@article {46459, title = {Prevalence of nits and lice in samples of cut hair from floors of barbershops and beauty parlors in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {83}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7502619; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {471 - 474}, address = {BRAZIL}, abstract = {

A louse survey based on samples of cut hair collected from floors of barbershops and beauty parlors was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from October 1984 to April 1985, as an alternative way to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis in the population. Of 475 samples examined for nits, nymphs, or adults of Pediculus capitis, 140 were infested (29.5\%). A total of 58 lice and 3,553 nits were found in 33,632.9 g of hair collected, giving a ratio of 0.10 nit/g. Almost 29\% of the nits were viable and capable of being transmitted after hatching. There was significant difference among the infestation rates by socioeconomic levels, and samples from barbershops with male customers were the most infested. Based upon the number of haircuts in each sample, we estimated that 5 or 6\% of the population might be infested by this species.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, Barbering, child, Cross-Sectional Studies, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {0074-0276}, doi = {10.1590/S0074-02761988000400013 }, url = {http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v83n4/vol83(f4)_067-070.pdf}, author = {Pedro Marcos Linardi and De Maria,M{\'a}rio and Botelho,Jos{\'e} Ramiro and Cunha,H. C. and Ferreira,J. B.} } @article {46437, title = {Prevalence of body lice in elementary school students in three Ethiopian towns at different altitudes}, journal = {Ethiopian medical journal}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0373223; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {201 - 207}, address = {ETHIOPIA}, abstract = {A survey of body lice in three different altitudinal zones of Ethiopia was conducted. The survey population consisted of primary school children of both sexes ranging in age from 6-25 years. The areas of study were Gambela, Kemise and Debre-Berhan. Only 33.2\% of the school children were found to be free from infestation and the rest, 66.8\%, harboured body lice ranging in number of 1 to 598. The prevalence in Debre-Berhan (76.2\%) was found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in Gambela (61.4\%) and Kemise (62.6\%). Similarly the density of lice was higher (P less than 0.001) among Debre-Berhan than among Gambela or Kemise school children. Infestation was commoner among the 11-15 and 16-20 year than the 6-10 and 21-25 year ago groups. There was no difference in the prevalence of lice between the sexes but a higher density was observed among males. The importance of having prior knowledge of the prevalence and abundance of body lice in different areas has been discussed in relation to possible outbreaks of louse-borne diseases.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Altitude, animals, child, Ethiopia, health care, humans, lice, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, School Health Services, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {0014-1755}, author = {Tesfayohannes,T.} } @article {46275, title = {Head louse infestations: epidemiologic survey and treatment evaluation in Argentinian schoolchildren}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {36}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {819 - 825}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to demonstrate that the treatment of individual cases is effective, but not sufficient, to control endemic Pediculus capitis, and that eradication of the epidemiologic school focus may lower significantly the prevalence of infestation. Statistical data on the degree of infestation relating to socio-economic and cultural variables were also updated. Therapeutic effects and educational impact were evaluated. METHODS: An educational and motivational program was designed for pupils, parents, and teachers: 326 children and 15 adults were subjected to clinical and parasitologic evaluation. The recorded parameters included the age, sex, hair style and length, presence of other dermatologic diseases, degree of infestation, clinical remission, parasitologic remission, dwelling type and features, need to share a bed with co-dwellers, availability of home tap water supply, level of family income, and periodic medical controls. The entire population received treatment with neutral shampoo and rinsing cream containing 1\% permethrin. Exclusion criteria were the presence of acute scalp inflammation and a history of pyrethrin and/or pyrethroid sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed as required on data expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations by chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The overall infestation prevalence rate was 81.5\%, the highest values corresponding to children from 6 to 11 years of age, with a slight predominance in males (55.4\% vs. 44.6\%). A significantly greater rate of clinical remission was observed in subjects enjoying home tap water supplies (p \< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The model of research plus action adopted allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) individual and isolated treatments for pediculosis are useful, but will not by themselves allow for the epidemiologic control of this parasitosis; (ii) massive, complete, and simultaneous treatments lead to a significant decrease in infestation prevalence; (iii) educational measures tending to foster collective awareness enable greater epidemiologic surveillance to be achieved; (iv) careful inspection of the entire scalp is essential with the use of a powerful light source and lenses with high magnification, as the parasite has no predilection for any given area; (iv) socio-economic and cultural conditions are not relevant for infestation, although a good home tap water supply is essential for treatment.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, Argentina, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, evaluation, Housing, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control/therapy, Middle Aged, Parents, Pediculus, Prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Skin Diseases/etiology/parasitology, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, water}, isbn = {0011-9059}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00177.x}, author = {Chouela,E. and Abeldano,A. and Cirigliano,M. and Ducard,M. and Neglia,V. and La Forgia,M. and Colombo,A.} } @article {46233, title = {Scalp pediculosis in school environment in the city of Abidjan: prevalence and influence of socioeconomic conditions}, journal = {Sante (Montrouge, France)}, volume = {9}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9212437; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {32 - 37}, address = {FRANCE}, abstract = {

