@article {46707,
	title = {Bacillus thuringiensis: laboratory tests against four species of biting lice (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae)},
	journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974},
	pages = {232 - 236},
	keywords = {animals, bacillus, Mallophaga, Pest Control},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45659.pdf},
	author = {Gingrich,R. E. and Allan,N. and Hopkins,D. E.}
}
@article {46660,
	title = {Control of arthropod vectors of disease in Nigeria - a review},
	journal = {Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1980},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7900540; ppublish},
	month = {1980},
	pages = {197 - 213},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, Arachnid Vectors, Arthropod Vectors, Diptera, fleas, Insect Control, lice, Mosquito Control, Nigeria, Pest Control, Tick Control, ticks},
	isbn = {0378-9721},
	author = {Iwuala,M. O. and Ejezie,G. C.}
}
@article {46563,
	title = {John Hall Grundy lecture. Reflections on some human ectoparasites},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps},
	volume = {130},
	year = {1984},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7505627; ppublish},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {126 - 133},
	keywords = {animals, bedbugs, Fleas/physiology, geography, history, humans, Lice/physiology, parasite, Pest Control, Sarcoptes scabiei},
	isbn = {0035-8665},
	author = {Busvine,James R.}
}
@article {46521,
	title = {Susceptibility of poultry biting lice (Mallophaga) to Dipel and bacilan (Bacillus thuringiensis)},
	journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {35 - 37},
	abstract = {Dipel (Abbott Laboratories, N. Chicago, U.S.A.) and Bacilan (PPR, Walcz, Poland), commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, containing 16,000 IU/mg were tested in vitro on Menopon gallinae (L.) and Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch). The insects were placed in feathers, in Petri plates, and sprayed with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4 and 10\% solutions of insecticides. Each concentration was tested on a group of 10 insects, in three replications. The viability was observed after 10, 20, 30, 60 min and then 10 times within 1 hr intervals. Dipel was effective in lower concentrations [LC50 = 2.2 (1.4-3.5)\% against E. stramineus and 2.9 (1.8-4.6) against M. gallinae]. LC50 of Bacilan were 2.9 (1.8-4.3) for E. stramineus and 3.2 (2.5-4.0)\% for M. gallinae respectively. The ingestion of microbial insecticides was proved by the presence of spores B. thuringiensis in the insects being previously exposed to indirect activity of 2.2\% Dipel and 2.9\% Bacilan. Moreover, the growth of B. thuringiensis colonies in the lice culture was observed. 3\% Dipel solution proved to be effective in killing the insects on the host, but no earlier than after the second application within 24 hr intervals.},
	keywords = {animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, chicken, insecticide, Mallophaga, Pest Control},
	isbn = {0003-3162},
	author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Mazurkiewicz,M. and Szewczuk,V.}
}
@article {46488,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies against Menopon gallinae (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)},
	journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {173 - 176},
	abstract = {10 Bacillus thuringiensis strains were used to determine the susceptibility of Menopon gallinae (L). In order to identify B. thuringiensis from dead insects, previously exposed to bacteria, the streptomycin-resistant mutants of strains were also applied. The experiments were conducted in a group of 20 specimens, in three replications. The absorbtion at 750 nm directly corresponded to the concentration of 23 X 10(6) spores/ml in each assay. The biting lice were exposed on agar plates, inoculated by 0.2 ml of B. thuringiensis preparations dipping for 2, 4 and 8 s or spraying with 0.5 ml of adequate strain. Laboratory trials showed that M. gallinae was susceptible to toxic activity of all tested strains. While the susceptibility to various serotypes varied, depending on the time and mode of infection, 3 subspecies: kurstaki, finitimus and kenyae were usually the most active. The least active strains were the subsp. galleriae and aizawi. The microbiological examination of dead mallophaga treated with B. thuringiensis proved the presence of this bacterium in smears taken from the insects. A comparison of morphological as well as biochemical properties of the antibiotics sensitive and the antibiotics-resistant mutants revealed no difference.},
	keywords = {animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, chicken, Mallophaga, Pest Control},
	isbn = {0003-3162},
