@article {96613, title = {THE INSECTS OF ST. CROIX, V. I.}, journal = {The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico}, volume = {28}, year = {1944}, month = {Oct-01-1944}, pages = {114-172}, abstract = {

Resumen en ingl\és. No abstract

}, keywords = {Eomenacanthus stramineus, Esthiopterum crassicorne, Goniodes meleagridis, Menopon numidae, Neocolpocephalum flavescens, Proctophyllodies sp., Tricholoectes sp.}, issn = {2308-1759, 0041-994X}, doi = {10.46429/jaupr.v28i3-4.14313}, url = {https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/jaupr/article/view/14313/11900}, author = {Harry A. Beatty} } @mastersthesis {96557, title = {Baseline Health Survey of Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) From Across Western Oklahoma}, volume = {MSc}, year = {2021}, month = {Dec 2021}, pages = {ix, 126 pp}, school = {University of Georgia}, address = {ATHENS, GEORGIA}, abstract = {

The Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) is a valuable upland game bird in Oklahoma that has been suffering from severe and ongoing population decline. In this study, we evaluated the health of bobwhite quail across western Oklahoma through necropsy and screening for selected pathogens and parasites.\  A total of 206 bobwhite were sampled, processed, and were found to be in overall good condition with ample muscle mass and visible fat stores. Many pathogens screened for were not found; however, several pathogens or protozoan parasites of potential importance were detected including Toxoplasma gondii and Avian Adenovirus. Although numerous species of external, intramuscular, intraorbital and gastrointestinal parasites were observed, the prevalence and intensities were low. However, two parasites (Aulonocephalus pennula and Raillietina) were associated with reduced fat stores. Establishing baseline health data can help guide management strategies to preserve existing populations of the Northern Bobwhite Quail in Oklahoma.

}, keywords = {health survey, Northern Bobwhite Quail, Oxyspirura petrowi, parasites, pathogens, population decline}, url = {https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/9949420930602959}, author = {Seth T. Wyckoff} } @article {96556, title = {Surveillance for Selected Pathogens and Parasites of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from Western Oklahoma, USA, 2018-20}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, year = {2024}, pages = {16 pp}, type = {Research article, online ahead of print}, abstract = {

The Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) has been undergoing a range-wide population decline. Potential causes for declines across its historic range have been investigated for decades and include habitat loss and fragmentation and a variety of parasitic and infectious diseases. Although there have been studies on bobwhite ecology in Oklahoma, USA, relatively little is known about parasites and pathogens in the region. We evaluated the health of free-ranging bobwhites from nine sites in western Oklahoma. From 2018 to 2020, 206 bobwhites were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions and tested for selected pathogens. In general, bobwhites were in good nutritional condition with ample muscle mass and fat stores. No significant gross lesions were observed in any bobwhite and no significant histologic lesions were detected in a subset. There was no evidence of infection with or exposure to reticuloendotheliosis virus, West Nile virus, respiratory Mycoplasmataceae species, Pasteurella multocida, intestinal Eimeria spp., or oral Trichomonas spp. Several pathogens of potential concern were detected, including avian adenovirus (8.6\%), Toxoplasma gondii (2.3\%), and haemosporidians (a Haemoproteus sp. (1.5\%), Leucocytozoon schoutedeni (1.5\%), and Plasmodium homopolare haplotype 2 [lineage LAIRI01; 3.6\%]). Physaloptera sp. (12\%) and Sarcocystis sp. (1\%) were detected in the breast muscle. Low intraspecific genetic diversity was noted for Physaloptera sp., and sequences were most similar to Physaloptera sequences from bobwhites and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in Texas. Low intensities of chewing lice, chiggers, and ticks were observed. A subset of bobwhites had evidence of exposure to selected toxicants and heavy metals; a small number had low levels of iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and copper, which were not considered diagnostically relevant. In general, bobwhites from western Oklahoma appeared to be in good health with a low diversity of pathogens detected, but future work is needed to understand potentially changing disease risks for this population.

}, keywords = {parasites, pathogens, population decline, toxins}, url = {https://meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article-abstract/doi/10.7589/JWD-D-23-00102/498830/Surveillance-for-Selected-Pathogens-and-Parasites?redirectedFrom=fulltext}, author = {Seth T. Wyckoff and Tell C. Judkins and Nicole M. Nemeth and Mark G. Ruder and James A. Martin and Melanie R. Kunkel and Kayla B. Garrett and Kayla G. Adcock and Daniel G. Mead and Michael J. Yabsley} } @mastersthesis {96429, title = {HOW DOES CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE PARASITE PRESSURE ON BIRDS?}, volume = {MSc}, year = {2023}, month = {Aug 2023}, pages = {75 pp}, school = {UNiversity of Utah}, type = {Master of Science in Biology}, address = {Salt Lake City, Utah}, abstract = {

Climate change will impact ecosystems as abiotic factors such as temperature and humidity change. Changes in ecosystems will lead to changes in species composition as species either relocate, adapt to their new environment, or go extinct. It is only possible to make robust predictions about how climate change will influence the distribution of species if information about their natural history is known. There is, however, a gap in our knowledge about the natural history of many organisms, which makes it difficult to predict how these species will be influenced by changes in the environment. Organisms such as parasites, are understudied even though they represent a large percentage of eukaryotic biodiversity and can impact their hosts. With ectoparasites on doves and pigeons (Columbiformes), it has been found that humidity may influence their populations, with more ectoparasites being found in regions with higher humidity than in regions with lower humidity. Unfortunately, there is a sampling bias with more surveys of parasites being carried out in humid regions than arid regions.

To better understand how parasites will be influenced by climate change, I conducted surveys of ectoparasites found on birds in urban and montane Utah. The prevalence of chewing lice was 10\% in the montane region and 5.6\% in the urban region.
Although many of the birds sampled are common to Utah, new louse host records were found in each survey, highlighting how understudied these ectoparasites are.

For Chapter 3, faunal surveys of birds and their ectoparasitic lice were used to investigate how likely changes in humidity will influence ectoparasite pressure on birds. Louse prevalence was significantly positively correlated with humidity, and louse
abundance tended to increase with humidity. The results from this study imply that the number of lice will decrease as areas become arid and increase in areas becoming wetter. However, more surveys should be carried out in regions with lower humidity so that more robust predictions can be made on how climate change could influence ectoparasite populations.

}, keywords = {Accipitriformes, Cardellina pusilla, Columbina inca}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/96429.pdf}, author = {Kyle McKay Davis} } @article {95413, title = {Preh{\v l}ad {\v s}vol (Mallophaga) v zbierkach Tur{\v c}ianskeho m{\'u}zea Andreja Kme{\v t}a v Martine}, journal = {Kmetianum, Martin}, volume = {8}, year = {1987}, pages = {321-331}, abstract = {

Paper in Slovak

English translated title: A survey of Mallophaga in the collections of Andrej Kmet Turcianske Museum in Martin.

Abstract: By 1984, the collection in the musuem has aquired 105 Mallophaga species, belonging to 41 genera.. The material was collected from 78 bird species and 3 mammal species, comprising of 16.38\% of Slovak fauna. Most of the lice species were collected from birds and mammals from the Turcianska hollow and adjacent mountain ranges (23 habitats) and the reminder from other parks of Slovakia (6 habitats).

}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/95413.pdf}, author = {Vladim{\'\i}r Straka} } @article {95371, title = {Checklist of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) of the birds of Peru}, journal = {Arxius de Miscel{\textperiodcentered}l{\`a}nia Zool{\`o}gica}, volume = {19}, year = {2021}, month = {02-2021}, pages = {7 - 52}, abstract = {

Peru is one of the countries with the highest diversity of birds worldwide, having about 1,876 species in its territory. However, studies focused on chewing lice (Phthiraptera) have been carried out on only a minority of bird species. The available data are distributed in 87 publications in the national and international literature. In this checklist we summarize all the records to date of chewing lice on wild and domestic birds in Peru. Among the 301 species of birds studied, 266 species of chewing lice were recorded. The localities with the highest records were the Departments of Cusco, Jun\ín, Lima and Madre de Dios. No records of birds parasitized by these lice have been found in seven departments of Peru. Studies related to lice have only been reported in 16 \% of bird species in the country, indicating that research concerning chewing lice has not yet been performed for the the majority of birds in Peru.

