@article {46663, title = {Lungworm and lice of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the fallow deer (Dama dama)--a review}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {28}, year = {1980}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0021406; ppublish}, month = {1980}, pages = {150 - 152}, address = {NEW ZEALAND}, keywords = {animals, deer, ectoparasite, lice, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0048-0169}, author = {Charleston,W. A.} } @article {46533, title = {Prevalence of ectoparasites of small ruminants in Nsukka, Nigeria}, journal = {International Journal of Zoonoses}, volume = {12}, year = {1985}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7505008; ppublish}, month = {1985}, pages = {313 - 317}, address = {TAIWAN}, abstract = {Over a period of one year (January 1983 to December 1983), an investigation was mounted to determine common ectoparasitic infestation of small ruminants in selected farms in Nsukka, Nigeria. The species identified in goats included Ctenocephalides canis, Boophilius decolouratus and Amblyomma variegatum lides while those recovered from parasitized sheep were Ctenocephalides canis and Damalinia ovis. Out of a total of 148 sheep and goats examined for ectoparasites, 68 (45.95\%) were infested. A further breakdown of this figure shows that 10 (18.52\%) out of a total number of 54 sheep screened were infested, while 58 (61.70\%) of the goats (94) examined were infested. Identification of these ectoparasites was by anatomical and morphological characteristics. Result of the investigation indicated that there was variation in the degree of ectoparasitic infestation from one animal to another. Epizootiological factors associated with ectoparasitic infestation of small ruminants were highlighted and the zoonotic importance of Ctenocephalides canis and Amblyomma variagatum was discussed.}, keywords = {animals, Climate, ectoparasite, Fleas/classification, goats, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nigeria, sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology, Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0377-0168}, author = {Ugochukwu,E. I. and Apeh,A. O.} } @article {46387, title = {Ectoparasites of the blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra)}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {481 - 484}, abstract = {

Fifty-two free-ranging blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) from Texas were examined for ectoparasites. Two species of sucking lice (Anoplura), one species of chewing louse (Mallophaga), one species of louse fly (Diptera), and three species of ticks (Acari) were found. This is the first report of the anoplurans Linognathus cervicaprae and L. pithodes from the Western Hemisphere. The southern deer ked (Lipoptena mazamae), the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus), and the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) are reported from blackbuck for the first time. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the mallophagan (Damalinia cornuta cornuta) were reported previously from blackbuck in Texas, the latter species under the name Tricholipeurus balanicus balanicus.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Antelopes, Dermacentor, Diptera, ectoparasite, epidemiology, Mallophaga, Prevalence, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Texas, Tick, ticks, veterinary}, isbn = {0090-3558}, url = {https://www.jwildlifedis.org/action/doSearch?AllField=Tricholipeurus+balanicus+balanicus+\%28Werneck\%2C+1938\%29+\%28Mallophaga\%2C+Trichodectidae\%29+on+blackbuck+antelope+\%28Antilope+cervicapra+L.\%29+in+Texas}, author = {James W. Mertins and Schlater,Jack L. and Corn,Joseph L.} } @article {46319, title = {Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pesticide Residues); 60-57-1 (Dieldrin); RF: 35; ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {1355 - 1362}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {For about 100 years Australian woolgrowers have used a variety of chemicals to control blowflies, lice and other ectoparasites of sheep. While the chemicals have changed considerably the application technology has not changed very much at all. Chemicals registered for use on sheep have paralleled the evolution of synthetic insecticides with the unfortunate consequence of the development of resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, following closely behind. Organochlorine (dieldrin) resistance peaked at about 70\% in 1958 when unacceptable residues in meat and wool forced their withdrawal. Organophosphate (OP) resistance appeared in 1965. With no alternative insecticide classes until 1979, OP resistance reached near fixation levels by the early 1970s and has remained unchanged. OP resistance has reduced the protection period from over 16 weeks to about 6 weeks. Moreover, resistance has decreased the effectiveness of many flystrike dressings to unacceptably low levels. OPs are still very effective against sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis but control is hampered by inadequate application via plunge or shower dipping. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour-on products were released in 1981 but resistance developed by 1985 and many woolgrowers were unable to eradicate lice with pour-on products. Highest Resistance Factors at this time were only about 26 x but this was sufficient to prevent pour-ons working efficiently. By 1991 a population from Hartley in NSW was found to be 642 x resistant to cypermethrin with side-resistance conferred to the other SPs. SP resistance was partially suppresible by piperonyl butoxide but field trials suggested that the resulting improvement in efficacy was not sufficient to be commercially attractive. OPs remain very effective if applied correctly and the release of ivermectin and 2 benzoylphenyl urea products significantly improves the prospects for resistance management. However the increasing environmental concern about the persistence of chemical residues in wool has stimulated interest in biological control of sheep lice by Bacillus thuringiensis.}, keywords = {animals, Dieldrin, Diptera, ectoparasite, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, lice, meat, pesticide, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Levot,G. W.} } @article {46310, title = {Ectoparasites (Acari, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Diptera) of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from southern Florida}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {96 - 101}, abstract = {

