@article {48038, title = {Asexual reproduction: Genetics and evolutionary aspects}, journal = {Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences}, volume = {64}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {1355 - 1372}, abstract = {Reproduction is essential to all organisms if they are to contribute to the next generation. There are various means and ways of achieving this goal.This review focuses on the role of asexual reproduction for eukaryotic organisms and how its integration in a life cycle can influence their population genetics and evolution. An important question for evolutionarybiologists as to why some organisms reproduce sexually, as opposed to asexually, is addressed. We also discuss the economic and medical importance of asexual organisms }, keywords = {Bovicola, Phthiraptera}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47177.pdf}, author = {de Mee{\^u}s,T. and Prugnolle,F. and Agnew,P.} } @article {47986, title = {Checking for lice like a pregnancy test}, journal = {Wool Grower No. 11}, volume = {13}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, keywords = {Bovicola, ovis}, author = {Sanderson,L.} } @article {47846, title = {Prevalence of sucking and chewing lice on cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {42}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {281 - 285}, abstract = {

Beef calves from 2 sources entering southern Alberta feedlots in the winters of 1997-98 and 1998-99, were surveyed for the presence of lice. A random sample of multiple source (MS), that is, auction market-derived, calves entering commercial feedlots and single source (SS) calves entering a backgrounding feedlot were examined for the presence of lice at entry to the feedlot. A standardized examination, which involved hair-part examination of 8 louse predilection sites, was conducted on each selected calf to determine prevalence and intensity of infestation. The long-nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli, was the most commonly encountered species. This species infested from 57.8\% to 95.6\% of the calves selected from both MS and SS calves during both winters. Louse index values, indicating intensity of infestation, for L. vituli ranged from 1 to 243 lice per animal. The chewing louse, Bovicola bovis, was present on MS and SS calves only in the winter of 1998-99. The louse index values for B. bovis ranged froml to 230 lice per animal.Mixed infestations of the L. vituli and B. bovis were common. The little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus, was present only on the SS calves in the winter of 1997-98. The short-nosed sucking louse, Haematopinus eurysternus, was present at very low intensities, 1-2 lice per animal, on 2.6\% to 4.4\% of the MS calves during both winters. Comparison of results from the current study with published literature suggests that efforts to determine the economic impact of louse infestations are confounded by the lack of a uniform method to assess louse population levels.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Chewing lice, Haematopinus, Solenopotes}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46980.pdf}, author = {Douglas D. Colwell and Clymer,Bill and Booker,Calvin W. and Guichon,P. Timothy and Jim,G. Kee and Schunicht,Oliver C. and Wildman,Brian K.} } @article {47527, title = {Prevalence and distribution of the horse louse, Werneckiella equi equi, on hides collected at a horse abattoir in south-west England}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {157}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {419}, keywords = {Bovicola}, doi = {http://doi: 10.1136/vr.157.14.419}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Prevalence-and-distribution-of-the-horse-louse\%2C-on-Gawler-Coles/f21fadda2c4bacac9ac304261797088fc1fb720d}, author = {Gawler,R. and G. C. Coles and Stafford,K. A.} } @article {47518, title = {Impact of the duration of control of cattle lice with eprinomectin on leather quality}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {157}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {841}, abstract = {The relationship between lice infestation in calves during their first winter and damage to the leather produced was investigated in a trial involving 500 calves, 100 of which were treated with a pour-on endectocide during the first winter. All the calves received routine lice treatment in the second winter and were reared to slaughter weight. The hides were removed at the abattoir, tanned, inspected for lice-related damage, and graded according to their suitability for the production of high quality leather. The untreated group developed natural infestations of the chewing louse (Bovicola bovis) during the first winter but none was observed in the second winter. Hides from cattle infested with lice in their first winter had higher levels of lice damage than hides from those treated with eprinomectin, at both the chrome-tanned and dried dyed-crust stages of leather production.}, keywords = {Bovicola, bovis}, author = {Hadley,P. J. and Forbes,A. B. and Rice,B. J. and Garnsworthy,P. C.} } @article {47519, title = {Prevalence and regional distribution of scab, lice and blowfly strike in Great Britain}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {158}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {749 - 752}, abstract = {

The prevalence of psoroptic mange (sheep scab), louse infestation and blowfly strike in sheep in Great Britain between March 2003 and February 2004 was investigated by means of a retrospective postal survey, stratified by region. Of the 3530 questionnaires sent out, 1067 were returned completed, a response rate of 30\·2 per cent. Overall, 9 per cent of the farmers reported at least one outbreak of scab, 10\·7 per cent reported an outbreak of lice and 75 per cent reported at least one case of blowfly strike. A mean of 1\·4 per cent of ewes were struck by blowfly and 2\·8 per cent of lambs. There were strong regional variations in disease prevalence, with scab and lice infestation being highest in Wales, Scotland and the north of England and blowfly strike highest in the south west of England.