	author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Lachowicz,T. M.}
}
@article {46448,
	title = {Evaluation of strategies for control of sheep lice (Damalinia ovis) with an epidemiological model},
	journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1989},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; EIN: Aust Vet J 1989 Apr;66(4):127; ppublish},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {55 - 58},
	address = {AUSTRALIA},
	abstract = {A model was constructed to integrate the epidemiology and economics of control of sheep lice in Victoria and provide an objective basis for comparing lice control strategies. The strategies evaluated included different allocations of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (DARA) resources for detection and supervision of infected flocks and for extension to enhance owner detection rates, change treatment practices or promote the adoption of disease prevention measures. Changes in prevalence and the net present cost of sheep lice to the industry were calculated over a 10-year period. The model predicted that the most profitable lice control strategy was to discourage routine annual treatment, promote treatment on detection, and encourage the adoption of lice prevention measures. The number of infested flocks undertaking eradication programs under DARA supervision had little effect on the prevalence or net cost of lice to Victoria.},
	keywords = {animals, lice, Lice Infestations/economics/epidemiology/prevention \& control/veterinary, Models, Biological, Models, Statistical, Pest Control, sheep, Sheep Diseases/economics/epidemiology/prevention \& control},
	isbn = {0005-0423},
	author = {Brightling,A.}
}
@article {46409,
	title = {Control of rickettsial diseases},
	journal = {European journal of epidemiology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1991},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8508062; 0 (Rickettsial Vaccines); RF: 42; ppublish},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {282 - 286},
	address = {ITALY},
	abstract = {Prevention of rickettsial infections is aimed at individual control and epidemic measures (especially in epidemic typhus), vector and rodent control, milk pasteurization (in Q fever), chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis. In vector and rodent control, the main obstacle is the rise in resistance to insecticides and rodenticides. For this reason in vector control, apart from insecticides, enhancement of the natural immunity acquired by animals in response to tick infestation and vaccination with concealed tick antigens as well as the use of hormones, chemosterilants and genetic manipulation can also be considered. For short-term high-risk exposure, doxycycline may be an effective prophylaxis of illness but may not prevent infection with scrub typhus or spotted fever group rickettsiae. At present, for specific prevention by vaccination, only Q fever vaccines are available for common use. However, development of subunit vaccines, namely immunogenic rickettsial proteins, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, seems to be very promising.},
	keywords = {animals, Arthropod Vectors, Fleas/microbiology, humans, Insecticide resistance, Lice/microbiology, Mites/microbiology, Pest Control, Q fever, Rickettsia Infections/prevention \& control, Rickettsial Vaccines, Ticks/microbiology, typhus, vaccination, zoonoses},
	isbn = {0393-2990},
	author = {Kazar,J. and Brezina,R.}
}
@article {46386,
	title = {Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis against Damalinia ovis (Phthiraptera:Mallophaga)},
	journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {1992},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0014067; ppublish},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {102 - 103},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biological Assay, Mallophaga, Pest Control, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Drummond,J. and Miller,D. K. and Pinnock,D. E.}
}
@article {46315,
	title = {In vitro control of Phthirus pubis with four pediculocides: Eurax, Elimite, Licid and Benzanil},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {677 - 681},
	abstract = {Phthirus pubis, Linnaeus 1758 that causes phthiriasis is a common infestation disease. However, it is commonly be acquired in jails, brothels, and other similar places. The efficacy of four insecticides commercially known as Eurax, Elimite, Licid, and Benzanil was evaluated for controlling pubic lice in vitro. The four test insecticides proved to be very effective. However, they differed in time needed for causing 100 percent mortality and they could be arranged descendingly as follows: Licid, Eurax, Elimite, and Benzanil.},
	keywords = {animals, Benzoates, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations, humans, hygiene, insecticide, lice, Permethrin, Pest Control, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Toluidines},