During a 7-yr period (1984-1990), 300 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), from 7 localities in Collier, Dade, and Monroe counties in southern Florida were e

}, keywords = {animals, deer, Dermacentor, Diptera, ectoparasite, Ixodes/classification, Lice/classification, Mites/classification, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Ticks/classification}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45177.pdf}, author = {Forrester,Donald J. and McLaughlin,G. S. and S. R. Telford Jr and Foster,Garry W. and McCown,J. W.} } @article {46160, title = {Diversity of ectoparasites in sheep flocks in S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Tropical animal health and production}, volume = {32}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {225 - 232}, abstract = {The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the {\textquoteright}Associacao Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos{\textquoteright} (ASPACO; Sao Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6\% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5\%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5\%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0\%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3\%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8\%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0\%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9\%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3\%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9\%), and ticks with lice (5.0\%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8\%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Brazil, Diptera, ectoparasite, lice, Lice Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary, Questionnaires, Screw Worm, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/economics/epidemiology/parasitology, Tick Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary, ticks}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44992.pdf}, author = {Madeira,N. G. and Amarante,A. F. and Padovani,Carlos Roberto} } @article {46110, title = {Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXIX. Helminth and arthropod parasites of Angora goats in the southern Karoo}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {68}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401107; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {27 - 35}, address = {South Africa}, abstract = {

Parasites were collected from 160 Angora goats and kids on the Jansenville Experimental Farm, Eastern Cape Province. Six nematodes were identified to species level and three to generic level. Nematodirus spathiger was the most numerous of the economically important nematodes recovered. It was always present, and fourth stage larvae were collected from untreated goats from August to March, while animals used as tracers also picked up most infection from August to March. Kids born on the farm during October acquired their first nematode infections between 2 and 3 months of age and the intensity of infection increased erratically thereafter to reach a plateau once the kids were 14 months of age. Eight of the nine kids between 3 and 5 months of age and examined between January and March were infected with Moniezia expansa. Five ixodid tick species were collected from the goats of which Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum was the most numerous and prevalent. Its immature stages were present mainly from March to September and adults from July to January. The goats also harboured the biting louse Damalinia limbata and the sucking louse Linognathus africanus. The greatest intensity of infestation with L. africanus occurred on the kids during the first few months of their lives. The larvae of the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis were present in kids at 1 month of age, and infestation took place mainly from spring to late summer.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, animals, Arthropods/classification, Diptera, ectoparasite, goat diseases, goats, Helminths, lice, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Nematoda/isolation \& purification, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, South Africa, Strongylida/isolation \& purification, Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0030-2465}, url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cfea/45b6a119ca92b00c5259f90fdbd3d9da8355.pdf}, author = {Horak,Ivan G. and Macivor,K. M. and Greeff,C. J.} } @article {40383, title = {Elements for positive diagnosis of ectoparasitosis in ruminants}, journal = {Point Veterinaire}, volume = {29}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {45 - 49}, abstract = {Ticks, tabanidae, muscidae cause ectoparasitoses on outdoor animals, and mites (mange and lice) on indoor ruminants. Usually the young are more sensitive than the adults. In bovine with lice, the pruritus causes hair lesions (broken hair), and alopecic areas. The clinical signs are worse in case of mange. The lesions are similar in sheep, but spread on different areas. Mange due to sarcoptes scabei can seriously affect the general condition of the affected sheep. The parasite is found insitu and by sampling (skin scrape). The analysis requires a magnifying glass or a microscope (4 figures,1 box, 57 references).}, keywords = {Acari, arthropods, cattle, Diagnosis, ectoparasite, mange, parasite, Parasitology, Psoroptes ovis, ruminants}, author = {Lonneux,J. F. and Losson,B.} } @article {40228, title = {Sheep showers}, journal = {Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding}, volume = {43}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {285 - 294}, abstract = {Sheep showers are returning to use as backline treatments with synthetic pyrethroids lose their efficacy against sheep chewing lice Bovicola ovis. The history of showers is given. The design of major components is described and suggestions made for improvements. The importance of top nozzles and pump output volume is emphasised. The need for showering in short wool is described and for holding sheep under the shower for periods of 4-10 minutes is discussed.}, keywords = {Control, ectoparasite, nozzles, resistance, sheep, shower, showering, times, top, volume}, author = {Sinclair,A.} } @article {40209, title = {Arthropod parasites of impalas in the Kruger national park with particular reference to ticks}, journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {123 - 126}, abstract = {

