@article {96616, title = {Birds groom more in regions with higher parasite pressure: a comparison of temperate and subtropical American kestrels}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {201}, year = {2023}, month = {Jul-01-2023}, pages = {125-135}, abstract = {

Highlights

Grooming behaviour, which maintains and cleans the integument, is a widespread behaviour of birds, mammals and arthropods. The extent to which grooming is influenced by large-scale environmental differences, such as geographical and seasonal variation, remains largely unexplored. We investigated spatial and temporal variation in the grooming behaviour of a common species of bird, the American kestrel, Falco sparverius. Specifically, we compared the self-grooming behaviour (preening and scratching) of kestrels in the subtropical Bahamas to kestrels in temperate northern Utah, U.S.A., in both summer and winter. We also compared differences in parasite \‘pressure\’ by quantifying the prevalence and abundance of ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) on kestrels in both locations. Bahama kestrels had significantly more lice than Utah kestrels, which is typical of birds in humid regions, compared to arid regions. Bahama kestrels groomed significantly more than Utah kestrels, which may constrain the timeeactivity budgets of Bahama kestrels. Within each region, however, birds with more lice did not groom more. This pattern is consistent with geographical differences in programmed grooming, rather than stimulus-driven grooming. Kestrels in both locations groomed significantly more in summer than in winter, presumably because feather moult occurs in summer. To our knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of geographical variation in the grooming behaviour of any animal. Experimental studies are needed to confirm the causes and consequences of this variation. Spatial and temporal
comparisons of grooming in other birds, as well as mammals and arthropods, would be informative.\  \© 2023 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {American Kestrel, ectoparasite, feather moult, geographical variation, grooming, lice, preening, Scratching, season, temperature}, issn = {0003-3472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.04.015}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347223001082}, author = {Sarah E. Bush and Matthew M. Waller and Jordan M. Herman and Kristen S. Hobbs and Austin R. Clayton and Jesse L. Watson and M. David Oleyar and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {96615, title = {Grooming Time Predicts Survival: American Kestrels, Falco sparverius, on a Subtropical Island}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {201}, year = {2023}, month = {Apr-01-2023}, pages = {603-609}, abstract = {

Animals have evolved a variety of adaptations to care for their body surfaces, such as grooming behavior, which keeps the integument clean, parasite-free, and properly arranged. Despite extensive research on the grooming of mammals, birds, and arthropods, the survival value of grooming has never been directly measured in natural populations. We monitored grooming and survival in a population of marked American kestrels (Falco sparverius) on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We found a strong association between time spent grooming and survival over a 2-year period. The quadratic relationship we show is consistent with stabilizing natural selection on grooming time. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for a correlation between grooming time and survival in a natural population. Grooming time may predict the survival of many animal taxa, but additional studies are needed to determine the shape and strength of the relationship among birds, mammals, and arthropods.

A press article titled Natural History Miscellany: \“Grooming Time Predicts Survival: American Kestrels, Falco sparverius, on a Subtropical Island\” was posted by Shubha Govindarajan on the American Society of Naturarists website on 7 April 2023 https://www.amnat.org/an/newpapers/Apr-2023-Bush-Clayton.html

}, keywords = {antiparasite behavior, bird, lice, preening, Scratching}, issn = {0003-0147, 1537-5323}, doi = {10.1086/723412}, url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/723412}, author = {Sarah E. Bush and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {96479, title = {How many threatened lice are there? An approximation to the red list of the Spanish Phthiraptera}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {23}, year = {2024}, month = {Apr-01-2024}, pages = {5 pp}, abstract = {

Highlights

Abstract

Although the idea of conserving parasites as part of biodiversity is not new, these in general and lice in particular, are not included in the threatened list of invertebrate fauna. Assuming that the conservation status of a lice species is similar to that of its host, the number of threatened lice within the Spanish entomofauna was estimated based on the known host-lice assemblages. The lice parasitizing many of the Spanish birds and mammals are unknown. Overall, I found 6 extinct (EX) species; 4 critically endangered (CR); 15 endangered (EN), 7 vulnerable (VU) and 1 species near threatened (NT), at regional level. Since the status of hosts varies through time and space, it, (together with those of their lice, must be periodically updated. In addition to a number of reasons that justify the conservation of parasites, lice deserve being conserved, particularly, because of their scientific value.

}, keywords = {Aegypoecus perspicuous, Aquila adalberti, Aquiligogus barbate, Aquiligogus imperialis, birds, Coloceras brittanicum, conservation, Gyps hymalayensis, Halipeurus abnormis, Hohortsiella streptopeliae, lice, mammals, Neocolpocephalum percnopteri, Nisaetus cirrhatus, Spain, Streptopelia turtur, Turnix sylvatica}, issn = {2213-2244}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100903}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224423001049}, author = {Jes{\'u}s M. P{\'e}rez} } @mastersthesis {96015, title = {OCORR{\^E}NCIA E DIVERSIDADE DE PIOLHOS PARASITOS DE AVES MARINHAS E COSTEIRAS ORIUNDAS DE CENTROS DE REABILITA{\c C}{\~A}O DE ANIMAIS MARINHOS NO LITORAL SUDESTE DO BRASIL}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2022}, pages = {194 pp}, school = {UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE}, type = {Programa de P{\'o}s- Gradua{\c c}{\~a}o em Microbiologia e Parasitologia}, abstract = {

