@article {46639, title = {Epidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squirrels}, journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association}, volume = {245}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {2318 - 2323}, abstract = {Between July 1977 and January 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. The reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern United States; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. Diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. Patients{\textquoteright} ages were 11 to 81 years. Most were white women. Six had abrupt onset of illness. Headaches, fever, myalgias, and exanthems were among the presenting complaints. The disease seemed milder than classic louse-born epidemic typhus, but in some instances, it was life-threatening. All patients responded to tetracycline or chloramphenicol. This entity probably is more common than reported, is difficult to recognize, and is produced by an organism seemingly identical to that producing louse-born epidemic typhus.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, child, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Vectors, humans, lice, Middle Aged, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rickettsia prowazekii/immunology, Rickettsia rickettsii/immunology, Sciuridae, typhus, U.S.A.}, isbn = {0098-7484}, author = {Duma,R. J. and Sonenshine,D. E. and Bozeman,F. Marilyn and Veazey,J. M.,Jr and Elisberg,Bennett L. and Chadwick,D. P. and Stocks,N. I. and McGill,T. M. and Miller,G. B.,Jr and MacCormack,J. N.} } @article {46609, title = {Psychosocial impact of common parasitic diseases}, journal = {Journal of Family Practice}, volume = {14}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7502590; ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {1139, 1143}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {Acanthocephala, Aged, Attitude of Health Personnel, child, Helminths, humans, lice, Lice Infestations/psychology, Mothers/psychology, Parasitic disease, Social Environment}, isbn = {0094-3509}, author = {Jones,J. E.} } @article {46573, title = {Relapsing fevers. A review}, journal = {Annales de la Societe Belge de Medecine Tropicale}, volume = {64}, year = {1984}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7511864; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); RF: 119; ppublish}, month = {1984}, pages = {335 - 364}, address = {BELGIUM}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Africa, Aged, animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use, Antibody Formation, Arthropod Vectors, Asia, Bacteriological Techniques, Borrelia, child, Child, Preschool, Europe, humans, Infant, jaundice, lice, Middle Aged, Middle East, Relapsing Fever, Serologic Tests, ticks}, isbn = {0365-6527}, author = {Goubau,P. F.} } @article {46527, title = {Arbovirological survey in Silica plateau area, Roznava District, Czechoslovakia}, journal = {Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology}, volume = {30}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985116R; 0 (Antibodies, Viral); ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {87 - 98}, address = {CZECHOSLOVAKIA}, abstract = {

The serosurveys conducted in the Silica plateau area of the Slovak karst region revealed the presence of specific neutralizing antibody against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in 18\% of local inhabitants (33 examined, mostly goats and sheep farmers), 54\% of goats (26 examined), 18\% of sheep (120 examined) and 13\% of cattle (60 examined), against Lipovnik (LIP) virus in 30\% of inhabitants, 88\% of goats, 55\% of sheep and 45\% of cattle, and against Bhanja (BHA) virus in 27\% of inhabitants, 46\% of goats, 29\% of sheep and 23\% of cattle. The results of hemagglutination-inhibition tests with TBE and BHA antigens were analogous. A detailed analysis of these serologic data points to a recent enhancement of the circulation of LIP and BHA viruses and to a very low TBE virus activity in this natural focus of arboviral infections. The immunological surveys of the 32 former \"Roznava disease\" patients, conducted 25 years after an extensive epidemic of a TBE virus infection that originated in Roznava in 1951, revealed the presence of neutralizing (and also hemagglutination-inhibiting) antibodies against TBE virus in as many as 78\% of cases. Antibodies against LIP and BHA viruses were also detectable in the sera of 16\% and 9\%, respectively, of these individuals. Populations of the ectoparasites examined for the presence of arbovirus comprised 231 Ixodes ricinus, 806 Dermacentor marginatus and 204 Haemaphysalis punctata ticks and 117 specimens of the louse-flies Melophagus ovinus. Two strains of arbivirus that were antigenically related to Lipovnik and Tribec viruses belonging to a group of Kemerovo viruses were isolated from male and female I. ricinus ticks collected from cattle.