}, keywords = {Bovicola, ovis, sheep, UK}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.22.749}, url = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.158.22.749}, author = {Bisdorff,B. and Wall,R. and Milnes,A.} } @article {47493, title = {Sheep ectoparasite control and animal welfare}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {62}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {109 - 112}, abstract = {The ectoparasites, sheep lice (Bovicola ovis), sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis), sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus) and the sheep blowflies (Lucilia spp., Hydrotea irritans, Calliphora spp.) are a major problem with respect to animal welfare in the sheep industry; not only do they affect the health and well-being of infested animals, but the treatments applied to prevent or control their effects can also raise animal welfare concerns. This paper will discuss the role of sheep veterinarians in reducing or eliminating animal welfare problems associated with sheep ectoparasites. It highlights the correct application or use of the correct chemical at the correct time to control these parasites, which is feasible on farm. The importance of improved farm biosecurity to prevent the reintroduction of infestations once they have been eliminated, will be emphasised. Blowfly strike is a serious animal welfare problem, often resulting in death of affected animals after severe stress and discomfort. The paper emphasises the importance of prevention rather than cure, with mention of strategic use of chemicals and other management strategies including time of shearing and crutching, genetic selection against fleece rot, control of dermatophilosis and surgical removal of skin folds in the breech region. With the increasing public concern in animal welfare issues within the livestock industries, there is a need to improve the health and welfare of sheep. Sound ectoparasite control and eradication programs are an important way of achieving this.}, keywords = {Bovicola, ovis}, author = {Plant,J. W.} } @article {47464, title = {Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad applied as a pour-on or a topical spray against natural infestations of chewing and sucking lice on cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, abstract = {Studies were conducted in Wisconsin and Illinois, USA, to assess and compare the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad when applied as either a pour-on or topical spray and compared with cyfluthrin pour-on and coumaphos topical spray for controlling natural infestations of chewing (Bovicola bovis) and sucking (Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus and Haematopinus eurysternus) lice on cattle. Thirty-five animals at each trial site were blocked according to pre-treatment lice counts and randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: single treatments of spinosad (25g/L), diluted with water to 0.04\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; spinosad (25g/L) applied as a neat pour-on at 2mg/kg body weight; Co-Ral((R)) Emulsifiable Livestock Insecticide (5.8\% coumaphos), diluted to 0.03\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; CyLence((R)) Pour-on Insecticide (1\% cyfluthrin), applied as a neat pour-on at the manufacturer{\textquoteright}s recommended use rate for lice; and untreated control. Both spinosad treatments and cyfluthrin provided >/=96\% control of B. bovis for up to 7 weeks, whereas the efficacy of coumaphos dropped to <90\% after week 5 at one site. Spinosad spray had the best therapeutic and residual control of all treatments against L. vituli, >/=98\% for at least 5 weeks at both sites, compared with 3 weeks for coumaphos at one site. Spinosad and coumaphos sprays provided 100\% control of S. capillatus for at least 8 weeks compared with >/=97\% control for spinosad and cyfluthrin pour-on treatments over the same interval. While H. eurysternus burden was low and limited to one study site, all four treatments provided 100\% control for at least 6 weeks. These studies showed that topically applied spinosad provided a high degree of therapeutic and residual control against both sucking and chewing lice.}, keywords = {Bovicola, bovis, capillatus, eurysternus, Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes, vituli}, author = {White,W. Hunter and Hutchens,Douglas E. and Jones,Carl and Firkins,Larry D. and Paul,Allan J. and Smith,Larry L. and Snyder,Daniel E.} } @article {47444, title = {Register of new host-parasite records. Louse infestation on a llama}, journal = {Surveillance}, volume = {28}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {15 - 16}, keywords = {Bovicola, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46562.pdf}, author = {McKenna,P. B.} } @article {47445, title = {Register of new host-parasite records. Louse infestation on an alpaca}, journal = {Surveillance}, volume = {30}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {12 - 13}, keywords = {Bovicola, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46563.pdf}, author = {McKenna,P. B.} } @article {47049, title = {A rapid method for sampling for Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis L. on cattle, and its use in a comparison of the effectiveness of "Gammexane" and D.D.T. against this parasite}, journal = {Annals of tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {46}, year = {1952}, month = {1952}, pages = {4 - 24}, keywords = {Bovicola, bovis, Control, DDT, efficacy}, author = {Bertram,D. S. and Roberts,E. W. and Edwards,M.} } @article {46965, title = {Spray treatment of calves with Bayer 21/199 for control of cattle grubs and lice in Montana}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {137}, year = {1960}, note = {JID: 7503067; OTO: NLM; ppublish}, month = {1960}, pages = {589 - 594}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, cattle, Control, veterinary}, isbn = {0003-1488}, author = {Marquardt,W. C. and Lovelace,S. A. and Fritts,D. H.