RESUMO

O Brasil abriga uma das mais diversas avifaunas do mundo e suas zonas costeira e marinha constituem habitat para uma grande variedade de esp\écies de aves pel\ágicas. As aves podem ser acometidas por grande n\úmero de artr\ópodes parasitos, sendo os piolhos mastigadores os mais comumente descritos. Apesar disso, as informa\ç\ões sobre abund\ância, preval\ência, distribui\ç\ão e impactos de piolhos em aves marinhas ainda \é limitada. Considerando a necessidade de amplia\ç\ão do conhecimento sobre piolhos de aves marinhas publicados no Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo trazer maiores informa\ç\ões sobre a ocorr\ência destes artr\ópodes parasitos destas aves na regi\ão sudeste do Brasil. O estudo recebeu ectoparasitos de aves que habitam ambientes costeiros de tr\ês centros de reabilita\ç\ão de animais marinhos; o Instituto de Consultoria Ambiental \– Servi\ços em Meio Ambiente (CTA - Meio ambiente), localizado em Araruama-RJ, o Instituto Argonauta Para Conserva\ç\ão Costeira e Marinha (Instituto Argonauta), em Ubatuba-SP e o Instituto de Pesquisas Canan\éia (IPeC), em Canan\éia-SP. Dentre os ectoparasitos recebidos, os principais achados foram piolhos mastigadores, os quais foram clarificados e montados em l\âminas permanentes de microscopia \óptica utilizando-se B\álsamo do Canad\á Natural. Os piolhos, em sua maioria, foram identificados at\é esp\écie, por\ém em alguns casos chegou-se apenas a g\ênero. Outros ectoparasitos encontrados foram \ácaros plum\ícolas, carrapatos e moscas da fam\ília Hippoboscidae. Com este estudo foram registradas oito novas associa\ç\ões parasito-hospedeiro no mundo, al\ém de dezessete novas ocorr\ências de esp\écies de piolhos mastigadores em aves brasileiras, nunca antes reportadas no pa\ís, e ainda dezesseis novas ocorr\ências de piolhos em aves na regi\ão sudeste.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Aves marinhas, Ectoparasitos, Piolhos, Novo registro

Abstract

Brazil is home to one of the most diverse avifauna in the world and its coastal and marine environments are habitat for a wide variety of pelagic bird species. Birds can be affected by a large number of parasitic arthropods, with chewing lice being the most commonly described. Despite that, information on abundance, prevalence, distribution and impact of lice on seabirds is still limited. Considering the need to expand the knowledge on seabird lice published in Brazil, this work aimed to provide more information on the occurrence of these parasitic arthropods of these birds in the southeastern region of Brazil. The study received ectoparasites from birds that inhabit coastal environments from three marine animal rehabilitation centers; the Institute of Enviromental Consulting \– Enviroment Services (CTA \– Meio Ambiente), located in Araruama-RJ, the Argonauta
Institute for Coastal and Marine Conservation (Instituto Argonauta), in Ubatuba-SP and the Canan\éia Research Institute (IPeC), in Canan\éia-SP. Among the ectoparasites received, the main findings were chewing lice, which were clarified and mounted on permanent optical microscopy slides using Natural Canada Balsam. Most were identified to species, but in some cases only to genus. Other ectoparasites found were feather mites, ticks and flies of the Hippoboscidae family. With this study, eight new parasite-host associations were registered in the world, in addition to seventeen new occurrences of species of chewing lice in Brazilian birds, never before reported in the country, and also sixteen new occurrences of lice in birds in the Southeast region.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, lice, New record, seabirds}, url = {https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/27668}, author = {Brito, Magda Antonello Terrana Bezerra de Melo} } @article {95738, title = {Drivers of the Ectoparasite Community and Co-Infection Patterns in Rural and Urban Burrowing Owls}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {Jul-29-2022}, pages = {1141}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Simple Summary: We analyzed the ectoparasite community of a monomorphic and non-social bird, the burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia, breeding in rural and urban habitats. Such community was composed by two lice, one mite and one flea species. Rural individuals had more fleas and less mites than urban ones. Adult birds harbored less ectoparasites than young ones and females
harbored more lice than males. The presence of lice was positively related to the presence of fleas. On the contrary, the presence of mites was negatively related to the presence of fleas and lice. The study of parasite communities in urban and rural populations of the same species can shed light on how urban stressor factors impact the physiology of wildlife inhabiting cities and, therefore, the host-parasite relationships.

Abstract: Urbanization creates new ecological conditions that can affect biodiversity at all levels, including the diversity and prevalence of parasites of species that may occupy these environments. However, few studies have compared bird\–ectoparasite interactions between urban and rural individuals. Here, we analyze the ectoparasite community and co-infection patterns of urban and rural burrowing owls, Athene cunicularia, to assess the influence of host traits (i.e., sex, age, and weight), and environmental factors (i.e., number of conspecifics per nest, habitat type and aridity) on its composition. Ectoparasites of burrowing owls included two lice, one flea, and one mite. The overall prevalence for mites, lice and fleas was 1.75\%, 8.76\% and 3.50\%, respectively. A clear pattern of co-infection was detected between mites and fleas and, to less extent, between mites and lice. Adult owls harbored fewer ectoparasites than nestlings, and adult females harbored more lice than males. Our results also show that mite and flea numbers were higher when more conspecifics cohabited the same burrow, while lice showed the opposite pattern. Rural individuals showed higher flea parasitism and lower mite parasitism than urban birds. Moreover, mite numbers were negatively correlated with aridity and host weight. Although the ectoparasitic load of burrowing owls appears to be influenced by individual age, sex, number of conspecifics per nest, and habitat characteristics, the pattern of co-infection found among ectoparasites could also be mediated by unexplored factors such as host immune response, which deserves further research.

}, keywords = {co-infection, ectoparasite, fleas, lice, mites, Urban ecology}, issn = {2079-7737}, doi = {10.3390/biology11081141}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/8/1141}, author = {{\'A}ngeles S{\'a}ez and Antonio J. L{\'o}pez-Montoya and {\'A}lvaro Luna and Pedro Romero-Vidal and Antonio Palma and Tella,Jos{\'e} L. and Martina Carrete and Gracia Li{\'e}banas and Jes{\'u}s M. P{\'e}rez} } @article {95418, title = {Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Biology}, volume = {83}, year = {2021}, month = {02-2021}, pages = {8 pp}, type = {e-2023 Open Access}, abstract = {

Abstract The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70\% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80\%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02\%) than male pigeons (60.52\%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100\%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50\%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100\%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P \< 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

Portuguese title: Preval\ência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) na regi\ão de Punjab, Paquist\ão

Resumo
O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a preval\ência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regi\ões de Punjab, Paquist\ão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de mar\ço de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padr\ão e preservados em etanol 70\% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos \à idade, estado de sa\úde, sexo, tipo de \área, local de amostragem e \época do ano foram coletados em formul\ário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas caracter\ísticas morfol\ógicas por meio de chaves de identifica\ç\ão. Noventa e seis (80\%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete fam\ílias e treze esp\écies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete esp\écies de piolhos, duas esp\écies de moscas, uma esp\écie de carrapato e tr\ês esp\écies de \ácaros foram recuperadas de aves
infestadas. Os pombos f\êmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02\%) do que os pombos machos (60,52\%). A preval\ência encontrada foi maior no ver\ão (100\%) em compara\ç\ão com as outras esta\ç\ões. A taxa de infesta\ç\ão foi maior na \área Industrial (97,50\%) em rela\ç\ão \às demais regi\ões. A maior preval\ência de ectoparasitas (100\%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve varia\ç\ão significativa (P \<0,05) entre o n\úmero de ectoparasitas na asa,
t\órax, cauda e pesco\ço dentro das faixas et\árias, esta\ç\ões do ano e zonas ecol\ógicas. A ocorr\ência de parasitas em rela\ç\ão \à \área, idade, estado de sa\úde, sexo e esta\ç\ão do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infesta\ç\ão de parasitas em pombo-correio \é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com v\árias esp\écies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infesta\ç\ões em aves domesticadas se entrarem em
contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmiss\ão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Palavras-chave: piolhos, moscas, carrapatos, \ácaros, pombo-da-rocha, preval\ência, zonas ecol\ógicas.