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Factors, Aged, animals, Antibodies, Viral/analysis, Arboviruses/immunology/isolation \& purification, cattle, child, Czechoslovakia, goats, Hemagglutination, humans, Lice/microbiology, mice, Mice, Inbred ICR, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests, sheep, Ticks/microbiology}, isbn = {0022-1732}, author = {Hubalek,Z. and {\v C}ern{\'y},Vladim{\'\i}r and Mittermayer,T. and Kilik,J. and Halouzka,J. and Juricova,Z. and Kuhn,I. and Bardos,V.} } @article {46211, title = {Psychopathologic and zoological aspects of acarophobia}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International journal of hygiene and environmental medicine}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {425 - 432}, abstract = {Acarophobia represents a nosologically inconsistent psychiatric clinical picture which is exceptional in that it is noticed among the clientele of those in charge of pest control, hygienists, health department medical officers and dermatologists rather than in psychiatric practice or mental hospitals. Apart from acarophobia in the course of schizophrenic, affective and organic psychoses as well as cases in which the phobia was induced by another individual, roughly half of the cases were {\textquoteright}pure{\textquoteright} forms, i.e. monosymptomatic psychoses mainly occurring at advanced age and in females. Putative parasitisation relates not only to the subject{\textquoteright}s skin, but also to the premises where the person affected is living. Social isolation appears to rank high among essential causes. Four cases from a pest controller{\textquoteright}s practice are reported which could not be properly treated because of the subjects{\textquoteright} lack of insight into their condition. In this light, it was the aim of the present study to focus the attention of pest controllers and hygienists on interdisciplinary co-operation with psychiatrists as well as with public health departments.}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, cockroaches, Gryllidae, humans, lice, mice, Middle Aged, Pest Control, Social Isolation}, isbn = {0934-8859}, author = {Frommer,J. and Mielke,U.} } @article {46159, title = {Over diagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {693 - 696; discussion 694}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Lay personnel and many health care workers in the United States believe that head louse infestations caused by Pediculus capitis are exceedingly transmissible and that infested children readily infest others. Schoolchildren therefore frequently become ostracized and remain so until no signs of their presumed infestations are evident. Repeated applications of pediculicidal product and chronic school absenteeism frequently result.METHODS: To determine how frequently louse-related exclusions from schools and applications of pediculicidal therapeutic regimens might be inappropriate, we invited health care providers as well as nonspecialized personnel to submit specimens to us that were associated with a diagnosis of pediculiasis. Each submission was then characterized microscopically. RESULTS: Health care professionals as well as nonspecialists frequently overdiagnose pediculiasis capitis and generally fail to distinguish active from extinct infestations. Noninfested children thereby become quarantined at least as often as infested children. Traditional anti-louse formulations are overapplied as frequently as are \"alternative\" formulations. Pediculicidal treatments are more frequently applied to non-infested children than to children who bear active infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculicidal treatments should be applied solely after living nymphal or adult lice or apparently viable eggs have been observed. Because health care providers as well as lay personnel generally misdiagnose pediculiasis, and because few symptoms and no direct infectious processes are known to result, we suggest that the practice of excluding presumably infested children from school may be more burdensome than the infestations themselves.