} } @article {46010, title = {Efficacy of selamectin against biting lice on dogs and cats}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {152}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {234 - 237}, abstract = {The efficacy of selamectin was evaluated against naturally acquired Trichodectes canis infestations on dogs and against Felicola subrostratus infestations on cats. Twenty dogs and 18 cats were randomly allocated to treatment with either a placebo or selamectin (6 mg/kg), administered topically once only on day 0. The treatment had no adverse effects in either the dogs or the cats. Efficacy was assessed by counting the live lice (adults and nymphs) on each animal by using a coat-parting technique on days -3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 for the dogs, and on days -1, 7, 21, 35 and 42 for the cats. On day 43, the number of live lice on each dog was also assessed by using a whole-body combing technique. Selamectin was 100 per cent effective in killing biting lice on the dogs and cats throughout the period of assessment; the louse counts on the treated dogs and cats were significantly lower than the pretreatment counts (P = 0.0001) and were also significantly lower than on the placebo-treated dogs (P < 0.05) and cats (P = 0.0001). There was a marked reduction in the prevalence of clinical signs associated with ectoparasite infestation in the treated dogs and no clinical signs were observed in any of the treated cats.}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, animals, Bovicola, cat, Dog Diseases, Felicola, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Treatment Outcome}, author = {Shanks,D. J. and Gautier,P. and McTier,T. L. and Evans,N. A. and Pengo,G. and Rowan,T. G.} } @article {43682, title = {Hazards of gammaxene with reference to treatment of pediculosis in goats}, journal = {Indian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {31}, year = {1955}, month = {1955}, pages = {426 - 431}, keywords = {Bovicola}, author = {Biswal,G.} } @article {43368, title = {Relationship between lice infestation and leather damage in cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {153}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {255 - 259}, abstract = {

The relationship between lice infestation and leather damage was investigated in a trial involving 61 cattle, half of which were treated with ectoparasiticides for lice control either in their first or second year. Hides from the lice-free and lousy calves were removed manually at an abattoir, tanned and inspected for lice-related damage, commercially referred to as light spot and/or fleck. In both the first- and second-year animals there was a significant difference between the hides of the lousy and lice-free animals, confirming that the chewing louse Bovicola bovis is a cause of winter light spot. There was also a difference between the two groups in the levels of scratch damage. After the infested animals had been treated with fenvalerate and eprinomectin to kill all the lice, the damage to the hides had not been fully reversed 13 weeks later.

}, keywords = {Bovicola}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.9.255}, url = {https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/153/9/255}, author = {G. C. Coles and Hadley,P. J. and Milnes,A. S. and Green,L. E. and Stosic,P. J. and Garnsworthy,P. C.} } @article {42916, title = {An investigation on the cattle louse problem}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {1962}, note = {104, (Mont. State Coll., BOZEMANN, Montana), Biol. Abstr. 41, Nr. 12334, 1963}, month = {10/1962}, pages = {684 - 688}, keywords = {Artiodactyla., Bovicola, Control, Haematopinus eurysternus, linognathus vituli, Mallophaga, Nordamerika, Solenopotes, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42916.pdf}, author = {Scharff,Donald K.} } @article {42639, title = {Parasitika fauna naseg goveda}, journal = {Veterinarski Arhiv}, volume = {11}, year = {1941}, note = {1264}, month = {1941}, pages = {28 - 50}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Bovicola, Europe, Haematopinus eurysternus, linognathus vituli, Troester}, author = {Mikacic,D.} } @article {42547, title = {Rearing the long-nosed cattle louse and cattle biting louse on host animals in Oregon}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {60}, year = {1967}, note = {431}, month = {06/1967}, pages = {755 - 757}, keywords = {biology, Bovicola, Control, ecology, Linognathus, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42547.pdf}, author = {Lewis,L. F. and Christenson,D. M. and Eddy,Gaines W.} } @article {42458, title = {Notes on populations of Bovilcola jellisoni on Dall{\textquoteright}s sheep (Ovis dalli).}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {1977}, note = {1203}, month = {1977}, pages = {427 - 428}, keywords = {Artiodactyla, Bovicola, ecology, Mallophaga, sheep, Troester}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40911.pdf}, author = {Kim,Ke Chung} } @article {42236, title = {Effects of tropical applicatios of Dibrom upon cattle lice and cattle grubs}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {1962}, note = {102}, month = {10/1962}, pages = {744 - 746}, keywords = {Bovicola, Control, Nordamerika. Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42236.pdf}, author = {Goulding,R. L. and Taylor,N. O.} } @article {42070, title = {Topographische Spezialisation bei Ektoparasiten}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Parasitenkunde}, volume = {11}, year = {1939}, note = {277}, month = {1939}, pages = {205 - 214}, keywords = {biology, Bovicola, Columbicola, Degeeriella, ecology, Eomenacanthus, Gliricola porcelli), goniocotes, Haematomyzus, linognathus ovillus, lipeurus, Menacanthus, Pediculus, Pthirus, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42070.pdf}, author = {Eichler,Wolfdietrich} } @article {41987, title = {Morphological and physiological changes in Bovicola limbata (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) reared on a diet containing synthetic juvenile hormone}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {63}, year = {1970}, note = {954}, month = {1970}, pages = {1363 - 1365}, keywords = {Bovicola, Mallophaga, physiology, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41987.pdf}, author = {Chamberlain,W. F. and Hopkins,D. E.} } @article {41623, title = {Substitutes for Rotenone in Cattle Louse Control}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {36}, year = {1943}, month = {1943}, pages = {718-720}, abstract = {