Spanish title: Lista de verificaci\ón de piojos masticadores (Phthiraptera: Amblycera e Ischnocera) de las aves de Per\ú

Resumen: Per\ú es uno de los pa\íses con mayor diversidad de aves del mundo, con unas 1.876 especies en su territorio. Sin embargo, los estudios dedicados a piojos masticadores (Phthiraptera) de aves se limitan a un n\úmero reducido de especies. Esta informaci\ón se encuentra distribuida en 87 publicaciones nacionales e internacionales. Esta lista de verificaci\ón incluye todos los registros de piojos masticadores realizados en aves silvestres y dom\ésticas de Per\ú. La lista consta de 301 especies de aves en las que se registraron 266 especies de piojos masticadores. Las zonas con mayores registros fueron los departamentos de Cuzco, Jun\ín, Lima y Madre de Dios. No se encontraron registros de aves parasitadas por piojos en siete departamentos de Per\ú. Tan solo el 16 \% de las especies de aves de Per\ú cuentan con alg\ún estudio referido a piojos, por lo que una importante proporci\ón de aves parasitadas por los mismos permanece indocumentada.

Palabras claves: Avifauna, Ectopar\ásitos, Piojos, Parasitolog\ía, Phthiraptera

Catalan title: Llista de verificaci\ó de polls mastegadors (Phthiraptera: Amblycera e Ischnocera) dels ocells del Per\ú

Resum: El Per\ú \és un dels pa\ïsos amb m\és diversitat d\’ocells del m\ón, amb unes 1.876 esp\ècies al seu territori. Tanmateix, els estudis dedicats a polls mastegadors (Phthiraptera) d\’ocells es limiten a un nombre redu\ït d\’esp\ècies. Aquesta informaci\ó es troba distribu\ïda en 87 publicacions nacionals i internacionals. Aquesta llista de verificaci\ó inclou tots els registres de polls mastegadors portats a terme en ocells silvestres i dom\èstics del Per\ú. La llista consta de 301 esp\ècies d\’ocells en les quals es van registrar 266 esp\ècies de polls mastegadors. Les zones amb m\és registres van ser els departaments de Cusco, Jun\ín, Lima i Madre de Dios. No es van trobar registres d\’ocells parasitats per polls en set departaments del Per\ú. Nom\és el 16 \% de les esp\ècies d\’ocells del Per\ú tenen algun estudi referit a polls, per la qual cosa una proporci\ó important d\’ocells parasitats per polls est\à indocumentada.

}, keywords = {Avifauna, ectoparasites, lice, Mayriphilopterus, Parasitology, Ramphasticolla}, doi = {10.32800/amz.2021.19.0007}, url = {http://amz.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-19-2021-en/checklist-of-chewing-lice-phthiraptera-amblycera-and-ischnocera-of-the-birds-of-peru/?lang=en}, author = {David Minaya and Fabiola Pr{\'\i}ncipe and José Iannacone} } @article {95079, title = {Uso de extractos de {\'a}rboles para controlar exopar{\'a}sitos de guajolotes (Meleagris gallopavo)}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

Paper in Spanish

Resumen

Con el objetivo de conocer si el extracto de hojas de Guacimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) tiene propiedades insecticidas similares al de las hojas de Neem (Azadirachta indica), se realiz\ó el presente estudio. Se prob\ó en condiciones de laboratorio el efecto de extracto et\ílico, infusi\ón acuosa, destilaci\ón con acetona, etanol y agua en hormigas. Se registr\ó mortalidad y tiempo de acci\ón letal. Los mejores tratamientos para Neem: infusi\ón y destilaci\ón con agua; para Guacimao: destilaci\ón con acetona y etanol. Se aplicaron en condiciones de campo a guajolotes infestados naturalmente con piojos y \ácaros. Se us\ó desparasitante comercial y agua como testigos. Al d\ía siguiente de la aplicaci\ón y en los d\ías 7, 14 y 21 posteriores se contabilizaron los par\ásitos. Despu\és del d\ía 21 se aplic\ó una segunda dosis. Todos los tratamientos presentaron efecto desparasitante (p \< 0.05). Infusi\ón acuosa de Neem present\ó igual efecto residual que el desparasitante comercial (p \< 0.05). Propiedades insecticidas del Neem se conservan independientemente del solvente, la infusi\ón en agua es similar que el desparasitante comercial. Extracto de Guacimo con acetona tiene propiedades similares a algunos extractos de Neem.

Palabras clave:\ Azadirachta indica; Guacimo; Guazuma ulmifolia; neem; pavo

English totle: Use of tree extracts to exoparasites control in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract: This study was conducted in order to determine if leaf extract Guacimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) has insecticidal properties such as Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica). Effects of ethanol extract, aqueous infusion, distillation with acetone, ethanol, or water, were tested in ants under laboratory conditions. Mortality and lethal action time was recorded. The best treatments for Neem: infusion and distillation with water; for Guacimo: distillation acetone and ethanol. Treatments were applied under field conditions to turkeys naturally infested with lice and mites. Commercial dewormer and water was used as controls. The day after application and on days 7, 14 and 21 later, parasites were counted. After 21 second dose was applied. All treatments had dewormer effect (p \< 0.05). Aqueous infusion of Neem presented residual effect like commercial dewormer (p \< 0.05). Neem insecticidal properties are preserved regardless of solvent. Water infusion is similar to commercial dewormer. Guacimo with acetone extract has similar properties to some extracts of Neem.

}, keywords = {Azadirachta indica, Guacimo, Guazuma ulmifolia, neem., Turkey}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2016.1010 }, url = {http://www.actauniversitaria.ugto.mx/index.php/acta/article/view/1010}, author = {Seraf{\'\i}n Jacobo L{\'o}pez-Garrido and Martha Patricia Jerez-Salas and Juan Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-L{\'o}pez and M{\'o}nica Marcela Jim{\'e}nez-Galicia and Narciso Ysac {\'A}vila-Serrano and Edgar Iv{\'a}n S{\'a}nchez-Bernal and Jaime Arroyo-Ledezma and Marco Antonio Camacho-Escobar} } @article {95053, title = {Ectoparasites of Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in Al-Diwaniya City/Iraq}, journal = {International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {666-677}, abstract = {

The present study was conducted during the period from 1/9/2014 - 1/5/2015; 50 birds of domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was collected from different areas of Al-Diwaniya city, in order to isolate and diagnose ectoparasites on turkeys as well as study infection percentage by these parasites with the intensity and the most important pathological changes caused by the infection The results showed presence of four species of biting lice (Gonoiocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus straminus and Oxylipeurus sp.) by infection and intensity of 10\% and 6.81, 0.4\% and 4.72, 2\% and 0.54, 2\% and 0.09, respectively, and two species of ticks (Arguspersicus and Haemophysalis sp. Nymph) by injury and intensity of 2\% and 0.54, 0.2\% and 0.24, respectively. The results also showed that the infection distribution in external parasites of turkey by sex were higher in males than females because the infection percentage was reached32 and 12\% respectively, as well as incidence a many of pathological and gross changes of infected birds lice such as lethargy, laziness, wings sagging, nervous tension, break feathers and loosed in addition to skin color changed, appearance of scratches and bleeding

}, keywords = {biting lice, domestic, ticks, Turkey}, issn = {2319-7706}, url = {https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-4-10/Hadi\%20M.\%20Hamza\%20Al-Mayali\%20and\%20Hind\%20A.\%20Abdul\%20Kadhim.pdf}, author = {Hadi M. Hamza Al-Mayali and Hind Alshabiny Abdul Kadhim} } @mastersthesis {95030, title = {A Parasite Survey of Passerine Birds and Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion}, volume = {MSc}, year = {2020}, month = {05-2020}, pages = {113 pp}, school = {Texas Tech University}, type = {Environmental Toxicology}, address = {Lubbock, Texas}, abstract = {