Adult male and female impalas Aepyceros melampus were examined for ectoparasites at monthly intervals for a period of 17 and 15 months, respectively, at Skukuza and north of Malelane in the southern Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa. A total of 34 male and 31 female impalas were examined and Boophilus decoloratus was the most abundant and prevalent ixodid tick collected. In addition to this tick of which both the mean immature and adult burdens were large, the impalas also harboured large numbers of immature and few adult ticks of other species. Comparisons were also made between male and female animals and between the two localities for the six major tick species and four louse species collected. Male animals from north of Malelane harboured significantly more (p\<0.05) adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus than did females from the same locality, which in turn harboured significantly more Damalinia aepycerus than the males. There were no differences in the tick and lice burdens between male and female impalas examined around Skukuza. Significantly more (p\<0.05) Amblyomma hebraeum immatures, Amblyomma marmoreum larvae, Damalinia elongata nymphs and adults and D. aepycerus nymphs, and significantly fewer (p\<0.05) Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi immatures and R. appendiculatus nymphs were collected from impalas around Skukuza than from those examined north of Malelane. In addition the life stage compositions of populations of various ixodid tick species were compared on impalas, kudus, nyalas and cattle from several localities. With few exceptions the cattle harboured greater percentages of adult A. hebraeum, R. appendiculatus and R. evertsi evertsi than did the antelopes, which conversely harboured greater percentages of immature ticks.