ests were made in 1941-43 of the effectiveness of certain dusts in the control of Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis L., Linognathus vituli L., Solenopotes capillatus End., and Haematopinus eurysternus Nitzsch, on cattle in New York, where, as in other parts of the north-eastern United States, lice are serious pests of dairy herds in winter and early spring. A mixture of 1 part cub\é (5 per cent, rotenone) and 10 parts wettable sulphur was found to give excellent control of all species in 1941-42. In the following winter, various substitutes were tested as rotenone-bearing dusts are difficult to obtain. The usual dose was 3-4 oz. per animal, applied with a puff duster having a wide nozzle and canvas flaps to help confine the dust. The best results were obtained with a dust of 1 part finely ground sabadilla seed to 10 parts wettable sulphur, which gave complete kill of three species and 95 per cent, kill of S.capillatus in 7 days. Ground seed of the yam bean, Pachyrhizus erosus [cf. R.A.E., A 31 502] at the same strength was almost as effective. In neither case was there appreciable reinfestation within 3 weeks. Even at 1: 20, sabadilla gave practically perfect control of all lice except S. capillatus. Thanite (secondary terpene alcohol thiocyanate) and lethane (beta-thiocyanoethyl esters of fatty acids), each at 1 part to 2 parts Celite and 8 parts sulphur gave 60-95 per cent. kill. S. capillatus was particularly resistant to them. Dusts that were ineffective at 1 part to 10 parts sulphur comprised proprietary free or fixed nicotines (Black Leaf 10 or 155) [but cf. B 32 100], pyrethrum (Stimtox A) and hellebore. Velsicol (isomeric mixture of alkyl substituted naphthalenes) at 1 part to 2.5 parts Celite and 7.5 parts sulphur gave poor kills in 7 days, but good control over a longer period. Laboratory tests in which 10-15 females of D. bovis were placed on uniform deposits of the dusts confirmed the results of the field trials. Sabadilla was second in toxicity to rotenone, and nicotine only slightly better than sulphur. The only discrepancy in the results was in the case of yam-bean seed, which was only slightly toxic in the laboratory tests. This may be because its action is slow.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Control, pesticide}, issn = {0022-0493}, doi = {10.1093/jee/36.5.718}, url = {https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19441000290}, author = {Matthysse,John George and Schwardt,H. H.} } @article {41624, title = {Biology of the Cattle Biting Louse and notes on Cattle sucking lice}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {1944}, month = {1944}, pages = {436 - 442}, keywords = {biology, Bovicola, life history, parthenogenesis}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41624.pdf}, author = {Matthysse,John George} } @article {41625, title = {Cattle Lice: their biology and control}, journal = {Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station}, volume = {832}, year = {1946}, month = {1946}, pages = {3 - 67}, keywords = {Anoplura, biology, Bovicola, life history, parthenogenesis}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4758.pdf}, author = {Matthysse,John George} } @article {41040, title = {Um novo parasito da camur{\c c}a (Mallophaga, Trichodectidae)}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Biologia}, volume = {4}, year = {1944}, note = {b}, month = {1944}, pages = {271 - 274}, keywords = {Bovicola, mtax, PHP, rupicaprae}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39427.pdf}, author = {Werneck,F{\'a}bio Leoni} } @article {40807, title = {{\"U}ber einige neue und interessantere Mallophagen des Deutschen Entomologischen Instituts in Berlin-Dahlem}, journal = {Arbeiten {\"u}ber Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem}, volume = {4}, year = {1937}, note = {b}, month = {10/1937}, pages = {312 - 324}, keywords = {Anaticola, Bovicola, mtax, n.sp., PHP, sachtlebeni, zunkeri}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40807.pdf}, author = {K{\'e}ler,Stefan von} } @article {40569, title = {Notes on species of Trichodectidae with descriptions of new genera and species}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal Veterinary Science and Animal Industry}, volume = {7}, year = {1936}, month = {1936}, pages = {33 - 58}, keywords = {Bovicola, Cebidicola, damalinia, Dasyonyx, Felicola, Ischnocera, Lorisicola, mtax, PHP, Procavicola, Survey, taxonomy, Trichodectes}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3370.pdf}, author = {Gordon Augustus H Bedford} } @article {40374, title = {Further evidence that zinc sulphate compromises the efficacy of dipping treatments using diazinon to control sheep lice (Bovicola ovis)}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {76}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {44 - 49}, abstract = {Objective To compare the wettability and efficacy of diazinon dip wash made with and without the addition of zinc sulphate. Design Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments. Procedure A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5\% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1\% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5\% zinc sulphate added. Results In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75\%, 1.0\% and 1.5\% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75\% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05). Conclusion Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event.}, keywords = {Bovicola, diazinon, lice, sheep, sulfate, sulphate, zinc}, author = {Higgs,A. R. B. and Morcombe,P. W. and Love,R. A. and Young,G. E.} } @article {40354, title = {Density and distribution of cattle lice (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae, Linognathidae, Trichodectidae) on six steers}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {69}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {283 - 296}, abstract = {

The density and distribution of four species of cattle louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognathus vituli (L.), and Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein), were elucidated from the hides of six slaughtered steers. Adult and nymphal lice were first removed from one hide by hand and the location of each specimen mapped. The remaining lice were removed by a detergent wash, and KOH dissolution of hide and hair. Lice from the remaining five hides were removed using KOH dissolution of cattle hair and subsequent filtration of the effluent. Bovicola bovis was most abundant, followed by H. eurysternus, L. vituli and S. capillatus. Significant variation was observed in B. bovis, H. eurysternus and L. vituli population densities. Solenopotes capillatus population densities did not differ significantly. All species were contagiously distributed, i.e. \&$\#$39;clumped\&$\#$39;, suggesting species dependant predilection sites, Predilection sites were ranked according to louse density to facilitate the development of field sampling strategies. Additional biological data were gathered on sex and life stage ratios for each species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinus, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, shortnosed, Solenopotes}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3087.pdf}, author = {Watson,D. W. and Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R.