Hair samples from 2,209 children aged between 4 and 15 years were analyzed in March and April 1997 in an epidemiological study. We found that the prevalence of scalp pediculosis in schools in Abidjan was 18.51\%. The girls were more frequently infected than the boys (24.88\% for girls and 11.85\% for boys). The children most frequently affected were those aged 14 to 15 years (24\%) or 6 to 7 years (23. 21\%). The children least affected were those aged 12 to 13 years (15. 21\%) or 10 to 11 years (16.21\%). Socioeconomic conditions, particularly the monthly incomes of the parents, cramped conditions and the collective use of washing facilities and bedding affected the prevalence of scalp pediculosis. Measures to deal with scalp pediculosis in schools should take into account socioeconomic and psychological factors, which are as important as the drug treatment for scalp pediculosis.

}, keywords = {adolescent, Age Factors, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Cross-Sectional Studies, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, scalp dermatoses, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {1157-5999}, author = {Eby Ignace Menan and N{\textquoteright}Guessan,G. and Pulch{\'e}rie Christiane Marie Kiki-Barro and Nebavi,N. G. and Adjetey,T. A. and Kone,M.} } @article {46184, title = {Scabies and head-lice infestations in different environmental conditions of Lower Silesia, Poland}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {86}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {170 - 171}, abstract = {A comparison of external parasitic infestations among inhabitants of Legnica, Walbrzych, and Wroclaw districts, in the Lower Silesia region of Poland showed a direct relationship between the high incidence of scabies and low standard ecological indices, as well as social economic setting of the communities. In the years 1990-1997, the highest mean incidences of scabies per 100,000 people (80 and 46) were noted, respectively, in the Legnica and Walbrzych districts, compared to only 7.9 in the Wroclaw district. Infestation was correlated with percentages of the population with higher education (4.8; 4.2, 10.1, respectively) and the number of patients per physician (795, 632, 288, respectively), and the percentages of degraded land/and land threatened by degradation (10/37, 5/16, 0.7/10, respectively), forest stands damaged by gases and particulates (99.4, 99.4, 58.8, respectively), and air pollution emission indices in the towns of Legnica and Walbrzych (30 and 21 tons/km2) and Wroclaw (16). Scabies infestation was highest in children and teenagers (0-19) and was gender-associated (in all age groups, women were more often infested than men). A decreasing rate of scabies infestation, especially from the mid-1990s, was noted for both scabies and pediculosis in Walbrzych district; in the 0-19-yr-old inhabitants, it varied from 0.75\% in 1994 to 0.41\% in 1996.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Factors, Air Pollution, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, humans, incidence, Infant, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Poland, Prevalence, Rural Population, Scabies, scalp dermatoses, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45018.pdf}, author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Okulewicz,A.} } @article {46080, title = {Primary grade teachers{\textquoteright} knowledge and perceptions of head lice}, journal = {Journal of School Health}, volume = {71}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376370; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {448 - 452}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

This study examined primary grade teachers\&$\#$39; knowledge of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and preferred resources of additional information on head lice. Survey data from a three-wave mailing (M = 292; 60\%) found that teachers needed more knowledge regarding head lice and were significantly more knowledgeable as teaching experience increased. A plurality (46\%) had high efficacy expectations scores regarding their ability to control the spread of head lice. Most (71\%) primary teachers reported they received most of their head lice information from school nurses. Most (63\%) said they would like more information on how to prevent head lice infestation, and they wanted the information in the form of videotapes (68\%) and brochures (51\%). Only 23\% provided yearly instruction regarding head lice.