	author = {Ragheb,Didair A. and Morsy,Tosson A. and Abdalla,H. M. and Abou Gamra,M. M.}
}
@article {46286,
	title = {Head lice in schoolchildren},
	journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood},
	volume = {75},
	year = {1996},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372434; 0 (Pesticides); RF: 29; ppublish},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {471 - 473},
	keywords = {animals, child, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/therapy, Pediculus, Pest Control, pesticide, scalp dermatoses, School Nursing},
	isbn = {1468-2044},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45149.pdf},
	author = {Ibarra,Joanna and Hall,David M. B.}
}
@article {46211,
	title = {Psychopathologic and zoological aspects of acarophobia},
	journal = {Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International journal of hygiene and environmental medicine},
	volume = {202},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {425 - 432},
	abstract = {Acarophobia represents a nosologically inconsistent psychiatric clinical picture which is exceptional in that it is noticed among the clientele of those in charge of pest control, hygienists, health department medical officers and dermatologists rather than in psychiatric practice or mental hospitals. Apart from acarophobia in the course of schizophrenic, affective and organic psychoses as well as cases in which the phobia was induced by another individual, roughly half of the cases were {\textquoteright}pure{\textquoteright} forms, i.e. monosymptomatic psychoses mainly occurring at advanced age and in females. Putative parasitisation relates not only to the subject{\textquoteright}s skin, but also to the premises where the person affected is living. Social isolation appears to rank high among essential causes. Four cases from a pest controller{\textquoteright}s practice are reported which could not be properly treated because of the subjects{\textquoteright} lack of insight into their condition. In this light, it was the aim of the present study to focus the attention of pest controllers and hygienists on interdisciplinary co-operation with psychiatrists as well as with public health departments.},
	keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, cockroaches, Gryllidae, humans, lice, mice, Middle Aged, Pest Control, Social Isolation},
	isbn = {0934-8859},
	author = {Frommer,J. and Mielke,U.}
}
@article {46046,
	title = {Head lice are not found on floors in primary school classrooms},
	journal = {Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2002},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9611095; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {208 - 211},
	address = {Australia},
	abstract = {<p>BACKGROUND: The control of head lice is frequently based on perceptions rather than evidence, as illustrated by the belief that vacuuming carpets is an essential component of treating head lice, and the less common practice of application of insecticides to floors as an adjunct to head lice treatment. OBJECTIVE: To 1) evaluate the importance of floors as a source of infection for head lice in primary schools to provide evidence on which to base decisions about the need to treat floors; 2) determine the prevalence of active pediculosis and average intensity of infection in primary school children in Townsville, north Queensland. METHODS: In Townsville, north Queensland, we examined preschool and primary classroom floors for lice by using a filter on a vacuum cleaner when the children were absent from the rooms. Active pediculosis was treated, head lice were collected and counted. RESULTS: Of the 2,230 children examined from 118 classrooms, 466 had head lice, a prevalence of 20.9\%. A total of 14,033 lice were collected from these children to give an average intensity of infection of 30.1 (95\% CI 21.9-38.3) lice per infected child and 129.9 (95\% CI 90.7-169.2) lice per infected class. Of the 118 classrooms, 108 (91.5\%) had at least one child with active pediculosis. No lice were recovered from the classroom floors. CONCLUSION: Classroom floors are not a risk in the transmission of head lice and no special anti-louse measures are required.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, Floors and Floorcoverings, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Pediculus, Pest Control, Prevalence, Queensland, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, schools},
	isbn = {1326-0200},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-842X.2002.tb00154.x},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11239735_Head_lice_are_not_found_on_floors_in_primary_school_classrooms},
	author = {Speare,Richard and Thomas,G. and Cahill,C.}
}