} } @article {40343, title = {Ein Beitrag zum Vorkommen station{\"a}r-parasitisch lebender Insekten bei Rotwild aus der Gehegehaltung in Deutschland}, journal = {Wiener Tier{\"a}rztliche Monatsschrift}, volume = {84}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {109 - 113}, abstract = {The hides and the heads of eight red deer carves from a red deer farm in Bavaria, Germany, were examined for the presence of parasitic arthropods in March, 1995. Sucking lice, Solenopotes burmeisteri, were recorded in all calves, biting lice, Bovicola longicornis, in five carves, keds, Lipoptena cervi, in three calves, and warble fly larvae Hypoderma diana, in one calf. The intensity of infestation was low for all species.}, keywords = {Bovicola, cervidae, deer, Hypoderma, insects, Lipoptena, longicornis, parasite, Solenopotes}, author = {Rehbein,S. and Visser,M.} } @article {40335, title = {Detection of homocytotropic antibody in lambs infested with the louse, Bovicola ovis, using a basophil histamine release assay}, journal = {Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {315 - 325}, abstract = {The utility of a basophil histamine-release assay using washed whole blood cells was examined in lambs and was used to determine if homocytotropic antibody with specificity for Bovicola ovis was produced in response to infestation with the louse. Maximal histamine release in the assay in response to Concanavalin A, anti-ovine IgE monoclonal antibody and, in sensitized lambs, to B. ovis antigen ranged from 18 to 48\%. Histamine release from blood cells in response to B. ovis antigen was significantly higher in louse-infested lambs than in louse-naive lambs and was significantly correlated with louse and cockle scores. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests were negative with sera obtained from the lambs at the same time as blood for the basophil histamine-release assay. Serum histamine levels also were significantly higher in the louse-infested lambs than in louse-naive lambs and were significantly correlated with louse and cockle scores. The present results support a role for B. ovis-specific homocytotropic antibody in the development of cockle and indicate that the basophil histamine-release assay is more sensitive than the PCA test. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.}, keywords = {avis, basophils, Bovicola, cockle, histamine, leukocytes, lice, mast cells, sensitization, sheep}, author = {Pfeffer,A. and Phegan,M. D. and Bany,J.} } @article {40318, title = {Physiology, pharmacology and parasitology}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {145 - 152}, abstract = {The developing resistance to current chemical classes of broad- spectrum anthelmintics and insecticides presents an undeniable threat to the long-term viability of the animal health industry. Alternative treatment strategies including vaccines, biological control and breeding of parasite-resistant animals are unlikely to be widely available in the near future and even then they will be integrated with chemotherapy. The significant cost of research and development of new therapeutics for food- producing animals, together with the small market share of animal health products, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, is a positive disincentive for drug development. The chemical actives that are currently available are all that we are likely to have for the foreseeable future and they must be used more efficiently. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behaviour of antiparasitics and recognising the potential for the animal{\textquoteright}s physiological characteristics to assist drug action is crucial. Careful administration, coupled with a reduction of feed intake before oral anthelmintic treatment, maximises drug availability and therefore increases efficacy of the benzimidazole and ivermectin compounds. This is a cost- effective option that can be employed immediately, which not only increases efficacy of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}older{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} compounds but will be instrumental in prolonging the useful life of the newer drugs. Taking care to apply topical insecticide formulations directly along the backline immediately after shearing will maximise even diffusion of active around the sheep flanks to contact lice inhabiting sites remote from the point of drug application. The use of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}intelligent{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} formulation and delivery of existing compounds, based on knowledge of host physiological and pharmacological responses, holds the key to effective antiparasitic treatment. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {anthelmintic, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, feed intake, formulation, Haemonchus, insecticide, kinetic, Livestock, parasite, Phthiraptera, resistance, schrank, sheep, technique, Trichostrongylus}, author = {Hennessy,D. R.} } @article {40306, title = {Resolution of scatter cockle on pickled pelts and crust leather after treatment of lambs to remove lice}, journal = {Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists}, volume = {81}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {94 - 97}, abstract = {Shower dipping with a diazinon-based product gave rapid and complete eradication of lice. The effect of treatment with a synthetic pyrethroid pour-on product was not as rapid or complete. Pickled pelts showed much less cockle within four weeks of either diazinon or synthetic pyrethroid treatment, but the residual effects of cockle on crust leather remained on some skins for at least 24 weeks after even the most effective treatment for lice.}, keywords = {Bovicola, efficacy, sheep}, author = {Cooper,S. M. and Passman,A.