Eyeworms (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worms (Aulonocephalus pennula) are heteroxenous nematodes being investigated as contributors to the decline of the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter Bobwhite), an iconic game bird. Researchers have documented declines of over 4\% annually across the range and declines in historic strongholds including the Rolling Plains of Texas. While climatic factors and habitat change were considered to be leading contributors, parasitic infection is gaining attention as a potentially important factor. Researchers have documented infection rates of eyeworms in Bobwhite as high as 90\% and caecal worms as high as 100\%. Furthermore, eyeworms have been documented in a Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre), Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), and Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) from the Rolling Plains. This is likely due to their diets, which include insect intermediate hosts of eyeworms. However, due to\  extremely few comprehensive parasite studies concerning these species and previous passerine helminth reports being compiled from incidental bycatch, the extent of shared parasitism between quail and passerines in the Rolling Plains is unknown. Thus, the potential for passerines specifically to serve as reservoir hosts or means of dispersal to introduce parasites to na\ïve populations may currently be overlooked. To investigate this possibility and further document shared parasitism between passerines and quail, full parasite surveys on Bobwhite, Scaled Quail, Northern Mockingbirds, Curve-billed Thrashers, and Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) were conducted. Birds were trapped with baited double funnel traps at three study sites in the Rolling Plains from March to October 2019. After which, specimens were fully necropsied and both endo and ectoparasite prevalence were assessed. These assessments have demonstrated instances of coinfection, with one of the most prominent cohabitations occurring between eyeworms and lice across all species. In addition to this, data elicited from this survey contributes to broadening the current knowledge of parasitic infection concerning the study species. The findings of this study are a valuable baseline for future studies given the passerines\’ potential to serve as reservoir hosts and disperse parasites.

}, url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2346/85739}, author = {Jessica Louise Herzog} } @article {94993, title = {Four Species of Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from a Single Wild Turkey in Maryland}, journal = {The Maryland Entomologist}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {09-2013}, pages = {2 -5}, url = {https://www.mdentsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/MD-Entomologist-book-2013-proof.pdf}, author = {Warren E. Steiner_Jr.} } @article {94980, title = {Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {13}, year = {2020}, month = {01-2020}, pages = {782 - 788}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70\% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed.

Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Menacanthus) were identified. Lipeurus was the most frequently identified genera in turkeys, whereas Menacanthus was the most rarely identified one. The White Holland breed had the highest number of lice infestations, whereas the Jersey Buff breed exhibited the highest diversity of lice genera. The average number of lice infestations was higher in male turkeys than in female turkeys.

Conclusion: The occurrence of ectoparasites in domestic turkeys indicates that the existence and diversity of lice genera in the study location can be influenced by turkey type, turkey maintenance system, enclosure sanitation measures, lack of strategic ectoparasite control, and environmental factors.

}, keywords = {central java, lice, Turkey, Yogyakarta}, issn = {09728988}, doi = {10.14202/vetworld.2020.782-788}, url = {http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.13/April-2020/25.html}, author = {Joko Prastowo and Dwi Priyowidodo and Wisnu Nurcahyo and Defriana Lutfi Chusnaifah and Lu{\textquoteright}lu{\textquoteright} Sahara Wusahaningtyas and Lintang Winantya Firdausy and Ana Sahara} } @article {94899, title = {Lousiness in a Nandanam Variety of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)}, journal = {The Indian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {96}, year = {2019}, pages = {77 - 79}, abstract = {

The present study records severe lousiness in a Nandanam variety of male turkey maintained in an organized poultry farm. The lice were collected, processed and identied based on morphological characteristics. Coexistence of two species of lice viz., Oxylipeurus polytrape- zius (the slender turkey louse) and Menacan- thus stramineus (Body louse), and was observed along with nymphs, larvae and numerous nits.

}, keywords = {Turkey lice}, issn = {online 0974-9365}, url = {https://ivj.org.in/users/members/viewarticles.aspx?ArticleView=1\&ArticleID=8857$\#$}, author = {Narayanaperumal Jeyathilakan and S.T. Bino_Sundar and A. Sangaran} } @article {94888, title = {Ectoparasites of Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in Al-Diwaniya City/Iraq}, journal = {International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {10-2015}, pages = {669 - 677}, abstract = {

The present study was conducted during the period from 1/9/2014 - 1/5/2015; 50 birds of domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was collected from different areas of Al-Diwaniya city, in order to isolate and diagnose ectoparasites on turkeys as well as study infection percentage by these parasites with the intensity and the most important pathological changes caused by the infection The results showed presence of four species of biting lice (Gonoiocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus straminus and Oxylipeurus sp.) by infection and intensity of 10\% and 6.81, 0.4\% and 4.72, 2\% and 0.54, 2\% and 0.09, respectively, and two species of ticks (Arguspersicus and Haemophysalis sp. Nymph) by injury and intensity of 2\% and 0.54, 0.2\% and 0.24, respectively. The results also showed that the infection distribution in external parasites of turkey by sex were higher in males than females because the infection percentage was reached32 and 12\% respectively, as well as incidence a many of pathological and gross changes of infected birds lice such as lethargy, laziness, wings sagging, nervous tension, break feathers and loosed in addition to skin color changed, appearance of scratches and bleeding

}, keywords = {biting lice, Domestic turkey, ticks}, url = {https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-4-10/Hadi\%20M.\%20Hamza\%20Al-Mayali\%20and\%20Hind\%20A.\%20Abdul\%20Kadhim.pdf}, author = {Hadi Madlool Al-Mayali and Hind Alshabiny Abdul_Kadhim} } @article {94852, title = {Common poultry parasites of backyard hens}, journal = {The Veterinary Nurse}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {584 - 588}, abstract = {

As the incidence of backyard hens being presented in practice increases, it is important that veterinary nurses can identify the commonly found poultry pests and know how best to advise owners on treatment and prevention. Un- treated parasites (both external and internal) can result in debilitation and in some cases can cause death.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Helminths, Infestation, protozoa}, url = {https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/Review/article/common-poultry-parasites-of-backyard-hens}, author = {Gaynor Davies} } @article {94847, title = {ECTOPARASITES AND THEIR DAMAGE IN BACKYARD TURKEYS IN OAXACA{\textquoteright}S COAST, MEXICO}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

The ectoparasites are major animal health problems in poultry farms, can be a health problem for themselves or vectors of various etiologic agents of disease. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the main effects of the domestic turkey ectoparasites obtained from traditional breeding in backyard. Seventy five turkeys were examined backyard; the ectoparasites were collected for identification. Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Oxylipeurus polytrapezius, Menacanthus stramineus, Chelopistes meleagridis, Oxylipeurus corpulentus, and Colpocephalum turbinatum, lice species are identified. The last two are reported for the first time in domestic turkeys. Mites identified were Dermanyssus gallinae, Megninia ginglymura, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and Knemidokoptes mutans. This is the largest list of ectoparasites in turkeys wild or domesticated reported until today. The lesions found were plucking dermatitis, skin irritation, mild to moderate, in the case of avian scabies severe injuries below the scaly skin of legs and tarsi. During the investigation there were two outbreaks of avian pox, related to the presence of ectoparasites. The backyard turkeys are hosts of a greater amount of ectoparasites, than those recorded for wild turkeys or turkey reared intensively, indicating that they are exposed to increased parasitic burden and this increases your chance of getting infectious diseases where external parasites act as vectors.

}, keywords = {Backyard poultry, fowl pox, guajolotes, lice, mites, parasites}, url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ECTOPARASITES-AND-THEIR-DAMAGE-IN-BACKYARD-TURKEYS-Camacho-Escobar-Arroyo-Ledezma/ef8434e2e9b27a291b9f9b01d1ef55823d0dd37f$\#$paper-header}, author = {Marco Antonio Camacho-Escobar and Jaime Arroyo-Ledezma and Narciso Ysac {\'A}vila-Serrano and Martha Patricia Jerez-Salas and Edgar Iv{\'a}n S{\'a}nchez-Bernal and Juan Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-L{\'o}pez} } @article {68828, title = {New record of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from domestic and ornamental birds from Chile}, journal = {Archivos de medicina veterinaria}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan-01-2009}, pages = {181 - 184}, abstract = {

The paper is published in Spanish

Abstract in English:

The objective of this study was to confirm and update previous records of Phthiraptera in domestic and ornamental birds of Chile, through the\ examination of the plumage of the birds. The presence of Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae and Menacanthus stramineus species
on the domestic fowl Gallus gallus domesticus was confirmed, and the Menacanthus pallidulus is reported for the first time in Chile. In ornamental birds,\ seven species of lice were reported for the first time in Chile: M. stramineus in wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Goniodes pavonis and Amrysidea\ minuta in the Indian Peafowl, Goniocotes chrysocephalus and Oxylipeurus colchicus in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), and Anaticola\ anseris and Trinoton anserinum in the Greylag Goose (Anser anser).