}, keywords = {ecological zones, flies, lice, mites, Prevalence, Rock Pigeon, ticks}, issn = {1678-4375, 1519-6984}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.246887}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/G6X37zVQzMYxtnkKZ9ZFJSJ/?lang=en}, author = {M. Tayyub and Shahzad Ali and Arshad Javid and M. Imran} } @article {95371, title = {Checklist of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) of the birds of Peru}, journal = {Arxius de Miscel{\textperiodcentered}l{\`a}nia Zool{\`o}gica}, volume = {19}, year = {2021}, month = {02-2021}, pages = {7 - 52}, abstract = {

Peru is one of the countries with the highest diversity of birds worldwide, having about 1,876 species in its territory. However, studies focused on chewing lice (Phthiraptera) have been carried out on only a minority of bird species. The available data are distributed in 87 publications in the national and international literature. In this checklist we summarize all the records to date of chewing lice on wild and domestic birds in Peru. Among the 301 species of birds studied, 266 species of chewing lice were recorded. The localities with the highest records were the Departments of Cusco, Jun\ín, Lima and Madre de Dios. No records of birds parasitized by these lice have been found in seven departments of Peru. Studies related to lice have only been reported in 16 \% of bird species in the country, indicating that research concerning chewing lice has not yet been performed for the the majority of birds in Peru.

Spanish title: Lista de verificaci\ón de piojos masticadores (Phthiraptera: Amblycera e Ischnocera) de las aves de Per\ú

Resumen: Per\ú es uno de los pa\íses con mayor diversidad de aves del mundo, con unas 1.876 especies en su territorio. Sin embargo, los estudios dedicados a piojos masticadores (Phthiraptera) de aves se limitan a un n\úmero reducido de especies. Esta informaci\ón se encuentra distribuida en 87 publicaciones nacionales e internacionales. Esta lista de verificaci\ón incluye todos los registros de piojos masticadores realizados en aves silvestres y dom\ésticas de Per\ú. La lista consta de 301 especies de aves en las que se registraron 266 especies de piojos masticadores. Las zonas con mayores registros fueron los departamentos de Cuzco, Jun\ín, Lima y Madre de Dios. No se encontraron registros de aves parasitadas por piojos en siete departamentos de Per\ú. Tan solo el 16 \% de las especies de aves de Per\ú cuentan con alg\ún estudio referido a piojos, por lo que una importante proporci\ón de aves parasitadas por los mismos permanece indocumentada.

Palabras claves: Avifauna, Ectopar\ásitos, Piojos, Parasitolog\ía, Phthiraptera

Catalan title: Llista de verificaci\ó de polls mastegadors (Phthiraptera: Amblycera e Ischnocera) dels ocells del Per\ú

Resum: El Per\ú \és un dels pa\ïsos amb m\és diversitat d\’ocells del m\ón, amb unes 1.876 esp\ècies al seu territori. Tanmateix, els estudis dedicats a polls mastegadors (Phthiraptera) d\’ocells es limiten a un nombre redu\ït d\’esp\ècies. Aquesta informaci\ó es troba distribu\ïda en 87 publicacions nacionals i internacionals. Aquesta llista de verificaci\ó inclou tots els registres de polls mastegadors portats a terme en ocells silvestres i dom\èstics del Per\ú. La llista consta de 301 esp\ècies d\’ocells en les quals es van registrar 266 esp\ècies de polls mastegadors. Les zones amb m\és registres van ser els departaments de Cusco, Jun\ín, Lima i Madre de Dios. No es van trobar registres d\’ocells parasitats per polls en set departaments del Per\ú. Nom\és el 16 \% de les esp\ècies d\’ocells del Per\ú tenen algun estudi referit a polls, per la qual cosa una proporci\ó important d\’ocells parasitats per polls est\à indocumentada.

}, keywords = {Avifauna, ectoparasites, lice, Mayriphilopterus, Parasitology, Ramphasticolla}, doi = {10.32800/amz.2021.19.0007}, url = {http://amz.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-19-2021-en/checklist-of-chewing-lice-phthiraptera-amblycera-and-ischnocera-of-the-birds-of-peru/?lang=en}, author = {David Minaya and Fabiola Pr{\'\i}ncipe and José Iannacone} } @article {95278, title = {Chewing Lice of Fregata magnificens with First Record of Fregatiella aurifasciata (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) in Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {106}, year = {2020}, month = {12-2020}, pages = {828{\textendash}834}, abstract = {

The genus Fregata includes 5 species, with 3 recorded in Brazil, with Fregata magnificens being the most abundant. However, its ectoparasitic fauna is still little known. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of ectoparasites of F. magnificens residing along the coast of Rio de Janeiro and S\ão Paulo collected by 2 animal rehabilitation centers. Samples were collected from 5 frigatebirds of the Instituto Argonauta in S\ão Paulo and 10 frigatebirds of the Centro de Recupera\ç\ão de Animais Selvagens (CRAS) in Rio de Janeiro. Species of lice were identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Scanning electron microscopy was also used for identification. Colpocephalum spineum, Fregatiella aurifasciata, and Pectinopygus fregatiphagus were identified. All 3 louse species have previously been recorded from this host outside Brazil, but only P. fregatiphagus has been recorded from Brazil. This paper reports the first occurrence of F. aurifasciata and C. spineum in Brazil. It is also the first record of P. fregatiphagus in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

}, keywords = {Brazil, ectoparasite, First Record, lice, Seabird.}, doi = {10.1645/19-184}, url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-106/issue-6/19-184/Chewing-Lice-of-Fregata-magnificens-with-First-Record-of-Fregatiella/10.1645/19-184.full}, author = {Magda Antonello and Rubem F. S. Menna_Barreto and Daniela Leles and J. R. Pires and Beatriz Brener} } @article {94980, title = {Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {13}, year = {2020}, month = {01-2020}, pages = {782 - 788}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70\% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed.

Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Menacanthus) were identified. Lipeurus was the most frequently identified genera in turkeys, whereas Menacanthus was the most rarely identified one. The White Holland breed had the highest number of lice infestations, whereas the Jersey Buff breed exhibited the highest diversity of lice genera. The average number of lice infestations was higher in male turkeys than in female turkeys.

Conclusion: The occurrence of ectoparasites in domestic turkeys indicates that the existence and diversity of lice genera in the study location can be influenced by turkey type, turkey maintenance system, enclosure sanitation measures, lack of strategic ectoparasite control, and environmental factors.

}, keywords = {central java, lice, Turkey, Yogyakarta}, issn = {09728988}, doi = {10.14202/vetworld.2020.782-788}, url = {http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.13/April-2020/25.html}, author = {Joko Prastowo and Dwi Priyowidodo and Wisnu Nurcahyo and Defriana Lutfi Chusnaifah and Lu{\textquoteright}lu{\textquoteright} Sahara Wusahaningtyas and Lintang Winantya Firdausy and Ana Sahara} } @article {94847, title = {ECTOPARASITES AND THEIR DAMAGE IN BACKYARD TURKEYS IN OAXACA{\textquoteright}S COAST, MEXICO}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

The ectoparasites are major animal health problems in poultry farms, can be a health problem for themselves or vectors of various etiologic agents of disease. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the main effects of the domestic turkey ectoparasites obtained from traditional breeding in backyard. Seventy five turkeys were examined backyard; the ectoparasites were collected for identification. Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Oxylipeurus polytrapezius, Menacanthus stramineus, Chelopistes meleagridis, Oxylipeurus corpulentus, and Colpocephalum turbinatum, lice species are identified. The last two are reported for the first time in domestic turkeys. Mites identified were Dermanyssus gallinae, Megninia ginglymura, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and Knemidokoptes mutans. This is the largest list of ectoparasites in turkeys wild or domesticated reported until today. The lesions found were plucking dermatitis, skin irritation, mild to moderate, in the case of avian scabies severe injuries below the scaly skin of legs and tarsi. During the investigation there were two outbreaks of avian pox, related to the presence of ectoparasites. The backyard turkeys are hosts of a greater amount of ectoparasites, than those recorded for wild turkeys or turkey reared intensively, indicating that they are exposed to increased parasitic burden and this increases your chance of getting infectious diseases where external parasites act as vectors.

}, keywords = {Backyard poultry, fowl pox, guajolotes, lice, mites, parasites}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ECTOPARASITES-AND-THEIR-DAMAGE-IN-BACKYARD-TURKEYS-Camacho-Escobar-Arroyo-Ledezma/ef8434e2e9b27a291b9f9b01d1ef55823d0dd37f$\#$paper-header}, author = {Marco Antonio Camacho-Escobar and Jaime Arroyo-Ledezma and Narciso Ysac {\'A}vila-Serrano and Martha Patricia Jerez-Salas and Edgar Iv{\'a}n S{\'a}nchez-Bernal and Juan Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-L{\'o}pez} } @article {94749, title = {Gastrointestinal and external parasites of the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Chile}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {28}, year = {2019}, month = {07-2019}, pages = {376 - 382}, type = {e-pub}, abstract = {

Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy \& Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biob\ío region and one specimen from the Valpara\íso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3\%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus K\éler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20\%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus L\ühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.

Resumo

No Chile, informa\ç\ões sobre parasitas associados a aves de rapina diurnas s\ão escassas. Entre os anos 2006 e 2017, um total de 15 esp\écimes do Falc\ão Vari\ável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy \& Gaimard, 1824) mortos, foram examinados, 14 deles provenientes de diferentes localidades da regi\ão do Biob\ío e um esp\écime na regi\ão de Valpara\íso. Um exame externo da plumagem foi feito para coletar os ectoparasitas e necropsias do tracto gastrointestinal para coleta de endoparasitas. Cinco aves (33,3\%) foram positivas para tr\ês esp\écies de piolhos (Phthiraptera): 97 esp\écimes de Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), seis esp\écimes de Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 e nove esp\écimes n\ão identificados do g\ênero Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em tr\ês aves (20\%), incluindo vermes redondos (Nematoda) do g\ênero Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, e vermes achatados (Acanthocephala) do g\ênero Centrorhynchus L\ühe, 1911. As esp\écies Colpocephalum turbinatum e os dos g\êneros Craspedorrhynchus, Centrorhynchus e Procyrnea corresponderam a novos registros para o Falc\ão Vari\ável.

Palavras-chave: Parasitas, piolhos, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, aves, raptores.

}, keywords = {Acanthocephala, birds, Geranoaetus polyosoma, lice, Nematoda, New records, parasites, raptors}, issn = {0103-846X}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612019045}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1984-29612019000300376\&tlng=en}, author = {Alexandra Grand{\'o}n-Ojeda and Patricio Cort{\'e}s and L. Moreno and John M. Kinsella and Armando Conrado Cicchino and Carlos Barrientos and Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a} } @article {94546, title = {Lice infestations of Steppe Buzzards (Buteo buteo vulpinus) markedly differ from those of Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo buteo)}, journal = {Journal of Raptor Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2019}, pages = {7 pp}, type = {Short Communications}, abstract = {

ABSTRACT.\—The Steppe Buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus), an eastern subspecies of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), is a long-distance migrant raptor that breeds across eastern European and central Asian grasslands. The eastern European populations migrate through a geographic bottleneck in Israel and overwinter in eastern and southern Africa. To investigate how the metabolic demand of long-distance migration may affect their health, we trapped Steppe Buzzards (n 1\⁄4 28) at Eilat, Israel, during the spring migration of 2016 and 2017 and collected their parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). We compared their lice infestation levels to published data on nonmigratory or short-distance migratory Common Buzzards (B. b. buteo). These Common Buzzards were divided into two groups, free-living birds (n 1\⁄4 59) and captive ones (n 1\⁄4 104). All the Steppe Buzzards we examined harbored 1\–4 species of lice. The Amblyceran lice that feed partially on living tissues and are thought to be relatively more virulent (Laemobothrion maximum and Colpocephalum nanum) were significantly more prevalent on Steppe Buzzards than on Common Buzzards (either free-living or in captivity). In contrast, the less-harmful Ischnoceran lice (Craspedorrhynchus platystomus and Degeeriella fulva) were either similarly or less prevalent on Steppe Buzzards than on the nonmigratory Common Buzzards, either free-living or in captivity. We hypothesize that this difference may mirror the metabolic demands of long-distance migration or, alternatively, our Eilat sample of Steppe Buzzards might have been biased in favor of the heavily infested individuals. In the Steppe Buzzard sample, we also detected a formerly unknown negative correlation between the abundance of Laemobothrion maximum and Colpocephalum nanum.