} } @article {40293, title = {Efficacy of injectable doramectin against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research}, volume = {39}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {401 - 404}, abstract = {Twenty weaner calves were ranked on the basis of naturally acquired Linognathus vituli and Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations and allocated to one of two equal groups. Calves in one group received doramectin (200 mcg/kg) by subcutaneous injection near the base of the ear while those in the second group were given 0.9\% sterile saline by the same route. Louse counts at 7 sites replicated on each side of the animals were carried out at the beginning of the trial and then at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days post-treatment. By 7 days post-treatment the Linognathus vituli infestations were absent from all treated calves and all but 1 control animal. Up to Day 21, all treated animals remained louse-free. The doramectin-treated animals showed significant (P < 0.05) reductions in Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations from 7 to 42 days post- treatment. Efficacies of 81.9, 98.6, 94.2, 99.3, and 95.4\% were obtained for Days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 respectively, when comparisons were made with non-treated animals for the same days.}, keywords = {Bovicola, cattle, damalinia, efficacy, Injections, lice, Linognathus}, author = {Watson,T. G. and Bishop,D. M. and Hooke,F. G. and A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W.} } @article {40264, title = {The detection of lice (Bovicola ovis) in mobs of sheep: A comparison of fleece parting, the lamp test and the table locks test}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {73}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {232 - 232}, keywords = {Australia, Bovicola, methods, sheep, Survey}, author = {Morcombe,P. W. and Young,G. E. and Ball,M. D. and Dunlop,R. H.} } @article {40259, title = {Field efficacy of moxidectin 0.5\% pour-on against Chorioptes bovis, Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli and Psoroptes ovis in naturally infected cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {119 - 130}, abstract = {Field efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone endectocide, was evaluated in cattle naturally infested with Chorioptes bovis, Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli and Psoroptes ovis. In trial 1, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with P. ovis were formed. Group 1 animals remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw. Efficacy was assessed by (a) taking skin samples from each animal on days -4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 post treatment (PT) and observing the numbers of viable P. ovis mites and (b) clinical examination of animals on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 with the percentage of affected body surface calculated and live body weights recorded for each animal on days 4, 28 and 42. The pour-on formulation of moxidectin yielded excellent efficacy as no live mites were found in treated animals at 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days PT, except in one animal from which one adult mite was collected on day 42. Clinical indices showed a regular decrease in the affected body surface area. All untreated animals but one remained positive until day 28 and their clinical condition worsened rapidly. In trial 2, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with D. bovis and L. vituli were selected. Group 1 remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 individuals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw. Efficacy was assessed by identifying and counting lice on eight 15 cm hair partings at predefined anatomical sites on days 0, 14, 28 and 42. On the basis of animals cured and lice count reduction, efficacies were 100\% on day 14 and from then onwards for both species. In trial 3, 24 animals naturally infested with C. bovis were divided into three experimental groups comprising eight (Group 1), seven (Group 2) and nine animals (Group 3). Group 1 was the untreated control group whereas Groups 2 and 3 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pow-on at a dose of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw, respectively. Efficacy was assessed as in trial 1. Skin scrapings were collected on days -3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 PT. A clinical index was calculated for each animal on days 0, 28 and 56 whereas body weights were recorded on days 0 and 56. At 0.25 mg kg(-1) bw, the efficacy of moxidectin cattle pour-on against C. bovis was incomplete. In contrast, at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(- 1) bw, moxidectin cattle pour-on was fully effective and by day 14 PT ail animals were negative for C. bovis and remained so until the end of the trial. No side effects were observed during these three trials. These results indicate that at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw, the pour-on formulation of moxidectin is highly effective against C. bovis, D. bovis, L. vituli and P. ovis.}, keywords = {Acari, Arthropoda, Bovicola, cattle, Choriaptes, Control, damalinia, Ivermectin, Linognathus, methods, moxidectin, Psoroptes, sheep}, author = {Losson,B. and Lonneux,J. F.} } @article {40248, title = {The comparative ability of some lousicides to reduce cockle in sheep pelts}, journal = {New Zealand Veterinary Journal}, volume = {44}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {135 - 137}, abstract = {Sheep naturally infested with the biting louse, Bovicola ovis were treated with a range of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid dip formulations. The sheep were killed 42 days after treatment and the pelts examined for evidence of cockle, a nodular condition that appears in some sheep as a response to the presence of lice. Sheep treated to saturation with dip formulations produced more high quality pelts than did sheep treated with low volume, pour-on or spray-on dips. These differences are suspected to arise because louse populations decline more slowly after treatment with pour-ons or spray-ons than with saturation dips. The removal of lice and regression of cockle resulted in a high percentage of first grade pickled pelts. However, processing through to the dyed crust leather stage highlighted lesions in the same pelts that were not apparent at the pickle stage and lead to a substantial increase in the number of downgraded pelts.}, keywords = {Bovicola}, author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M. and Cooper,S. M.