Abstract in Spanish:

Por medio del examen del plumaje de aves dom\ésticas y ornamentales en Chile se reconfirma la presencia de los phthiraptera Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae y Menacanthus stramineus en la gallina dom\éstica, Gallus gallus domesticus y se registra adem\ás por primera vez en el pa\ís la especie Menacanthus pallidulus. En aves ornamentales se registran en pavo, Meleagris gallipavo, la especie M. stramineus, en pavo real, Pavo cristatus las especies Goniodes pavonis y Amrysidea minuta, en fais\án com\ún Phasianus colchicus las especies Goniocotes chrysocephalus y Oxylipeurus colchicus y en ganso dom\éstico Anser anser las especies Anaticola anseris y Trinoton anserinum. Los siete registros realizados en aves ornamentales representan nuevos reportes para Chile.

}, keywords = {Anser anser, birds, Gallus gallus domesticus, Indian peafowls, lice, Meleagris gallopavo, Phasianus colchicus}, issn = {0301 - 732X}, doi = {10.4067/S0301-732X2009000200013}, url = {http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0301-732X2009000200013\&lng=en\&nrm=iso\&tlng=en}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Lara, J. and Armando Conrado Cicchino} } @booklet {61207, title = {Exercise VIII Order Mallophaga}, note = {Prepared with the aid of John S. Wiseman. A student identification key to certain Mallophaga could be extracted from Manual of Medical Entomology}, abstract = {

Date of publication unknown

}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/61207.pdf}, author = {Furman,D. P.} } @article {48364, title = {Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) as a host of ixodid ticks, lice, and Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) in California State Parks}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {42}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {759 - 771}, abstract = {

Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) were evaluated as potential hosts of ixodid ticks, lice, and Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [s.l.]) in three state parks in Sonoma County, California, USA, during 2003 and 2004. In total, 113 birds were collected, 50 (44.2\%) of which were found to be infested by 361 ixodid ticks representing three species: the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus, n=248), the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, n=112), and one American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Year-round the prevalence of all ticks combined was unrelated to the age or sex of turkeys, and the prevalence of infestation by I. pacificus (35.4\%) was significantly higher than it was for either H. leporispalustris (14.2\%) or D. variabilis (0.9\%). The proportion of the two prevalent tick species differed significantly by life stage with 86.3\% of the I. pacificus and 82.1\% of the H. leporispalustris enumerated being nymphs and larvae, respectively. Three species of lice were collected, including the chicken body louse Menacanthus stramineus (12.5\% of total), Chelopistes meleagridis (37.5\% of total), and Oxylipeurus polytrapezius (50\% of total). The records for all three ticks are the first ever from wild turkeys, and those for the lice are the first from this host in the far-western United States. Wild turkeys potentially were exposed to the feeding activities of I. pacificus nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. as 15\% of host-seeking nymphs (n=200) collected in woodlands used by turkeys as roosting or foraging areas were infected mainly with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). However, only one (1\%) of 90 turkey blood specimens tested by PCR contained B. burgdorferi s.s., and four in vitro, complement-protein assays demonstrated that domestic turkey serum is moderately bacteriolytic for this spirochete. Taken together, these findings indicate that wild turkeys are important avian hosts of I. pacificus nymphs, but they appear to be inconsequential hosts of B. burgdorferi s.l.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.4.759}, url = {https://www.jwildlifedis.org/doi/10.7589/0090-3558-42.4.759}, author = {Lane,Robert S. and Kucera,Thomas F. and Barrett,Reginald H. and Mun,Jeomhee and Wu,Chungling and Vincent Stuart Smith} } @mastersthesis {47927, title = {Studies on the infestation of male pheasants (Phasanius colchicus) with ecto- and endoparasites}, volume = {D.V.M.}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {1 - 243}, school = {Institute of Parasitology, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig}, address = {Leipzig, Germany}, abstract = {Between October 1999 and January 2000 all together 151 male pheasants were examinedfocussing on incidence of ectoparasites and selected endoparasites (Coccidia, helminths), infestation extensity and {\textendash}intensity. 33 one-year-old birds came from two pheasantries from the German states of Sachsen-Anhalt and Brandenburg (capture group). The remaining 118 birds, aged between one and five years, were wildlife animals (wildlife group). They had been shot in 24 different hunting grounds in the Saalkreis-, the Merseburg-Querfurt-, the Bitterfeld-district and on the territory of the City of Halle/Saale (Sachsen-Anhalt). In all 151 pheasants, ecto- and endoparasites could be detected. All pheasants from the wildlife group and all pheasants from the pheasantry A showed an infestation with ectoparasites. Endoparasites were detected in 96.7 \% (n = 146) of all 151 animals examined. All together 12 species of ectoparasites and 11 species of endoparasites were found, another 4 ectoparasites and 2 endoparasites could only be classified as far as to genus. A systematic classification of the detected tapeworm parts could not be carried out because of the poor condition of preservation. In the specimen the following 10 species/genus of mallophaga were detected: Amyrsidea perdicismegalosoma, Anaticola crassicornis crassicornis, Goniocotes chrysocephalus, Lagopoecuscolchicus, Lipeurus maculosus maculosus, Uchida phasiani, Zlotorzyckella colchiciCuclotogaster sp., Lagopoecus sp., Reticulipeurus sp.. Mallophaga of the genus of Cuclotogaster and Lagopoecus were identified in Germany for the first time, Anaticola crassicorniscrassicornis was identified in pheasants (Phasanius colchicus) for the first time worldwide. The detected parasites of the genus Cuclotogaster, Lagopoecus and Reticulipeurus could not be classified morphologically, for they might belong to new species which have not been described yet. Therefore a photographically detailed documentation was carried out. Infestation intensity in the wildlife group (low degree 43.5 \%, medium degree 33 \%, high degree 23.5 \%) and in pheasants from the pheasantry A (low degree 43.5 \%, medium degree 34.8 \%, high degree 21.8 \%) varies only slightly (p>0.05, χ2-test). Feather mites (Megninia ginglymura, Pseudolichus phasani) were detected in 88,7 \% of the pheasants. Pseudolichus phasiani, which so far had only been described once in pheasants (Switzerland, 1997), could be detected for the second time. The pheasants in the wildlife group showed a highly significant higher infestation intensity (low degree 12.0 \%, medium degree 35.9 \%, high degree 52.1 \%) compared to those from the pheasantry A (low degree 47.1 \%, medium degree 29.4 \%, high degree 23.5 \%) (p<0.01, χ2-test). The quill mite Mironovia phasiani was detected in 19.5 \% of the pheasants from the wildlife group, this being the first detection of the species in Europe and obviously the second description worldwide. Minimum infestation intensity with quill mites in the feathers examined was 1, maximum was 12 per pheasant. An infestation with Knemidocoptes mutans was detected for the first time in a wildlife pheasant. Signs were to be found on the toes, the tibiotarsus and around the nostrils. An affection of the nostrils so far had not been described in any host species. In 37.3 \% of the pheasants from the wildlife group larvae and nymphal ticks of Ixodes ricinus could be detected. Infestation intensity varied at a median of 2 between 1 and 14 ticks per pheasant. Pheasants from the capture group showed no ticks. [Summary continues with discussion of endoparasites] }, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47066.pdf}, author = {Gassal,Stefan} } @article {42364, title = {Wild turkey ectoparasites collected in the southeastern United States}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {6}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {329 - 330}, abstract = {

Three hundred and nine eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) from Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Virginia were examined for ectoparasites. The majority of examinations were made in the spring and late summer of 1964, 1965, and 1966. Birds ranged in age from 5 weeks to several years. Ectoparasites found were: ACARINA: Ambylomma americanum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Neoschoengastia americana, Megninia sp.; MALLOPHAGA: Chelopistes meleagridis, Menacanthus stramineus, Oxylipeurus corpulentus, Oxylipeurus polytrapezius; DIPTERA: Lynchia americana, Ornithoctona erythrocephala, Olfersia sp.