}, keywords = {adult, Aged, animals, health education, humans, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, U.S.A.}, isbn = {0022-4391}, doi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb07323.x}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11627544_Primary_Grade_Teachers\%27_Knowledge_and_Perceptions_of_Head_Lice}, author = {Kirchofer,G. M. and J. H. Price and Telljohann,S. K.} } @article {46059, title = {Epidemiological aspects of head lice in children attending day care centres, urban and rural schools in Uberl{\^a}ndia, central Brazil}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {97}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7502619; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {189 - 192}, abstract = {

From November 1996 to March 2000, a total of 884 children between 0 and 15 years, from 11 institutions including day care centres, public urban and public rural schools in Uberlandia, State of Minas Gerais, central Brazil, were examined for head louse infestation. Children\&$\#$39;s sex, race, age and some hairs characteristics were shown to be associated to parasite infestation. A prevalence rate of 35\% was found and the highest rates were observed in black, female children, with long, dark, wavy hairs. Hairs density and thickness did not seem to influence significantly the distribution of this pediculosis in Uberlandia\&$\#$39;s schoolchildren. Differences observed between the prevalence rates of head lice in children from the urban institutions suggest there is a greater epidemiological heterogeneity in this group when compared to the rural schoolchildren.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, Brazil, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Infant, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Prevalence, Rural Population, scalp dermatoses, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban}, isbn = {0074-0276}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000200007}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/yzt636FJG8wpj3tBp88Lpts/?lang=en}, author = {Borges,Raquel and Mendes,J{\'u}lio} } @article {45957, title = {Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province}, journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas de la Universidad Nac. de Cordoba}, volume = {60}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303003; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {43 - 53}, address = {Argentina}, abstract = {

Paper in Spanish. Title: Prevalencia de infestaci\ón por Pediculus humanus capitis en escolares de despe\ñaderos (Provincia de C\órdoba) / Prevalence of pediculus humanus capitis infestation in schoolchildren at Despe\ñaderos, C\órdoba Province

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80\% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c\&$\#$39; test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.

}, keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Prevalence, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {0014-6722}, author = {Ramirez,A. and Luduena Almeida,F. F. and Almiron,W. R.} } @article {45931, title = {Pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of eastern Poland}, journal = {European journal of epidemiology}, volume = {19}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8508062; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {491 - 495}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of head pediculosis in the rural and urban environments of Lublin Province (eastern Poland) in 1996-2000 and to examine socioeconomic factors influencing distribution among schoolchildren. A total of 95,153 schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas were examined twice yearly by school nurses. The overall rate of head pediculosis differs significantly between rural (1.59\%) and urban (0.48\%) schools in eastern Poland. Children between 8 and 12 years old were most frequently infested. Pediculosis was observed most frequently in girls both in the urban (63.5\%) and rural (75.3\%) schools and this was related with hairstyles. The prevalence of pediculosis decreased with increasing life standards, i.e. with high income, accessibility and consumption of water and better health care systems. Our findings showed that prevalence of pediculosis capitis depends on the age and sex of the schoolchildren and their living conditions. Hygienic controls of schoolchildren by nurses are important in the elimination of Pediculus humanus capitis. Our results confirmed pediculosis capitis is still a problem in different environments, particularly with lower life standards and poorer economic conditions of health care.

}, keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Poland, Prevalence, risk factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/classification/statistics \& numerical data, Urban}, isbn = {0393-2990}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:EJEP.0000027347.76908.61}, author = {Buczek,A. and Markowska-Gosik,D. and Widomska,D. and Kawa,I. M.} } @article {45886, title = {Prevalence and parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis in six to eleven-year-old schoolchildren}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {37}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 7507456; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {499 - 501}, address = {Brazil}, abstract = {

The aim of this work was to determine head lice parasitism intensity by Pediculus humanus capitis and its variation, according to both gender and age in 181 school children of a primary school. The intensity was higher among 6 to 8-year-old girls. Pediculosis intensity diminishes significantly between 9 and 11 years of age in both sexes.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, animals, Argentina, child, English Abstract, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Pediculus, Prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {0037-8682}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822004000600014 }, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0037-86822004000600014\&lng=pt\&tlng=pt}, author = {Catal{\'a},Silvia S. and Carrizo,L. and Cordoba,M. and Khairallah,R. and Moschella,F. and Bocca,J. N. and Calvo,A. N. and Torres,J. and Tutino,R.} }