} } @article {40249, title = {The development of cockle, a sheep pelt defect, in relation to size of infestation and time of exposure to Bovicola ovis, the sheep biting louse}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {67}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {259 - 267}, abstract = {Groups of ten louse-naive lambs were infested with one, ten or 100 female Bovicola ovis and killed 84 days later when an examination of their pelts was made to detect cockle. In a second experiment groups of ten lambs were infested with ten or 100 female B. ovis and groups of lambs were killed every fortnight up to 84 days post-infestation. The pelts were examined in order to detect the earliest time at which cockle could be detected following a louse infestation, Cockle is a nodular condition of the skin arising in response to infestation with B. ovis and is possibly a hypersensitivity on the part of some sheep to antigens of louse origin. In the first experiment cockle did not develop in lambs that had remained louse free or which had been initially infested with one louse, However, five of ten lambs that had been infested with ten lice and all lambs that had been infested with 100 lice developed cockle, In general cockle severity was positively related to the size of the terminal louse population. Group mean louse counts only slightly exceeded the initial infestation in the lambs infested with either ten or 100 lice, and were less than the initial infestation in lambs given only one louse. In the second experiment cockle was first seen 54 days post-infestation, but only in sheep infested initially with 100 lice.}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Bovicola, cockle, Damalinia ovis, merino, sheep, skin}, author = {A. C. G. Heath and Bishop,D. M. and Cole,D. J. W. and Pfeffer,A. T.} } @article {40253, title = {Kinetic disposition of an aqueous formulation of alphacypermethrin applied to the dorsal mid-line of sheep with long wool and its effect on lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {1369 - 1374}, abstract = {A group of 5 adult Merino sheep with fleeces about 70 mm long (7-months growth of wool) was treated with a topical formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, alphacypermethrin, applied to the dorsal mid-line. Insecticide concentrations at the tip, middle and base of wool staples collected from meridians along the back, upper and lower hanks were measured at intervals from 1 to 98 days after treatment. Some movement of the alphacypermethrin from the back to the lower body occurred within 24 h after treatment, but despite careful application of the insecticide there was wide variation in the concentration between and within meridians. The majority of the alphacypermethrin remained close to the dorsal mid-line and near the tip of the staple. There were significant differences in the concentration between the tip, middle and base segments of the staples in the back and lower flank meridians (P0.05). Numbers of pyrethroid-susceptible lice surviving exposure in vitro for 20 h differed significantly between samples collected at different times after treatment (P<0.05). The numbers of Lice surviving in samples collected within 28 days after treatment tended to be lower than in those collected from 28 to 98 days but, in some samples, regardless of time after treatment, lice survived for 20 h in wool taken from parts of the fleece that contained high concentrations of alphacypermethrin. Copyright (C) 1996 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {alphacypermethrin, body, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, insecticide, kinetic, lice, louse, mid line, sheep, wool}, author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.} } @article {40207, title = {Evidence for the role of the sheep biting louse Bovicola ovis in producing cockle, a sheep pelt defect}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {59}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {53 - 58}, abstract = {

The prevalence and severity of cockle, a sheep pelt defect characterised by raised lumps, was assessed on lambs that were either louse-infested (Bovicola ovis) or louse-free at birth. Assessments were made on pickled pelts, 10 months after the lambs had entered the trial. Lambs kept free of lice did not develop cockle, whereas the defect was common in lambs (about 90\%) that were infested with lice. There was a direct correlation between louse scores and cockle, high louse scores being associated with a more severe degree of cockle. The results give support to the strong causal relationship between B. ovis and cockle, but questions such as the minimum number of lice needed to cause cockle and the time required for cockle to develop still need to be answered.

}, keywords = {Bovicola, cockle, sheep arthropoda}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cooper,S. M. and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M.} } @article {40208, title = {Preliminary investigations into the etiology and treatment of cockle, a sheep pelt defect}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {56}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {239 - 254}, abstract = {A defect of sheep pelts known as cockle, detectable after depilation, but usually first noted only in the pickled pelt or tanned stage of processing, was studied to establish causal factor(s) and effective treatments. In addition, data on the histology and seasonal prevalence of the disease were obtained. Samples collected soon after slaughter from pelts identified at the pickled pelt stage as having cackle, had a superficial dermatitis with infiltration of eosinophils. This may represent an immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the sheep to lice. Treatments of sheep with either insecticides, disinfectants or shearing showed that where biting lice (Bovicola avis) were removed, cackle lesions had either disappeared or regressed on pickled pelts. In Trial 1 diazinon reduced cackle prevalence and severity substantially; cypermethrin had a less pronounced effect. In Trial 2 diazinon, cypermethrin, Hibitane(R) and Savlon(R) were equally effective in reducing biting louse numbers as shown by counts oflice at 35 and 63 days post- treatment. Reduction of cockle on pelts from sheep slaughtered at 39 days post-treatment was achieved best by both diazinon and shearing. Examination of other pelts at 67 days post- treatment showed diazinon and Hibitane to be equally effective in reducing cackle. Furthermore, shearing in the absence of insecticides reduced the severity and extent of lesions on cackled pelts. The diazinon excipient and zinc sulphate were consistently poor at removing lice and reducing cackle prevalence and severity. The results have important implications for the leather industry in that shearing and good dipping practice with appropriate chemicals at the right time can lead to improved pelt quality. However, an incentive scheme for farmers, and a means of identifying individual pelts to the farms or origin, are both necessary before a marked improvement is likely to occur.