}, keywords = {Meleagris gallopavo silvestris}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/6.3.329}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/6/3/329/2221993?redirectedFrom=fulltext}, author = {Kellogg,Forest E. and Prestwood,A. K. and Gerrish,Robert R. and Doster,Gary L.} } @article {40007, title = {Growth rules applied to the stage identification of nymphal instars of some mallophagan species (Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {36}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {121 - 126}, abstract = {

Dyar\&$\#$39;s and Przibram-Megusar\&$\#$39;s rules were used to check the growth progression of the following biting lice (Mallophaga): Amyrsidea megalosoma and Uchida phasiani (Amblycera: Menoponoidae), Goniocotes chrysocephalus and Zlotorzyckella colchici (Ischnocera: Goniodidae), Lipeurus maculosus maculosus and Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus (Ischnocera: Lipeuridae) and Lagopoecus colchicus (Ischnocera: Degeeriellidae) - the parasites of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.). It was shown that the dimensions of the head and body, particularly the head width, as the most suitable measureemnts, follows a regular geometrical progression. The calculated values according to Dyar\&$\#$39;s rule approximate very closely to the observed measurements in all examined species. In the case of A. megalosoma, G. chrysocephalus and L. colchicus - they are identical. Przibram-Megusar\&$\#$39;s rule revealed on latent division in the head width as well as in body of Z. colchici. The case of R. m. colchicus only the measurements of body indicate the extra division.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38265.pdf}, author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Modrzejewska,Maria} } @article {39829, title = {Health status of northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) in eastern Kansas}, journal = {Avian Diseases}, volume = {44}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {953 - 956}, abstract = {

The health status of wild northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) from Lyon County, Kansas, was evaluated by conducting comprehensive health assessments on 25 birds. Gross lesions indicative of avian pox, ulcerative enteritis, and quail bronchitis were not present. Serologic tests for antibodies to Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and avian adenoviruses were all negative. Intestinal coccidia (Eimeria spp.) were found in 36\% of the birds. Only three species of helminth parasites were found: Dispharynx nasuta in two birds, Cyrnea colini in one bird, and larval Physaloptera sp. in four birds. Arthropod parasites (ticks, lice, mites, and/ or chiggers) were present on 96\% of the birds examined. Compared with wild bobwhite populations in the southeastern United States, the diversity, prevalence, and intensities of microbial and parasitic agents were low.

}, keywords = {avian, coccidia, ecology, Florida, Helminths, Kansas, Mycoplasma, northern, parasite, parasitism, Salmonella}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1593071}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1593071}, author = {Williams,C. K. and Davidson,R. and Lutz,R. S. and Applegate,R. D.} } @article {39407, title = {An attempt to identification of nymphal instars of biting lice (Mallophaga) using discriminant function}, journal = {Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne}, volume = {56}, year = {1986}, note = {Taxon names considered in full are: Amyrsidea perdicis megalostoma ex. Phasianus colchicus Uchida phasiani ex. Phasianus colchicus Lipeurus maculosus maculosus ex. Phasianus colchicus Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus ex. Phasianus colchicus}, month = {1986}, pages = {631 - 640}, abstract = {

Discriminant analysis was used to determine the most suitable metrical characters for separating the nymphal instars within and between the following biting lice -A. p. megalosoma and U. phasiani (suborder Amblycera: Menoponoidea ) as well as L. m. maculosus and R. m. colchicus (suborder Ischnocera Lipeuridae). . It was found that dimensions of head, body length and in a few cases abdomen width were good discriminators. For the best pair of characters the equations of linear discriminant function were developed and the percentage of agreement with previous identification, based only on chaetotaxy, was estimated.

}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0926.pdf}, author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Modrzejewska,Maria} } @article {39298, title = {Fitting a bivariate negative binomial model to the distribution of bird lice (Phthiraptera, Mallophaga) parasitizing the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.)}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica Polonica}, volume = {43}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {81 - 85}, abstract = {