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Follow-Up Studies, humans, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Middle Aged, North America/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, risk factors, scalp, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2000/08000/Overdiagnosis_and_consequent_mismanagement_of_head.3.aspx}, author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,A. E. and Spielman,Andrew} } @article {46150, title = {Pediculocidal and scabicidal properties of Lippia multiflora essential oil}, journal = {Journal of Ethnopharmacology}, volume = {72}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7903310; 0 (Oils, Volatile); 0 (Plant Oils); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {305 - 311}, address = {IRELAND}, abstract = {The essential oil from the leaves of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) was tested for its pediculocidal and scabicidal activites against bodylice, headlice and scabies{\textquoteright} mites. The {\textquoteright}knockdown{\textquoteright} times obtained for bodylice and headlice using lippia oil preparations were comparatively shorter than those obtained using benzyl benzoate and Delvap Super, a brand of dichlorvos. The lethal effect of the lippia oil on headlice was increased when applied in an enclosed system that prevented volatilization of the oil while allowing maximum contact of the vapour with the headlice. A 20\% v/v preparation of lippia oil applied to scabietic subjects for 5 consecutive days gave 100\% cure compared with 87.5\% cure obtained for benzyl benzoate preparation of the same concentration. The GC-MS analysis of oil revealed, among others, the presence of terpineol, alpha- and beta-pinene which are known to be lethal to body and headlice.}, keywords = {adult, Aged, animals, Chromatography, Double Blind, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Mass Fragmentography, Middle Aged, Nigeria, Oils, Volatile/chemistry/therapeutic use, Pediculus, Plant Extracts, Scabies}, isbn = {0378-8741}, author = {Oladimeji,F. A. and Orafidiya,O. O. and Ogunniyi,T. A. and Adewunmi,T. A.} } @article {46130, title = {What a louse!}, journal = {Medical Journal of Australia}, volume = {173}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0400714; ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {603}, address = {Australia}, keywords = {Aged, animals, humans, lice infestations, Pthirus, Wit and Humor}, isbn = {0025-729X}, author = {Prociv,P.} } @article {46085, title = {Scabies and lice: review of the clinical features and management principles}, journal = {Dermatology nursing / Dermatology Nurses{\textquoteright} Association}, volume = {13}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9011113; RF: 37; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {257 - 62; quiz 265-6}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Health care providers frequently encounter human infestations of scabies and lice. When a person is identified as having either of these infestations, he/she should be treated. More importantly, their close contacts should be examined and treated if needed. It is vital for dermatology nurses to understand the epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, distribution, diagnosis, complications, and treatment for scabies and lice infestations.

}, keywords = {Aged, animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/nursing, Pediculus, Pruritus, Scabies, scalp}, isbn = {1060-3441}, url = {https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE\&u=googlescholar\&id=GALE|A77747846\&v=2.1\&it=r\&sid=AONE\&asid=a56b7cb8}, author = {Venna,S. and Fleischer,A. B.,Jr and Feldman,S. R.} } @article {46080, title = {Primary grade teachers{\textquoteright} knowledge and perceptions of head lice}, journal = {Journal of School Health}, volume = {71}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376370; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {448 - 452}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

This study examined primary grade teachers\&$\#$39; knowledge of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and preferred resources of additional information on head lice. Survey data from a three-wave mailing (M = 292; 60\%) found that teachers needed more knowledge regarding head lice and were significantly more knowledgeable as teaching experience increased. A plurality (46\%) had high efficacy expectations scores regarding their ability to control the spread of head lice. Most (71\%) primary teachers reported they received most of their head lice information from school nurses. Most (63\%) said they would like more information on how to prevent head lice infestation, and they wanted the information in the form of videotapes (68\%) and brochures (51\%). Only 23\% provided yearly instruction regarding head lice.