LAS INFESTACIONES DE PIOJOS DE BUTEO BUTEO VULPINUS VAR ́IAN DE LAS DE B. B. BUTEO
RESUMEN.\—Buteo buteo vulpinus, una subespecie oriental de B. buteo, es una rapaz migratoria de larga distancia que cr ́{\i}a en los pastizales del este de Europa y el centro de Asia. Las poblaciones del este de Europa migran a trave ́s de un cuello de botella geogra ́fico en Israel y pasan el invierno en el este y sur de\ ́frica. Para investigar como la demanda metabo ́lica de un migrante de larga distancia puede afectar la salud de esta especie atrapamos individuos de B. b. vulpinus (n 1\⁄4 28) en Eilat, Israel, durante la migracio ́ n de primavera de los an ̃os 2016 y 2017 y recolectamos sus piojos (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Comparamos los niveles de infestacio ́n con piojos con datos publicados de individuos no migratorios o migrantes de corta distanciadeB.b.buteo.Losindividuosdeestau ́ltimasubespeciefuerondivididosendosgrupos,aveslibres (n 1\⁄4 59) y aves cautivas (n 1\⁄4 104). Todos los individuos de B. b. vulpinus que examinamos albergaron entre 1 y 4 especies de piojos. Los piojos del suborden Amblycera Laemobothrion maximum y Colpocephalum nanum, que se alimentan parcialmente de tejidos vivos y que se cree que son relativamente ma ́s virulentos, fueron significativamente ma ́s prevalentes en B. b. vulpinus que en B. b. buteo libres o en cautivos. Por el contario, los piojos menos dan ̃inos del suborden Ischnocera Craspedorrhynchus platystomus y Degeeriella fulva fueron igual o menos prevalentes en B. b. vulpinus que en los individuos no migratorios de B. b. buteo libres o cautivos. Hipotetizamos que esta diferencia puede reflejar las demandas metabo ́licas de la migracio ́n de larga distancia o, alternativamente, nuestra muestra de Eilat de B. b. vulpinus podr ́{\i}a haber estado sesgada en favor de individuos fuertemente infestados. En la muestra de B. b. vulpinus tambie ́n detectamos una correlacio ́n negativa previamente desconocida entre la abundancia de Laemobothrion maximum y la de Colpocephalum nanum.

}, keywords = {Common Buzzard, Infestation, lice, Migration, Steppe Buzzard}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94546_v2.pdf}, author = {Reuven Yosef and Ofir Strutzer and Reut Tabibi and Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {94535, title = {Ectopar{\'a}sitos asociados a polluelos del B{\'u}ho Cornudo (Aves: Strigidae) en un paisaje fragmentado de la pen{\'\i}nsula de Baja California, M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Acta Zool{\'o}gica Mexicana (N.S.)}, volume = {34}, year = {2018}, pages = {1 - 15}, abstract = {

ABSTRACT. Ectoparasites are important in avian host population because they can affect health condition, regulate population dynamics and alter interspecific competition. Studies of ectoparasites in wild raptors are scarce and even few have been made in owls. This is the first study of the prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) fledglings. We studied ectoparasites on fledglings from nests in a fragmented arid landscape at Baja California peninsula, during the breeding seasons of 2015 and 2017. The fledglings of 40 days of age were handled and taken from their nests for the collection of ectoparasites. A total of 81 epizoic species were collected from 36 nestlings from 15 nests, distributed in five orders: Diptera (Icosta americana); Hemiptera (Cimicidae gen. sp.); Phthiraptera (Neohaematopinus sciurinus, Colpocephalum pectinatum); Siphonaptera (Orchopea sp.) and Mesostigmata (Ornihtonysus sylviarum). Likewise, one species of chewing lice (n=5) (Geomydoecus telli) and one species of feather mite (n=7) were also recorded associated with the Great Horned Owl. Five species were hematophagous parasites. Louse fly I. americana and chewing louse C. pectinatum showed the highest levels of prevalence (26.5\% and 20.6\% respectively), while the hematophagous feather mite Ornihtonysus silviarum presented the higher mean intensity in only one nest (15.5). The flea Orchopea sp. and the chewing louse G. telli and sucking louse N. sciurinus exhibited the lowest values of prevalence and mean intensity; these species have been recorded in association mainly with rodents, so probably they could have been transmitted to the owls when they were captured as preys and taken into their nest. Additionally a bug (Cimicidae gen. sp.) was found in one host. Colpocephalum pectinatum is the first recorded from Great Horned owl, such as new host. The abundance of ectoparasites in one owl nest was independent of their abundance in neighbor nests (Moran ́s I = 0.010; z = 0.16, P \> 0.05). We discuss the implications of ectoparasitism for a Great Horned owl population in fragmented habitat of the Baja California arid desert.\ 

ECTOPAR\ÁSITOS ASOCIADOS A POLLUELOS DEL B\ÚHO CORNUDO (AVES: STRIGIDAE) EN UN PAISAJE FRAGMENTADO DE LA PEN\ÍNSULA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA, M\ÉXICO