The frequency distributions of seven lice species: Amyrsidea perdicis megalosoma (Overgaard, 1943), Uchida phasiani Modrzejewska et Zlotorzycka, 1977 (suborder Amblycera), Goniocotes chrysocephalus Giebel, 1874, Zlotorzyckella colchici (Denny, 1842), Lipeurus maculosus maculosus Clay, 1938, Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus (Clay, 1938) and Lagopoecus colchicus Emerson, 1949 (suborder Ischnocera) parasitizing the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) were characterized with various statistical parameters (mean, range, prevalence and standard deviation) together with three indices of parasite aggregation: parameter a of the negative binomial distribution, coefficient of dispersion (c.d.) as a dispersion to mean ratio (or s/x) and index of discrepancy (D of Poulin\&$\#$39;s index). A complex set of measures of aggregations confirmed the aggregated distributions of all parasite species; in all the series analysed the bird lice distributions fit the negative binomial model. Two parameters a and D of Poulin were correlated, i.e. high values of a were associated with low values of D.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286964477_Fitting_a_bivariate_negative_binomial_model_to_the_distribution_of_bird_lice_Phthiraptera_Mallophaga_parasitizing_the_pheasant_Phasianus_colchicus_L}, author = {Kopoci{\'n}ski,B. and Lonc,Elzbieta and Modrzejewska,Maria} } @article {39157, title = {Stray notes on Mallophaga - X}, journal = {Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12)}, volume = {3}, year = {1946}, note = {b; Check year! The following topics are considered: 70. A new name for Lipeurus obscurus "Giebel 1874" of Clay, 1938: The name Cuculotogaster heterographus obscurior is designated. 71. Various identities of Lipeurus baculus and L. bacillus 72. Lipeurus linearis Nitzsch, 1866 73. A new name for Oxylipeurus piageti, Clay, 1938: This is renamed O. piagetinus. 74. The status of Philopterus phasiani Goureau 75. The host of Paragoniocotes gripocephalusCummings 76. Selection of a type species for Syrrhaptoecus: S. uncinosus is selected 77. The host of Machaerilaemus submaestus Emerson: The type host is Buthraupis m. montana 78. The identity of Colpocephalum menoponides Ewing 79. The host of Colpocephalum ferrisi Bedford 80. The type species of Nosopoios Eichler: Includes a description of the new genus Nosopon 80. [SIC] Identities of Menopon pallescens 81. New names for some species described by Carriker: Goniodes latafasciatus (renamed Goniodes latiorfasciatus), Heptapsogaster inexpectatus (renamed Heptapsogaster insperatus), Rhyncothura minuta (renamed Heptapsogaster minor), Menacanthus annulatus (renamed Menacanthus annuliventer), Menacanthus cornutus(renamed Menacanthus cornuceps), and Menacanthus setosus(renamed Menacanthus setifer).}, month = {1946}, pages = {230 - 242}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0568.pdf}, author = {George H. E. Hopkins} } @book {39119, title = {Phthiraptera (Insecta)}, series = {The Arthropod Parasites of Vertebrate in Africa South of the Sahara}, volume = {IV}, year = {1980}, note = {An extensive book on the lice South of the Sahara in Africa. Contents and taxa covered are as follows (n.b. see additional copies of this reference for the louse index A - H and the host index: CONTENTS Cont.: IBIDOECUS, 117, 118+ ibis, Comatomenopon, 32+, 33 icterodes, Anatoecus, 120, 120t ignotum, Colpocephalum, 45, 45t ilmasae, Brueelia, 143 immaculatu:, Penenirmus, 149 impar, Psittacomenopon, 37 imponderabilica, Brueelia, 143 impressum, Colpocephalum, 42 inaequalis, Anatoecus, 120 inaequalis, Felicola (Felicola), 185 inaequalis, Menacanthus, 57 INCIDIFRONS, 94+, I46 incisa, Saemundssonia, 136 incisum, Meromenopon, 53 incisus, Actornithophilus, 76 incoensis, Lunaceps, 168 incompletus, Neophilopterus, 118 incomposita, Piagetiella, 30 inexpectans, Hoplooleura, 213 inexpectans, Neopsittaconirmus gracilis, 160 infans, Austromenopon sternophilum, 74 infans, Longimenopon, 80 insolitus, Craspedorrhyncius, 126 integer, Saemundssonia, 135 intermedia, Hoplopleura, 212t, 213 intermedius, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 intermedius, Felicola (Protelicola), 183, 184t intermedius, Sturnidoecus, 145 invadens, Myrsidea, 64 irritans, Sturnidoecus, 144 ISCHNOCERA, 87 ismailiae, Hoplopleura, 213 isogenos, Goniodes, 102 jonesi, Polyplax, 228, 229t jordani, Aegypoecus, 127 jordani, Procavicola (Meganarionoides), 191 kaiseri, Polyplax, 229 keleri, Ardeicola, 134 keleri, Austrogoniodes, 98 KELERIMENOPON, 49 kelloggi, Laemobothrion (Eulaemobothrion), 83 keniae, Neohaematopinus, 219 keniensis, Ardeicola, 133 keniensis, Myrsidae, 63, 63t kilimandjarensis, Quadraceps, 153 kimi, Linognathus, 242 kivuensis, Goniocotes clayae, 100 kori, Otidoecus, 166 kosswigi, Saemundssonia, 137 kratochvili, Brueelia, 143 kratochvili, Saernundssonia, 139 KURODAIA, 35 LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE, 23, 82 LAEMOBOTHRION, 82 LAGOPOECUS, 175 lahorensis, Philopterus, 123 lais, Brueelia, 143 lamelligeri, Colpocephalum, 39 lanceolatum, Pseudomenopon, 49 lari, Saemundssonia, 139 lata, Hohorstiella, 52 laticaudata, Saemundssonia, 140 laticeps, Felicola (Suricatoecus), 183 laticeps, Hoplopleura, 214 latifrons Buceronirmus, 171 latifrons, Cuculoecus, 125 latifrons, Myrsidea, 62 latirostris, Cuculicola, 171 latus, Haematopinus, 209 c lawrensis, Eulinognathus, 222 lawrensis, Numidilipeurus, 163 legatus, Quadraceps, 159 LEMURPHTHIRUS, 218 LEPIDOPHTHIRUS, 206 leptocephalus, Prolinognathus, 237, 237t leptomelas, Philopterus, 123 leptopygos, Colpocephalum, 41 lerouxi, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 200 leucocephala, Brueelia, 142 leucogaster, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 leucoproctus, Ardeicola, 135 leucotis, Turacoeca, 31 leucopleura, Degeeriella, 173 leucoxanthum, Holomenopon, 70 lewisi, Linognathus, 239 liberiae, Felicola (Felicola). 185 limbata, Damalinia (Bovicola), 256 limbatus, Cuculicola, 171 limnotragi, Linognathus, 241 limosae, Actornithophilus, 80 limosae, Austromenopoy 75 limosae, Saemundssoni , 138 limosella, Lunaceps, 169 lindfieldi, Procavicola (Condylocephalus), 192 lineata, Oamalinia (Tricholipeurus), 201 lineatus, Falcolipeurus, 105 lineatus, Quadraceps eugramnicus, 158 lingulatus, Quadraceps punctatus, 157+, 158 LINOGNATHIDAE, 236 LINOGNATHUS, 239 LIPEURUS, 161 lobaticeps, Saemundssonia, 140 lobodontis, Antarctophthirus, 206 lockleyi, Saemundssonia, 139 longicephalus, Anatoecus, 120 longicuneatus, Buceronirmus, 171 LONGIMENOPON, 80 longipes, Kelerimenopon, 50t longipes, Kurodaia, 37 longissimum, Colpocephalum, 40 longum, Gruimenopon, 77 lootensi, Goniodes, 103 lopesi, Amyrsidea, 56 lopesi, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 lopesi, Sturnideocus, 145 lophiomydis, Eulinognathus, 222 lophocerus, Chapinia, 61 lotus, Quadraceps, 156 lucidum, Nosopon, 51 lucidum, Nosopon lucidum, 52 ludwigfreundi, Trinoton, 60 lugubris, Pseudonirmus, 114+ LUNACEPS, 168 lurida, Fulicoffula, 130 luridum, Trinoton, 60 lusius, Somaphantus, 53 lutescens, Austromenopon, 74 lyallpurensis, Actornithophi