIoYGaXyDHFhW32zncDUkaJP357f8CU5td~btGv15S2jmYH8DOK8nSGL1a66mMoOQflCg02Fs47sv~qKstzYpYsm6kbvwqnA}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M.} } @article {39764, title = {Host-ectoparasite relationships among North American chipmunks}, journal = {Acta Theriologica}, volume = {44}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {225 - 231}, abstract = {A review of the fleas and lice of the Nearctic chipmunks indicates that North American chipmunks, Neotamias and Tamias, have had separate histories; and that one has not been derived directly from the other. The western chipmunks (Neotamias) have in common a species assemblage of sucking lice and fleas, and the single eastern species, Tamias striatus (Linnaeus, 1758), has distinctive species of fleas which do not generally occur on other small mammals; none of the lice or fleas on T. striatus occcurs on the western chipmunks. This dichotomy of distribution of external parasites on these chipmunks indicates a very long separation of the hosts, and could not occur if one group had been directly derived from the other. Chipmunks in western North America, on the basis of the molecular evidence and distribution of sucking lice and fleas, are most logically placed in the genus Neotamias. Such an arrangement is consistent with the morphological, molecular, and parasitological evidence, and suggests a plausible history and relationship of the three groups of chipmunks. The fossil distribution of North American chipmunks indicates an early movement from Asia in the Oligocene, and a scarcity or absence of chipmunks from the middle Miocene until the Pleistocene. Both Tamias striatus and species of Neotamias are probably a product of two Pleistocene movements across the Bering connection.}, keywords = {chipmunk, Eutamias, Evolution, host parasite, Neotamias, speciation, Tamias}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2192.pdf}, author = {Jameson,E. W.} } @article {39743, title = {The ectoparasites of the European badger, Meles meles, and the behavior of the host-specific flea, Paraceras melis}, journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior}, volume = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {245 - 265}, abstract = {The badger-specific flea, Paraceras melis, jumps repeatedly when separated from its host Meles meles; thereafter fleas settled into sheltered positions. After separation from badgers, some 42\% of fleas (n = 63) voided their gut contents; this was associated with a significant increase in mean jumping distance. The maximum longevity of fleas away from the host was 89 days, with 50\% mortality at around 35 days. Badger lice, Trichodectes melis, survived for up to 3 days postcapture. We conclude that the badger{\textquoteright}s habit of frequently swapping dens with a mean period of return of 6 days is unlikely to bring about significant mortality of adult fleas but may effectively eradicate lice. Fleas abandoned in "bedding" in a simulated badger sett were mobile, being drawn toward light and moving upward. This response would draw the fleas to the den entrance, which may be a suitable site to intercept returning badgers. The fleas responded to stimuli which might signal the proximity of the host: they jumped toward sources of carbon dioxide and of carbon dioxide in air current directed at the flea. The strongest response was seen when a mixture of stimuli consisting of carbon dioxide, a dark circle of card, and movement were tested; the majority of fleas jumped toward the mixed stimulus. Finally peas separated from the host responded to exhaled air by running and jumping; this is in marked contrast to their response to those stimuli when on the host, when fleas run downward and very rarely jump. These contrasting observations find adaptive explanation in the two contexts.}, keywords = {badger, Behavior, ectoparasite, flea, host parasite, Meles meles, melis, Paraceras, parasite}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37895.pdf}, author = {Cox,R. and Stewart,P. D. and Macdonald,D. W.} } @article {39398, title = {Age and movement of a hybrid zone: Implications for dispersal distance in pocket gophers and their chewing lice}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {52}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {278 - 282}, abstract = {

Historical flood records for the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico suggest that a pocket gopher (Thomomys bonae) hybrid zone previously thought to be 10,000 years old may actually be closer to 50 years old. Measured zone width (defined genetically) is consistent with the hypothesis of recent contact, if we assume a reasonable dispersal distance of approximately 400 m/year for pocket gophers. A five-year study of movement of the contact zone between the two species of chewing lice that parasitize these pocket gophers also is consistent with the hypothesis of recent origin of the zone.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, cline, coevolution, differentiation, dispersal, genetic, Geomyidae, gopher, host parasite, hybrid, lice, models, pocket, populations, rodentia, zones}, doi = {10.2307/2410946}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410946?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Mark S. Hafner and James W. Demastes and David J. Hafner and Theresa A. Spradling and Sudman,Philip D. and Nadler,Steven A.} } @book {38910, title = {Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {xiii + 473}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford ; New York}, keywords = {bird, coevolution, Evolution, host parasite, parasite}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38910.pdf}, author = {Clayton,Dale H. and Moore,Janice} } @article {38733, title = {The identity of Nirmus obtusus and other Quadraceps species (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Clipperton Island and the Gal{\`a}pagos Islands}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, note = {b}, month = {1994}, pages = {267 - 276}, abstract = {

The identity of Nirmus obtusus Kellogg \& Kuwana, 1902 is clarified based on the examination of its holotype, relavent literature and other lice samples from several species of other Charadriiform birds. The host louse association between N. obtusus and its type host (Sterna fuscata crissalis (Lawrence, 1872)) is discussed and deduced to be erroneous. The birds Tringa incana (Gmelin, 1789) and Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) are regarded as regular hosts for N. obustus, and evidence is presented supporting the opinion that T. incanas was the original natural host for the holotype of N. obtusus. The present status for this louse species is Quadraceps obustus (Kellogg \& Kuwana, 1902); Degeeriella conformis Blagoveshtchensky, 1940 is regarded as the junior synonym (new synonym). Specimens of five other species of Quadraceps including Kellogg \& Kuwana\&$\#$39;s material are compared with Q. obustus and discussed in relation to their hosts and locality records.

}, keywords = {Galapagos, host parasite, island, Islands, mtax, new, Nirmus, Philopteridae, PHP, Phthiraptera, Quadraceps, synonomy}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0020.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {38718, title = {Phylogeny of Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus pocket gopher lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from cladistic analysis of adult and first instar morphology}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {20}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {129 - 143}, abstract = {

The phylogeny of all 122 species of chewing lice of the genera Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) hosted by pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) is estimated by a cladistic analysis of fifty-eight morphological characters obtained from adults and first instars. The data set has considerable homoplasy, but still contains phylogenetic information. The phylogeny obtained is moderately resolved and, with some notable exceptions supports the species complexes proposed by Hellenthal and Price over the last two decades. The subgenera of G. (Thaelerius) and T. (Thomomydoecus)are both shown to be monophyletic , but the monophyly of subgenus T. (Jamespattonius) could not be confirmed, perhaps due to the lack of first instar data for one of its component species. The nominate subgenus of Geomydoecus may be monophyletic, but our cadogram was insufficiently resolved to corroberate this. Mapping the pocket gopher hosts on to the phylogeny reveals a consistant pattern of louse clades being restricted to particular genera or subgenera of gophers, but the history of the host-parasite association appears complex and will require considerable effort to resolve.

}, keywords = {assemblages, Chewing lice, complex, cospeciation, Evolution, Geomyidae, host parasite, lice, Mallophaga, mexico, rodentia, U.S.A.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0003.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M. and Roger D. Price and Hellenthal,Ronald A.} }