@article {96304, title = {Diversity and Prevalence of Ectoparasites on Poultry from Open Environment Farms in the Western-United States of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {59}, year = {2022}, month = {Sept-2022}, pages = {1837-1841}, abstract = {

Open-environment poultry farms that allow chickens to forage outdoors are becoming increasingly common throughout the United States and Europe; however, there is little information regarding the diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites in these farming systems. Eight to 25 birds were captured and surveyed for ectoparasites on each of 17 farms across the states of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Among the farms sampled, six louse species (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera \& Amblycera) and two parasitic mite species (Acari: Mesostigmata) were collected and identified: Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menacathus cornutus (Sch\ömmer, 1913; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on six farms, Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on five farms, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on nine farms, Goniocotes gallinae De Geer (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on 11 farms, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778; Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) on two farms, and Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago, 1877; Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) on one farm. The diversity of ectoparasites on these open environment poultry farms highlights a need for additional research on ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in these poultry farming systems.

}, keywords = {chicken, louse, mite, organic, parasite}, issn = {0022-2585, 1938-2928}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac093}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/59/5/1837/6648880}, author = {Kendra N. Chambless and Kevin A. Cornell and Rocio Crespo and William E. Snyder and Jeb P. Owen} } @article {95043, title = {Diversity and Prevalence of Ectoparasites on Backyard Chicken Flocks in California}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {53}, year = {2016}, month = {05-2016}, pages = {707 - 711}, abstract = {

Peridomestic (\“backyard\”) chicken flocks are gaining popularity in the developed world (e.g., North America or Europe), yet little is known regarding prevalence or severity of their ectoparasites. Therefore, five birds on each of 20 properties throughout southern California were surveyed in summer for on-host (permanent) and off-host dwelling (temporary) ectoparasites. Only four premises (20\%) were entirely free of ectoparasites. In declining order of prevalence (\% of premises), permanent ectoparasites included six chicken louse species: Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (50\%), Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer) (35\%), Lipeurus caponis (L.) (20\%), Menopon gallinae (L.) (15\%), Menacanthus cornutus (Sch\ömmer) (5\%), and Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch) (5\%). Only one flea species, Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood) (20\%), was found. Three parasitic mite species were observed: Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago) (15\%), Knemidocoptes mutans (Robin \& Lanquetin) (10\%), and Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (5\%). Many infestations consisted of a few to a dozen individuals per bird, but M. stramineus , G. gallinae , M. cornutus , and E. gallinacea were abundant (dozens to hundreds of individuals) on some birds, and damage by K. mutans was severe on two premises. Off-host dwelling ectoparasites were rare ( D. gallinae ) or absent ( Cimex lectularius L., Argasidae ). Parasite diversity in peridomestic flocks greatly exceeds that is routinely observed on commercial chicken flocks and highlights a need for increased biosecurity and development of ectoparasite control options for homeowners.

}, keywords = {flea, louse, Menacanthus, mite, poultry}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv243}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290211878_Diversity_and_Prevalence_of_Ectoparasites_on_Backyard_Chicken_Flocks_in_California}, author = {Amy C. Murillo and Mullens,B. A.} }