lybartota, Neopsittaconirmus lus, 80 , 160 machadoi, Eurytrichodectes, machadoi, Menacanthus, 57 MACHAERILAEMUS, 26+, 46 macilentus, Heleonomus, 76 187 macquariensis, Austrogoniodes, 98 macrocephalus, Anatoecus, 120 macrocephalus, Haematopinus, 251 macrocephalus, Quadraceps, 154 macrorhini, Lepidophthirus, 206, 206+ macrurus, Felicola (Felicola), 184 maculatus, Ardeicola, 134 maculatus, Ricinus, 85 madagascariensis, Austromenopon, 75 magnini, Brueelia, 143 major, Procaviphilus, 195 malleus, Machaerilaemus, 46 maranensis, Cuclotogaster, 168 marginatus, Penenirmus, 149 marina, Saemundssonia, 136 martinaglia, Damalinia (Damalinia), 198 masudi, Menacanthus, 57 matosi, Ciconiphilus, 35 matschieli, Trichodectes (Lutrida), 181 maxbeieri, Holomenopon, 71 maximum, Laemobothrion (Laemobothrion), 83, 83+ medius, Rhynonirmus, 166 meinertzhageni, Carduiceps, 119, 119+ meinertzhageni , Co1 umbicol a mei nertzhageni , 107 meinertzhageni, Cuclotogaster, 167 meinertzhageni, Degeeriella, 173 meinertzhageni, Haematopinus, 208 meinertzhageni, Ricinus, 86 melanocephalus, Saemundssonia, 140 melittoscopus, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 MENACANTHUS, 55, 56 MENOPON, 54 MENOPONIDAE, 23 meridiana, Saemundssonia, 140 meridionalis, Columbicola meinertzhageni, 107 meridionalis, Polyplax, 228 MEROMENOPON, 53 meropis, Meromenopon, 53 meropis, Meropoecus, 140 MEROPOECUS, 140 meyeri, Austromenopon, 74 micrandum, Austromenopon, 75 microsomaticus, Philopterus excisus, 123, 123+, 124+ milvus, Nosopon, 52 MIMEMAMENOPON, 50 minimus, Felicola (Felicola), 185 minor, Dasyonyx (Dasyonyx),{\textquoteright}I94 minor. Haematooinus. 208 minor; Saemund;sonia, 137 minuta, Werneckia, 211, 211+ miopitheci, Pedicinus (Neopedicinus), 232 mirabilis, Halipeurus (Halipeurus), 116 mirabilis, Rediella, 81 mirabilis, Trabeculus, 111 mitratus, Syrrhaptoecus, 177 mjoebergi, Clayia, 54 modesta, Hohorstiella, 52 mokeetsi, Procavicola (Procavicola), 188, 188+ monilis, Falcolipeurus, 105 montana, Myrsidea, 64, 64+ moreli, Brueelia, 143 moschatus, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 201 moucheti, Clayia, 55 moucheti, Cuclotogaster, 167 moucheti, Goniodes, 102 muesebecki, Procavicola (Meganarionoides), 191 mugimaki, Ricinus, 85 MULCTICOLA, 121 mulleri, Hoplopleura, 214 munda, Brueelia, 142 mungos, Felicola (Suricatoecus), 183 murphyi, Docophoroides, 129 mutabilis, Menacanthus, 57 mylomydis, Hoplopleura, 214 myomyis, Hoplopleura, 214 myotomydis, Polyplax, 227, 227+ MYRSIDEA, 24+, 61 mystax, Rallicola, 148 nairobiensis, Dasyonyx (Neodasyonyx), 194 nancyae, Eidmaniella, 68 nanum, Colpocephalum, 43 napiforme, Colpocephalum, 42 nasvikae, Hoplopleura, 214 natalensis, Damalinia (Damalinia), 199 natalensis, Procavicola (Procavicola), 190 natalensis, Solenopotes, 238, 238t NAUBATES, 115 navigans, Austromenopon, 72 nawabi, Brueelia, 143 nebulosa, Brueelia. 144 neOafriCanUs, Felicola (Parafelicola), 186, 186t NEOHAEMATOPINUS. 219 NEOLINDGNATHIDAE, 209 NEOLINOGNATHUS, 209 NEDMENOPON, 28+, 50 NEOPHILOPTERUS, 118 NEOPSITTACONIRMUS, 96+, 160 neotheileri, Damalinia (Damalinia), 198, 198t nesotragi, Linognathus, 243 neumanni, Hoplopleura, 214, 214t neumanni, Procavicola (Meganarionoides), 190, 19Ot nevilli, Linognathus, 239, 240 nigrae, Colpocephalum, 39 nigrolimbatus, Perineus, 112 nigrolineatus, Turnicola, 146 nigromaculatus, Goniocotes, 100 nirmoideus, Penenirmus, 149 nisi, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 nisus, Degeeriella, 172 NITZSCHIELLA, 103, 104t nivea, Brueelia, 143 nobilis, Clayia, 54 normifer, Quadraceps, 157 NOSOPON, 51 notata, Cuclotogaster, 167 notophallus, Hybophthirus, 230, 230+ numenii, Lunaceps, 169 numidae, Goniodes, 101 numidae, Lipeurus, 162 numidae, Menacanthus, 56, 245 NUMIDICOLA, 53 NUMIDILIPEURUS, 96+, 161, 162 nychthemerus, Quadraceps, 159 obovata, Myrsidea, 63 obscura, Paraclisis, 112 obscurior, Colilipeurus radiatus, 161 obscurus, Quadraceps, 155 obtusus, Anatoecus, 120 occidentalis, Cuclotogaster, 167, 246 ocellatus, Actornithophilus, 80 ochraceus, Actornithophilus, 78 ochropi, Quadraceps, 154+, 155 octodentatus, Anatoecus, 120 oculatus, Dasyonyx (Dasyonyx), 194 ODORIPHILA, 31 oenae, Columbicola streptopeliae, 108, 108t oenomydis, Hoplopleura, 214 ogmorhini, Antarctophthirus, 206, 206t olivaceae, Colpocephalum, 40 opima, Cuclotogaster, 167 oreas, Colpocephalum, 39 oreophilus, Goniodes, 102 orioli, Menacanthus. 57 ornats Damalinia (Damalinia), 198 orna.us, Philopterus, 124 ornatus, Quadraceps, 158 ortygometrae, Rallicola, 147, 147+ oryx, Haematopinus, 208 oryx, Linognathus, 241 ossifragae, Austromenopon, 72 OTIDOECUS, 166 otomydis, Polyplax, 226 ourebiae, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 200 ourebiae, Linognathus, 244 ovalis, Cumningsiella, 150 ovalis, Dasyonyx (Dasyonyx), 193 ovalis, Trichodectes (Stachiella), 181, 181t ovatus, Menacanthus, 57 ovillus, Linognathus, 258, 258+ ovis, Damalinia (Bovicola), 257, 257+ OXYLIPEURUS, 163 oxyrrhynchus, Polyplax, 228 pachycnemis, Buceronirmus, 171 pakenhami, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 201 paleata, Degeeriella regalis, 174 pallasi, Quadraceps, 154 pallescens, Laemobothrion (Eulaemobothrion), 83 pallida, Amyrsidea powelli, 56 pallidior, Colilipeurus colius, 161 pallidulus, Menacanthus, 245, 247 pallidus, Cuculicola, 171 pallidus, Quadraceps punctatus, 157+, 158 paludosus, Actornithophilus, 80 panamensis, Linognathus, 241 PARACLISIS, 112 paradoxa, Polyplax, 226 paradoxus, Eurytrichodectes, 187, 187t parae, Brueelia, 143 paralaticeps, Felicola (Suricatoecus), 183 parataterae, Polyplax, 225 paraxeri, Werneckia, 211 parkeri, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 200 parviclypeatus, Anatoecus, 120 parvus, Anatoecus, 120 parvus, Columbicola meinertzhageni, 107 parvus, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 passerinus, Philopterus, 124 patas, Pedicinus (Neopedicinus), 232, 232t patellatus, Actornithophilus, 79 patersoni, Anatoecus, 120 patersoni, Hoplopleura, 215, 215t patevi, Penenirmus, 149 paucum, Austromenopon sternophilum, 74 paulschulzei, Quadraceps ornatus, 158 paululum, Austromenopon, 73 pavlovskyi. Penenirmus, 149 PECTINOPYGUS, 130 pectoralis, Mulcticola, 121 pedalis, Linognathus, 258 pederiformis, Episbates, 111 PEDICINIDAE, 231 PEDICINUS, 231 PEDICULIDAE, 234 pediculoides, Actornithophilus, 80 PEDICULUS, 234 pelagicum, Austromenopon, 73 pelagicus, Halipeurus (Synnautes), 116+, 117 pelea, Damalinia (Bovicola), 197 peleus, Linognathus, 240 pellucida, Eidmanniella, 68 PELMATOCERANDRA, 111 pelomydis, Hoplopleura, 215 penelopes, Lipeurus, 110 PENENIRMUS. 95+, 148 percnopteri, Colpocephalum, 43 PERINEUS, 112 perlatus, Goniodes, 101 perspicuus, Aegypoecus. 