}, keywords = {adult, Aged, animals, health education, humans, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Schools/statistics \& numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, U.S.A.}, isbn = {0022-4391}, doi = {DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb07323.x}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11627544_Primary_Grade_Teachers\%27_Knowledge_and_Perceptions_of_Head_Lice}, author = {Kirchofer,G. M. and J. H. Price and Telljohann,S. K.} } @article {46008, title = {Phthirus pubis in a sexually transmitted diseases unit: a study of 14 years}, journal = {Sexually transmitted diseases}, volume = {30}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7705941; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {292 - 296}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: There have been few epidemiologic studies of pubic lice in recent times, and the exact incidence is unknown. GOAL: The goal was to determine the trends of pubic lice infestation in a risk group of males and female prostitutes in an STD unit in Spain. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective 14-year study, from 1988 to 2001, of all patients attending the STD unit in Gijon (Asturias, Spain), investigating crab lice and other STDs. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-seven patients (2.2\%) had pubic lice, with a male/female proportion of 1.8/1. The yearly infestation rate ranged from 1.3\% to 4.6\%. The mean age was 30.3 years, and 18.8\% of patients were older than 35 years. There were more cases involving men who had sex with men (MSM) (P \< 0.001) than those involving heterosexual men. Reinfestation occurred in 7.6\% of patients, more often in males (P \< 0.05) and mainly in MSM (P \< 0.01). CONCLUSION: Infestation rates were stable during the period of study, with more older patients involved than reported previously, and infestation frequently was associated with STDs. MSM were infested and reinfested more often than heterosexual men, and in general reinfestations occurred more frequently in males than in females.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, humans, incidence, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/etiology/parasitology, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Pthirus, risk factors, Sex Factors, sexually transmitted disease, Spain}, isbn = {0148-5717}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/04000/Phthirus_pubis_in_a_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases.4.aspx$\#$pdf-link}, author = {Varela,J. A. and Otero,L. and Espinosa,E. and S{\'a}nchez,C. and Junquera,M. L. and Vazquez,F.} } @article {45987, title = {Head lice diagnosed in general practice in the West Midlands between 1993 and 2000: a survey using the General Practice Research Database}, journal = {Communicable disease and public health / PHLS}, volume = {6}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9808711; 0 (Antiparasitic Agents); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {139 - 143}, address = {England}, abstract = {The potential of the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) for communicable disease surveillance was explored using head lice as an example. All diagnoses of head lice and prescriptions for parasiticidal agents from 1993 to 2000 in the West Midlands were analysed. Diagnoses reached a peak of 28.2 per 1,000 patient years at risk and total prescriptions reached a peak of 27.1 per 1,000 patient years at risk in 1997. Malathion and permethrin were prescribed most often. The proportion of further parasiticidal prescriptions issued within 30 days of the initial prescription increased to a peak of 11.5\% of prescriptions in 1997. The ratio of the same:different further prescriptions changed during the study period, reaching a high of 5:1 in 2000. These trends are mirrored by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Weekly Returns Service and Prescribing Analysis and Cost (PACT) data. Use of GPRD provides additional insights into patient data, particularly on prescribing, that would not be available from other sources.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, Aged, animals, Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use, child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease, England, Family Practice, humans, Infant, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Malathion, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Physician{\textquoteright}s Practice, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Sex Distribution}, isbn = {1462-1843}, author = {Smith,S. and Smith,G. and Heatlie,H. and Bashford,J. and Ashcroft,D. and Millson,D.} } @article {45904, title = {Diagnostic image (216). A man with a skin eruption}, journal = {Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde}, volume = {148}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 0400770; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {2324}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A 68-year-old man under systemic corticosteroid treatment was diagnosed with widespread pediculosis caused by Phthirus pubis.}, keywords = {Aged, animals, English Abstract, groin, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/parasitology, Pruritus, Pthirus, Sexual Behavior}, isbn = {0028-2162}, author = {Kraan,E. M. and Renders,N. H.} } @article {45906, title = {Ectoparasites are not a rarity in Germany, too. Lice and scabies alert!}, journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin}, volume = {146}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {4 - 6}, address = {Germany}, keywords = {adult, Age Factors, Aged, animals, child, Germany, Homes for the Aged, humans, Immunocompromised Host, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Scabies, scalp}, author = {Paukstadt,W.} } @article {45907, title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice}, journal = {Pediatric dermatology}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {670 - 674}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p \< 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0736-8046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.} }