RESUMEN. Los par\ásitos juegan un papel importante en la historia de vida de sus hospederos porque pueden afectar la salud, regular la din\ámica poblacional e inclusive alterar la competici\ón inter-especifica. Bajo ciertas condiciones de deterioro del h\ábitat, como la fragmentaci\ón, puede aumentar los niveles de infestaci\ón y en consecuencia tener efectos negativos m\ás marcados en los hospederos. Este es el primer estudio de la prevalencia e intensidad de ectopar\ásitos en volantones de B\úho Cornudo Bubo virginianus. Evaluamos los ectopar\ásitos en pollos de nidos situados en un paisaje \árido fragmentado de la pen\ínsula de Baja California. Los pollos casi volantones de 40 d\ías de edad fueron tomados del nido durante las temporadas reproductivas del 2015 y 2017, para realizar la colecta de ectopar\ásitos y regresarlos posteriormente. Se colectaron 81 ectopar\ásitos de 36 polluelos en 15 nidos. Fue registrada una infestaci\ón del 61\% (n=22) con ocho especies (H = 1.56), cinco de las cuales fueron par\ásitos hemat\ófagos. Los ectopar\ásitos estuvieron distribuidos en cinco \órdenes; Diptera (Icosta americana); Hemiptera (Cimicidae gen. sp.); Phthiraptera (Neohaematopinus sciurinus, Colpocephalum pectinatum); Siphonaptera (Orchopea sp.), y Mesostigmata (Ornihtonysus sylviarum). Tambi\én se registr\ó una especie de piojo masticador (n=5) (Geomydoecus telli) y una de \ácaro de plumas (n=7) asociados con el b\úho cornudo. La mosca piojo I. americana y el piojo masticador C. pectinatum presentaron alta prevalencia (26.5\% y 20.6\% respectivamente), mientras que el \ácaro hemat\ófago O. silviarum present\ó la m\ás alta intensidad media en un s\ólo nido (15.5). La pulga Orchopea sp., y los piojos, masticador G. telli y succionador N. sciurinus, fueron registros raros y exhibieron los valores m\ás bajos de prevalencia e intensidad media; estas especies se han registrado en asociaci\ón principalmente a roedores, as\í que probablemente se transmitieron a los pollos al llevar presas de roedores al nido del b\úho. Adicionalmente una chinche Cimicidae gen. sp., se encontr\ó en un hu\ésped. Colpocephalum pectinatum es primer registro para el B\úho cornudo como hospedero. La abundancia de ectopar\ásitos en un nido de b\úho fue independiente de la abundancia de nidos cercanos (Moran ́s I = 0.010; z = 0.16, P \> 0.05). Se discuten las implicaciones que tienen los ectopar\ásitos en una poblaci\ón del B\úho cornudo en un h\ábitat fragmentado del desierto \árido de Baja California.

Palabras clave: Piojo, moscas, volantones, B\úho Cornudo, \área fragmentada, M\éxico.

}, keywords = {fledglings, flies, fragmented area, Great Horned owl, lice, Mexico.}, issn = {0065-1737}, doi = {10.21829/azm.2018.3412142}, url = {http://azm.ojs.inecol.mx/index.php/azm/article/view/2142}, author = {Raquel Bola{\~n}os-Garc{\'\i}a and Rodriguez-Estrella,Ricardo and Guzm{\'a}n-Cornejo, Carmen} } @article {94486, title = {Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Colpocephalum nanum Piaget, 1890 (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Colpocephalidae)}, journal = {Turkish Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, month = {Feb-10-2018}, pages = {207 - 212}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of Colpocephalum nanum (C. nanum) Piaget, 1890 using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Methods: For this purpose, the C. nanum specimens collected from long-legged buzzards, Buteo rufinus (B. rufinus) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), in Turkey were examined under LM and SM for morphological characteristics. The specimens were fixed and kept in 70\% ethanol, cleared and moun- ted on the slides in Canada balsam. They were examined for morphological characteristics under LM. Some of the samples were put in a plate on absorbing paper and kept overnight, for ether to evaporate. These samples were mounted on aluminum stubs to study the ventral surface by placing them on their dorsal or ventral surface on double-sided adhesive tape. They were sputter-coated three times with gold, each time for approximately 7 minutes and later viewed using SEM (Zeiss SUPRA 55 VP FE-SEM and Zeiss EVO lS 10).
Results: Parts of the specimens were photographed, and the obtained data about morphological characteristic were evaluated in detail. Conclusion: The LM and SEM photos of C. nanum were compared, and information about the important criteria for diagnosis and other morphological characteristics was obtained.

Turkish title:\ Colpocephalum nanum Piaget, 1890 (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Colpocephalidae)\&$\#$39;un I{\c s}{\i}k ve Taramal{\i} Elektron Mikroskopisi

\ÖZ
Ama\ç: Bu ara{\c s}t{\i}rma Colpocephalum nanum (C. nanum) Piaget, 1890\’un morfolojik \özelliklerinin {\i}{\c s}{\i}k mikroskobunda ve taramal{\i} elektron mikrosko- bunda (SEM) incelemek amac{\i}yla yap{\i}lm{\i}{\c s}t{\i}r.
Y\öntemler: Bu ama\çla T\ürkiye\’deki bir K{\i}z{\i}l {\c S}ahin\’den (Buteo rufinus: B. rufinus) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) toplanan C. nanum \örnekleri {\i}{\c s}{\i}k mik- roskobu ve taramal{\i} elektron mikroskobunda morfolojik \özellikleri y\ön\ünden incelenmi{\c s} ve bu konuda bilgi verilmi{\c s}tir. \Örneklerin baz{\i}lar{\i} \%70 alkolde saklanm{\i}{\c s}, \%10\’luk Potasyum hidroksitte (KOH) saydamla{\c s}t{\i}r{\i}lm{\i}{\c s}, ve Kanada balsam ile lam \üzerine yap{\i}{\c s}t{\i}r{\i}lm{\i}{\c s}t{\i}r. Preparatlar morfolojik \özellikleri y\ön\ünden binok\üler {\i}{\c s}{\i}k mikroskobunda (Leica DM750) incelenmi{\c s}tir. Baz{\i} \örnekler ise eterin u\çmas{\i} i\çin gece boyunca bir levha \üzerindeki emici bir ka{\u g}{\i}t \üzerinde bekletildi ve aluminyum levhalara dorsal veya ventral y\üzleri \çal{\i}{\c s}{\i}lacak {\c s}ekilde yerle{\c s}tirildi. EMSCOPE SC500 veya CROSSINGTON 108 sputter coater\’de, her seferinde yakla{\c s}{\i}k olarak 7 dakika s\üreyle, \ü\çer kez alt{\i}nla kapland{\i} ve sonra Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Zeiss SUPRA 55 VP FE-SEM ve Zeiss EVO lS 10) ile baz{\i} yerlerin g\ör\ünt\üleri al{\i}nd{\i}.
Bulgular: Al{\i}nan g\ör\ünt\üler incelenerek morfolojik olarak de{\u g}erlendirildi. ve morfolojik \özellikleri hakk{\i}nda ayr{\i}nt{\i}l{\i} bilgiler elde edildi.
Sonu\ç: C.nanum\’un {\i}{\c s}{\i}k mikroskobu ve SEM\’deki g\ör\ünt\üleri kar{\c s}{\i}la{\c s}t{\i}rmal{\i} olarak incelendi ve te{\c s}his i\çin \önemli kriterler ve di{\u g}er morfolojik \özellikleri hakk{\i}nda bilgi verildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Amblycera, bit, SEM, Ektoparazit, T\ürkiye