}, keywords = {amblyomma, animals, antelope, arthropod, cattle, ectoparasite, host, impala, ixodidae, lice, northern, parasite, South Africa, ticks, Transvaal, wild}, url = {https://journals.co.za/content/wild/25/4/EJC116983}, author = {Horak,Ivan G. and Fourie,L. J. and van Zyl,J. M.} } @article {40157, title = {Ectoparasites of livestock in New Zealand}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Zoology}, volume = {21}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {23 - 38}, abstract = {Ectoparasites (blowflies, lice, ticks, and mites) are not the main threat to farm production in New Zealand but are major concerns to the farmer and are a drain on resources. Lice and blowflies have been present from the earliest days of pastoral agriculture in New Zealand, as was the scab mite, Psoroptes ovis, supposedly extinct since the 1880s. The cattle tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, was a later addition to New Zealand{\textquoteright}s arthropod pest fauna, which has been extended further by the relatively recent introduction of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Lesser players such as the sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus), mange mites (Chorioptes spp., Psorergates ovis, Psoroptes spp., Demodex spp.), and a bot fly (Oestrus ovis) add their tiny din as background noise to the orchestrated effects of the main players. Estimates of the monetary losses due to ectoparasites can be computed, but their long-term value is doubtful - particularly when seen against a background of fluctuating world prices and occasional reversals of differential values between, say, carcase and by-products. Flystrike alone is estimated to cost >$30 million annually. To this can be added the losses due to other ectoparasites. In the light of these costs it is clear that the <$1 million currently spent annually on research demonstrates high cost- effectiveness. However, given the continuing application of pesticides (and the attendant drain on overseas funds to purchase them), plus the labour associated with preventing or alleviating ectoparasite damage, and the production losses or deaths that cannot be Prevented, a net loss to farming due to ectoparasites cannot be denied. This paper briefly examines the historical aspects of the ectoparasites of livestock in New Zealand, and follows with a view of their current prevalence, geographical distribution, and economics. Next there is a discussion of the management ({\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}control{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}) methods currently employed, considering topics such as insecticide resistance, biological control, molecular biology, and rural sociology. Finally, I attempt a glimpse into the future, based on the assumption that unrestricted use of insecticides may no longer be an option for agriculture within the next 20 years, or sooner.}, keywords = {blowflies, Control, ectoparasite, lice, Livestock, mange, new zealand, options, Tick}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38470.pdf}, author = {A. C. G. Heath} } @article {40060, title = {Ecto- and endoparasites of introduced gemsbok in the Orange Free State}, journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {82 - 87}, abstract = {

The gemsbok, Oryx gazella, is an introduced species in the Orange Free State. Two antelope were shot each month in the Willem Pretorius Nature Reserve from February 1987 to January 1988 in order to determine their parasitic burdens. Although none of the gemsbok harboured large burdens, nine ixodid tick species, two louse species, 17 nematode species and a cestode species were recovered. Margaropus winthemi, which was mainly present from July to September, was the most abundant tick, followed by Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, which showed no clear pattern of seasonal abundance. Young antelope harboured significantly greater numbers of the sucking louse Linognathus oryx than did older animals. Trichostrongylus falculatus was the most numerous nematode, followed by Cooperia fuelleborni. No pattern of seasonal abundance was evident for any of the helminths.

}, keywords = {and, animals, antelope, arthropod, cattle, ectoparasite, Endoparasites, Helminths, introduced, ixodid, oryx gazella, paralysis, parasite, populations, sheep, South Africa, species, ticks, wild}, url = {https://journals.co.za/content/wild/21/3/EJC116876}, author = {Fourie,L. J. and Vrahimis,S. and Horak,Ivan G. and Terblanche,H. J. and Kok,O. B.} } @article {39830, title = {Arthropod parasites of Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) and Gazelles (Gazella gazella) in Israel}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {83}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {167 - 173}, abstract = {

In a 20-year survey the following ectoparasites were collected from Nubian ibexes: larvae of an unidentified Oestrus sp. collected from the nasal cavities, sinuses and hems, hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena chalcomelaena) specific to the Nubian ibex, blood sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.). Ibexes were severely infested with the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus; a few Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum ticks were also collected. In five ibexes kept in two toes, showing otitis, Psoroptes cuniculi, was identified, and from skin scrapings of nine animals with severe dermatitis in three other toes, Sarcoptes scabiei was isolated. Infestation of Nubian ibexes with sucking and biting lice as well as H. anatolicum excavatum is reported for the first time. The ectoparasites collected from gazelles were: hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena capreoli), calliphorid flies (Lucilia sericata and Calliphora sp.), sucking lice (Linognathus africanus and Solenopotes capillatus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis), and ticks, B, annalatus, Rhipicepahlus bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, H. anatolicum excavatum and H. marginatum rufipes. In skin scrapings of four gazelles with local dermatitis in the fetlocks Chorioptes bovis was identified. Neoschoengastia sp. was found in craters between the claws in three gazelles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Capra, ectoparasite, Gazella, Ibex}, doi = {10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00073-4}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12906213_Arthropod_parasites_of_Nubian_ibexes_Capra_ibex_nubiana_and_Gazelles_Gazella_gazella_in_Israel}, author = {Yeruham,I. and Rosen,S. and Hadani,A. and Braverman,Y.} }