-}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Bovicola, cockle, Control, Damalinia ovis, louse, measures, merino, sheep, skin}, author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M. and Pfeffer,A. and Cooper,S. M. and Risdon,P.} } @article {40129, title = {Insecticide resistance - new developments and future options for fly and lice control on sheep}, journal = {Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding}, volume = {41}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {108 - 119}, abstract = {It is more likely that insecticides currently available to woolgrowers will be lost at a faster rate than the registration of newer replacements. Concerns of pesticide residues in wool have put a cloud over organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. The situation may arise where cyromazine could become the only chemical available for sheep blowfly control, and there could be no remedial treatments for lice infestation, on long-wooled sheep. Clearly, new products are required to alleviate the problem of residues, but also to assist in the management of insecticide resistance, particularly to synthetic pyrethroids in sheep body lice. Benzoylphenyl ureas like diflubenzuron (Fleececare), avermectin, blowfly attractant fungal extracts and Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) products offer the most promise. B.t. products are particularly attractive in terms of efficacy, safety and residues. A change of attitude toward lousicides particularly is required, however, to facilitate new product development. New technologies will offer enormous benefits in user safety and leave no harmful residues, but although reducing lice infestation below economically damaging levels, may not achieve eradication. Advice to registration authorities needs to put the positive and negative aspects of these new insecticides into a sensible perspective.}, keywords = {Bovicola, insecticide, lucilia cuprina, resistance}, author = {Levot,G. W.} } @article {39941, title = {Effects of the sheep chewing louse (Damalinia ovis) on the epidermis of the Australian merino}, journal = {Australian Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {39}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {137 - 143}, keywords = {Bovicola, Control, Ischnocera}, author = {Britt,A. G. and Cotton,C. L. and Pitman,I. H. and Sinclair,A. N.} } @article {39906, title = {Effects of lice infestation on the growth of beef heifers in Victoria}, journal = {Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture}, volume = {24}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {140 - 143}, keywords = {Bovicola, cattle}, author = {Bailey,P. J. and Carroll,W. A. D. and Knee,B.} } @article {39825, title = {Inspection of wool lots at sales as a diagnostic test for louse infestation}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {90}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {119 - 128}, abstract = {The accuracy of visual inspection of wool lots for lice as a test for louse infestation was estimated using information provided by 178 woolgrowers in Queensland, Australia. The estimated sensitivity of inspection was 36\% (95\% confidence interval, 19-58\%) and the specificity was 95\% (95\% CI, 88-98\%). Accuracy was influenced by timing, after shearing, of pesticide application for louse control and by class of pesticide last applied after shearing. Visual inspection was less sensitive (29\%) if pesticides were applied >3 months after shearing and less sensitive (21\%) if an insect growth regulator was the class of pesticide last used after shearing. Based on 36\% sensitivity, it was estimated that 16 inspections would have to be conducted to reduce the false negative test rate to <20\% in the study population. We suggest that visual inspection of wool lots could be used to efficiently monitor the prevalence of louse infestations in Queensland sheep hocks. Positive inspection results are more likely to represent real louse infestations, rather than a false test result, in flocks grazed in the more extensive regions of Queensland. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Australia, Bovicola, damalinia, Diagnosis, flocks, lice, logistic, model, Prevalence, Queensland, resistance, sheep, wool}, author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.} } @article {39768, title = {Efficacy of chlorfenapyr (AC 303630) experimental pour-on and CyLence formulations against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle in New York}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {97}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {123 - 129}, abstract = {The four chlorfenapyr formulations examined provided 100\% control of both the nymphal and adult stages of naturally acquired Bovicola bovis (L.) on cattle up to 35 days after application. Treatment with 6 mg chlorfenapyr per kg BW in a 0.12 mi per kg BW formulation was as effective as treatment with CyLence(TM) (cyfluthrin) in controlling naturally acquired Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) on cattle for 35 days. Percent reduction was never greater than 90\% with any chlorfenapyr application against Linognathus vituli (L.). However, percent reduction was greater than 90\% with CyLence(TM) from day 21 through 35. No adverse effects were noted on cattle from any of the chlorfenapyr dosages used. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Calves, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinidae, lepidoptera, lice, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, noctuidae, Solenopotes, susceptibility, trichodectidae}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2196.pdf}, author = {Kaufman,P. E. and Rutz,D. A. and Doscher,M. E. and Albright,R.} } @article {38960, title = {Morphologische und histophysiologische untersuchungen an den verdauungsorganen der Mallophagen und Anopluren}, journal = {Zoologischer Jahrb{\"u}cher Abteilung f{\"u}r Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere}, volume = {72}, year = {1952}, note = {A very detailed description of the anatomy and physiology of the alimentry canal of the following taxa. The paper if well figured with three usefull illustrations of the anatomy from mouth to anus of Haematopinus chinensis germanus, Bovicola caprae, and Eomenacanthus stramineus. The proceeding sections discuss the physiology of the varoius sections of alimentary canal and include many figures and drawings of thin sections.}, month = {1952}, pages = {302 - 344}, keywords = {Bovicola, Eomenacanthus, morphology, stramineus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0323.pdf}, author = {Haug,Gustav} }