}, keywords = {ectoparasite, lice, SEM, Turkey}, doi = {10.5152/tpd.2018.5808}, url = {http://www.turkiyeparazitolderg.org/}, author = {Bilal Dik and Ali Halajian and M. L. Turner} } @article {68908, title = {Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) and the Red-footed Falcon}, journal = {Ornis Hungarica}, volume = {23}, year = {2015}, pages = {58-65}, abstract = {

Little is known about the louse species harboured by Red-footed and Amur Falcons despite the fact that various life-history traits of these hosts make them good model species to study host-parasite interactions. We collected lice samples from fully grown Amur (n=20) and Red-footed Falcons (n=59), and from nestlings of Red-footed Falcons (n=179) in four countries: Hungary, India, Italy and South Africa. We identified 3 louse species on both host species, namely Degeeriella rufa, Colpocephalum subzerafae and Laembothrion tinnunculi. The latter species has never been found on these hosts. Comparing population parame\­ters of lice between hosts we found significantly higher prevalence levels of D. rufa and C. subzerafae on Amur Falcons. Adult Red-footed Falcons had higher D. rufa prevalence compared to C. subzerafae. For the first time we also show inter-annual shift in prevalence and intensity levels of these species on Red-footed Falcons; in 2012 on adult hosts C. subzerafae had higher intensity levels than D. rufa, however in 2014 D. rufa had significantly higher intensity compared to C. subzerafae. In case of nestlings both louse species had significantly higher preva\­lence levels than in 2014. The exact causes of such inter-annual shifts are yet to be understood.

}, keywords = {Colpocephalum subzerafae, Degeeriella rufa, descriptive statistics, ectoparasite, Laembothrion tinnunculi, lice}, doi = {10.1515/orhu-2015-0005}, url = {http://www.ornis.hu/articles/OrnisHungarica_vol23(1)_p58-65.pdf}, author = {Imre S{\'a}ndor Piross and P{\'e}ter Feh{\'e}rv{\'a}ri and Zolt{\'a}n Vas and Szabolcs Solt and {\'E}va Horv{\'a}th and P{\'e}ter Palatitz and Cristina Giosele and Marco Gustin and Mario Pedrelli and R. Suresh Kumar and Nick P. Williams and Rina Pretorious and Zephne Bernitz and Herman Bernitz and Andrea Harnos} } @article {68832, title = {Lice of Chilean Diurnal Raptors}, journal = {Journal of Raptor Research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, month = {04/2008}, pages = {281 - 286}, abstract = {

We describe species of lice collected from 12 species of Chilean diurnal raptors. Sampled raptors\ were obtained from wildlife rehabilitation centers and zoos, as carcasses found along highways, and from the avian collection of the National Museum of Natural History. Fourteen species of lice were isolated from all\ raptor hosts, with genus Degeeriella Neumann, 1906 (Philopteridae) and\ Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818 (Menoponidae)\ the most frequently found (60\% and 26\% of all lice, respectively). Degeeriella\ leucopleura (Nitzsch in\ Giebel, 1874) from Cinereous Harrier (Circus cinereus), D. carruthi Emerson, 1953 from American Kestrel\ (Falco sparverius) and Colpocephalum maculatum Piaget, 1880 from Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) were\ the lice most commonly collected. Including data from previous studies, we found that in Chilean Falconiformes\ (1) Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 is the louse species associated with the greatest number of\ raptor species, (2) Degeeriella fulva and\ Laemobothrion tinnunculi are characteristic of the genera of Buteo and\ Falco, respectively, and (3) the degree of host-specificity is high (76\% of all louse species were associated with\ only one species host). Thus, our results are similar to those observed for other raptor hosts worldwide.

Title in Spanish:

ESPECIES DE PIOJOS EN AVES RAPACES DIURNAS DE CHILE

RESUMEN.\—Describimos las especies de piojos encontradas en 12 especies de rapaces diurnas\ chilenas. Los\ espec{\i}\´menes muestreados fueron obtenidos de centros de rescate de fauna silvestre y\ zoolo\´gicos, de aves\ atropelladas encontradas en carreteras y de colecciones de aves del Museo\ Nacional de Historia Natural.\ Catorce especies de piojos fueron aisladas de todas las especies\ hospederas, siendo los ge\´neros Degeeriella\ Neumann, 1906 (Philopteridae) y Colpocephalum\ Nitzsch, 1818 (Menoponidae) los ma\´s frecuentemente\ encontrados (60\% y 26\% de todos los piojos,\ respectivamente). Las especies de piojos ma\´s comunes fueron\ Degeeriella leucopleura (Nitzsch in\ Giebel, 1874), encontrada en Circus cinereus, D. carruthi Emerson, 1953,\ encontrada en Falco\ sparverius y Colpocephalum maculatum Piaget, 1880, encontrada en Caracara plancus.\ Incluyendo\ estudios anteriores, encontramos que en los Falconiformes chilenos (1), Colpocephalum turbinatum\ Denny, es la especie de piojo asociada con el mayor nu\´mero de especies de rapaces, (2) Degeeriella\ fulva (Giebel, 1874) y Laemobothrion tinnunculi (Linnaeus, 1758) son caracter{\i}\´sticos de los ge\´neros\ Buteo y\ Falco, respectivamente, y (3) el grado de especificidad de hospedero es alto (76\% de todas las\ especies de\ piojos estuvieron asociadas so\´ lo a una especie de hospedero). As{\i}\´, nuestros resultados\ son similares a los\ observados para otros hospederos rapaces de otras regiones del mundo.

}, keywords = {Chile, diurnal raptors, lice}, issn = {0892-1016}, doi = {10.3356/JRR-07-69.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3356/JRR-07-69.1}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Karen Ardiles and Figueroa-R,Ricardo A. and Carlos Barrientos and Gonz{\'a}lez, Pamela and L. Moreno and Armando Conrado Cicchino} } @article {68767, title = {Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera) of Several Species of Wild Birds in Iran, with New Records}, journal = {Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {06/2013}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Short Communication}, abstract = {

Background: Although there are about 520 species of birds in Iran, but only some of them have been checked for\ ectoparasites so far.The aim of this study was to check some more available species of the birds of Iran for lice.
Methods: This study was performed between 2008\–2010 in northern Iran. For this purpose we tried to check some\ of the wild bird species available and mostly not checked before to identify the lice of them.The birds were found in\ some of the houses of hunters keeping as trap for catching more birds, some of the bird keepers and a few dead birds\ from taxidermists. In this way we could check 79 birds of 6 species.
Results: We identified 11 lice species on the birds and overall 15.2 \% of the examined birds were infested by the\ lice. Nine lice species including Aquanirmus podicipis, Pseudomenopon dolium, Ardeicola sp, Ciconiphilus\ decimfasciatus; Menacanthus sp, Austromenopon transversum, Pectinopygus gyricornis, Colpocephalum turbinatum\ and Hohorstiella lata were recorded for the first time on the birds in Iran. One specimen of Menacanthus sp was\ found on the purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) that is a new host report for this lice.
Conclusion: Although the infection rate was not very high in the birds, but 11 species of lice in 6 studied birds species\ in this study, shows there are still other lice species that exist in the birds and should be identified and added to\ Iran lice fauna list.

}, keywords = {birds, Iran, lice}, issn = {2322-1984, (on-line) 2322-2271}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68767.pdf}, author = {Bilal Dik and Ali Halajian} } @article {45338, title = {Mal{\'o}fagos parasitos de alguns animais silvestres no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil}, journal = {Arquivos do Instituto Biologico S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {70}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {177 - 178}, abstract = {

CHEWING LICE AS PARASITES OF SOME WILD ANIMALS IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL.

The authors report, for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the ocurrence of chewing lice (Mallophaga) on some wild animals, as follows: Colpocephalumsp. and Chelopistes sp. on Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata), Colpocephalum sp. on Great egret (Casmerodius albus), Eutricophilus sp. on porcupine (Coendou villosus) and Gyropus sp. on a wild rat (Proechymis semispinosus).

}, keywords = {Brazil, Casmerodius albus, Chewing lice, Coendou villosus, Eutricophilus sp., lice, mammal, new location, Proechymis semispinosus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8878.pdf}, author = {Jo{\~a}o Guilherme Brum and Valente,A. L. and Paulsen,Rosa Maria Massaro and M{\"u}ller,G.} } @article {40337, title = {New synonymies of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) described from the Falconiformes (Aves)}, journal = {European Journal of Entomology}, volume = {94}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {537 - 545}, abstract = {

Eighteen new synonymies are given for taxa of chewing lice taken from hosts in the avian order Falconiformes. Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818 is synonymized with Falcocephalum Tendeiro, 1989. The latter genus contained a single species which thus becomes a new combination: Colpocephalum pricei (Tendeiro, 1989), comb. n. Further synonymies include 12 species (Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 = C. wemecki Orfila, 1959, syn. n.; C. nanum Piaget, 1890 =C. meridionale Perez-Jimenez et al., 1988, syn. n.; C. trachelioti Price \& Beer, 1963= C. aegypii Tendeiro, 1989, syn. n.; C. ateri Price \& Beer, 1964 = C. sinuosum Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.; C. maculatum Piaget, 1880 = C. chimangoi Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.;C. holzenthali Clayton \& Price, 1989 = C. violanii Tendeiro \& Mendes, 1994, syn. n.; Nosopon milvus Tendeiro, 1959= N. aduncum Tendeiro, 1993, syn. n.; Laembothrion vulturis (F., 1775) = L. gigas Nitzsch, 1861, syn. n.; L. tinnunculi (L., 1758) = L. iberum P\érez-Jim\énez et al., 1988, syn. n.;Craspedorrhynchus ranjhae Ansari, 1955 = C. pennati Gallego, Martin Mateo \& Aguirre, 1987, syn. n.; Degeeriella rufa (Burmeister, 1838) = D. carrikeri Orfila, 1959, syn. n.; Falcolipeurus assessor (Giebel, 1874) = Trollipeurus kleinmachnowensis Zlotorzycka, 1963, syn. n.), and 5 subspecies (Colpocephalum zerafae Ansari, 1955 =C. zerafae biarmicus Tendeiro, 1988, syn. n.; C. subzerafae Tendeiro, 1988 =C. subzerafae exiguum Tendeiro, 1988, syn. n.; Nosopon lucidum (Rudow, 1869) = N. lucidum pyargus Tendeiro, 1959, syn. n.; Laemobothrion vulturis (F., 1775) = L. vulturis daneckii Zlotorzycka, 1969, syn. n.; Degeeriella mookerjeei Clay, 1957 =D. mookerjeei pilgrimi Tendeiro, 1979, syn. n.).

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Falconiformes, lice, mtax, PHP, Phthiraptera, synonymies}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3067.pdf}, author = {Roger D. Price and Ricardo L. Palma and Hellenthal,Ronald A.} } @article {38811, title = {The distribution of Mallophaga on the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {1}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {21 - 29}, abstract = {

The distribution of Hohorstiella lata, Colpocephalum turbinatum, Campanulotes bidentatus comparand Columbicola columbae on domestic pigeons was determined. Each species laid its eggs on a different part of the body but all fed on the fluffy part of the body feathers. H. lata also fed on blood and C. turbinatum on its own eggs and nymphs. Reduction of the efficiency of preening led to an increase in the number of lice and more widespread distribution of nymphs and adults but not to a rapid change in the distribution of the eggs. It is suggested that preening has played a major slective role, and that the morphological and behavioural adaptions of the lice are to ensure that they and their eggs survive this type of predation.

}, keywords = {avian, Campanulotes, Colpocephalum, Columbia, Columbicola, distribution, domestic, host, lice, livia, Mallophaga, Pigeon, preening}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0128.pdf}, author = {Nelson,Bernard Clinton and Murray,M. D.} }