127 peusi, Saemundssonia, 137 pflegeri, Pseudomenopon, 49 phacochoeri, Haematopinus, 208, 209t phaeonotus, Quadraceps, 159 phaeopi, Lunaceps, 169 phaeopodis, Austromenopon, 74 phaetona, Saemundssonia, 136 phalaropi, Quadraceps, 156 phasidus, Lipeurus, 162 PHILOCEANUS, 92+, 110, 114 PHILOPTERIDAE, 87, 88+, 89+, 91 PHILOPTERUS, 93+, 122 phlyctopygus, Degeeriella, 174 phoenicopteri, Anaticola, 109 phoeniculi, Odoriphila, 31 phthisica, Polyplax, 227 phylloscopi, Menacanthus, 57 piageti, Austromenopon sternophilum, 74 Piagetia, 30 PIAGETIELLA, 30 piceus, Actornithophilus, 76 PICICOLA, 175 pictus, Pedicinus (Neopedicinus) pictus, 233 pilosum, Pseudomenopon, 48, 48t pinguis, Austromenopon, 72 placentella, Cuclotogaster, 168 placodus, Halipeurus (Halipeurus), 116 plataleae, Ardeicola, 133+, 134 plataleae, Colpocephalum, 41 plataleae, Ibidoecus, 118 platycephalus, Saemundssonia, 136 platyclypeatus, Neophilopterus, 118 platyclypeatus, Turnicola, 146 platygaster, Saemundssonia, 138 _ platystomus, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 PLEGADIPHILUS, 26+, 58 plegadis, Plegadiphilus, 58 plesia, Polyplax, 229 plocei, Machaerilaemus, 47 plumifera, Clayia, 55 podicipis, Aquanirmus, 132 polykomi, Pedicinus (Neopedicinus) pictus, 233 POLYPLACIDAE, 216 POLYPLAX, 223 popellus, Austromenopon, 72 porzanae, Incidifrons, 146 powelli, Amyrsidea, 56, 245 praecisa, Polyplax, 224 praelautus, Neolinognathus, 209+, 210 praomydis, Polyplax, 224 prehensus, Anatoecus, 120 pretoriensis, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 princeps, Quadraceps, 156 priniae, Penenirmus, 149 prioni, Naubates, 115 PROCAVICOLA, 188 PROCAVIPHILUS, 195 procellariae, Halipeurus (Halipeurus), 116, 116t productus, Bucerophagus, 47 PROECHINOPHTHIRIUS, 207 PROENDERLEINELLUS, 222 PROLINOGNATHUS, 236 proterva, Myrsidea, 64 PSEUDOMENOPON, 48 PSEUDONIRMUS, 113 PSITTACOMENOPON, 37 psittaculae, Kelerimenopon (Lorimenopon), 50 pternistis. Cuclotogaster, 167 pternistis, Goniocotes clayae, 100 pteroclurus, Neomenopon, 50 pterodromae, Saemundssonia, 137 pterodromi, Naubates, 115 PTEROPHILUS, 67 PTHIRIDAE, 235 PTHIRUS, 235 ptilostomi, Myrsidea, 63 ptyadis, Quadraceps, 154 pubis, Pthirus, 235, 236t puellula, Saemundssonia, 137 puffinus, Longimenopon, 80 punctatus, Quadraceps, 158 punctatus, Quadraceps punctatus, 157+, 158 punctifer, Degeeriella, 173+, 174 pusillus, Menacanthus, 57 pustulosa, Eidmanniella, 69 pustulosus, Actornithophilus, 79 putum, Austromenopon, 74 pyargus, Nosopon lucidum, 52 pygaspis, Anatoecus, 120, 120+ pygidiale, Colpocephalum, 40 pygidialis, Felicola (Felicola), 184 pygostyli, Eureum, 66 qadrii, Pseudomenopon, 49 QUADRACEPS, 96+, 151 quadrangular-is, Brueelia, 142 quadrifasciata, Myrsidea, 64 quadripertusus, Haematopinus, 254 quadripunctatus, Falcolipeurus, 105 quadripustulatus, Ciconiphilus, 34+, 34 quadripustulatus, Falcolipeurus, 105, 1054 quadrisetaceus, Quadraceps, 152 queleae, Myrsidea, 65 querquedulae, Trinoton, 60 radiatus, Colilipeurus radiatus, 161, 161t radui, Sturnidoecus, 144 rahmi, Felicola (Felicola), 185 RALLICOLA, 94+, 147 randi, Anatoecus, 120 raphiceri, Linognathus, 242 RATEMIA, 230 RATEMIIDAE, 230 ravus, Quadraceps, 155 raymondi, Lipeurus, 162 reclinata, Polyplax, 223 recurvirostrae, Cirrophthirius, 150+, 151, 151t REDIELLA, 81 reduncae, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 200 reduncae, Linognathus, 240 refractariolus, Sturnidoecus, 145 regalis, Degeeriella, 173+, 174 regressus, Quadraceps punctatus, 158 remota, Saemundssonia, 140 rhaphidius, Ardeicola, 133 RHYNCHOPHTHIRINA, 202 RHYNONIRMUS, 96+, 165 RICINIDAE, 23, 84 RICINUS, 84 rima, Degeeriella, 172 robertsi, Fe{\textquoteright}licola (Felicola), 185 robertsi, Philoceanus, 114, 114t robertsi, Procaviphilus, 196 robusta, Chapinia, 61, 61t robustisetosus, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 rosalindae, Cuclotogaster, 167 roseinnesi, Polyplax, 225 rostratulae, Pseudomenopon, 48 rostratus, Acidoproctus, 106 rostratus, Strigiphilus, 128 rotundata, Fulicoffula, 130 rotundatus, Craspedorrhynchus, 126 rotundifrons, Menopon, 52 rubroviolaceus, Anatoecus, 120 rufa, Degeeriella, 173 ruficeps, Dasyonyx (Neodasyonyx), 194 rukenyae, Hoplopleura, 215 rustica, Myrsidea, 62 ruwenzorornis, Splendoroffula, 164+, 165 sabulosus, Actornithophilus, 80 sachtlebeni, Splendoroffula, 165 SAEMUNDSSONIA, 87+, 88+, 94+, 135 saliemi, Brueelia, 142 salimalii, Colpocephalum, 41 salimalii, Turturicola, 109 sanfti, Anatoecus, 120 sarae, Neophilopterus, 118 sarothurae, Rallicola, 148 satbhai, Myrsidea, 65 scalaris, Carduiceps, 119 schaeffi, Pediculus, 235, 235t scharfi, Colpocephalum, 41 schillingi, Trabeculus, 111 SCHIZOPHTHIRUS, 216 schoutedeni, Lipeurus, 162 schulzi, Prolinognathus, 237, 237t schusteri, Quadraceps, 156 SCIPIO, 217 scleroderma, Turacoeca, 31t, 31 scleroptilus, Goniodes, 102 sclerotis, Procaviphilus, 195 scolopacis, Rhynonirmus, 165 scolopacisphaeopodis, Saemundssonia, 137 Scopinum, Colpocephalum, 40 scotopeliae, Kurodaia, 37 scotornis, Mulcticola, 121 scutifer. Procavicola (Meganarionoides), 191 secretarius, Falcolipeurus, 106 stcundarius, Ctenigogus, 46 sedes, Actornithophilus, 78 seguyi, Myrsidea, 64 sellatus, Quadraceps, 159 semifissus, Quadraceps, 150+, 155+, 156 semiluctus, Heleonomus, 76 semitheileri, Damalinia (Damalinia), 199 senegalensis, Alcedoecus, 127 senegalensis, Ardeicola, 134 senegalensis, Columbicola streptopeliae, 108, 108t senegalensis, Quadraceps, 152 senegalensis, Strigiphilus, 129 senegalensis, Sturnidoecus, 145 separatus, Quadraceps, 159 sephaenae, Cuclotogaster, 168 serrata, Polyplax, 223 serraticus, Procaviphilus, 195 serratus, Ricinus, 85, 85t serrilimbus, Penenirmus, 149 setigerum, Holomenopon, 71, 71t setosa, Pelmatocerandra, 111, lilt setosum, Coloceras, 104 setosus, Felicola (Felicola), 185 setosus, Linognathus, 243 setzeri, Hoplopleura, 215 sexualis, Sturnidoecus, 145 shoana, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 signatus, Ardeicola, 134 signatus, Quadraceps, 155 silvai, Lipeurus, 162 similis, Quadraceps, 155 simplex, Docophoroides, 130 simplicatds, Anatoecus, 120 simsi, Bedfordiella, 115 sinensis, Lagopoecus, 246 sjoestedti, Myrsidea, 63 smallwoodae, Dasyonyx (Dasyonyx), 193, 193t smallwoodae, Polyplax, 228 smithersi. Ardeicola, 134 smithi, Colpocephalum, 40 snodgrassi, Cuculiphilus (C.), 67 socotranus, Pectinopygus, 132 sofioticum, Coloceras, 104 sohni, Austromenopon, 74 SOLENOPOTES, 238 solivaga, Polyplax, 227 solivagus, Anatoecus, 120 solus, Philopterus, 125 SOMAPHANTUS, 28+, 53 somereni, Hoplopleura, 215 sordidus, Lipeurus, 110 spathulatus, Craspedorrhynchus, 125+, 126 spenceri, Austromenopon, 74 spicatus, Linognathus, 239 spiculifer, Hoplopleura, 215 spineum, Colpocephalum, 44 spinifer, Damalinia (Tricholipeurus), 200 spiniger, Heterodoxus, 81, 82t spinosa, Clayia, 54 spinosissimus, Alenaphthirus, 220 spinulosa, Polyplax, 223, 225t spinulosus, Actornithophilus, 80 SPLENDOROFFULA, 163, 164 squalidum, Trinoton, 60 squamata, Clayia, 54 squamulata, Ratemia, 251 squatarolae, Austromenopon, 75 srivastava, Myrsidea, 65 stamneri, Austromenopon, 73 stamneri, Fulicoffula, 130 stamneri, Saemundssonia, 137 steatomydis, Polyplax, 229 stellaris, Ardeicola, 135 stenopsis, Linognathus, 256, 257+ sternae, Saemundssonia, 136+, 139 sternatus, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 sternophilum, Menopon, 74 stigmosus, Lemurphthirus, 219 straeleni, Trinoton, 60 straminea, Brueelia, 141, 141+, 142t stramineus, Menacanthus, 24+, 245, 247, 247t strepsiceros, Neopsittaconirmus, 160 strepsilaris, Quadraceps, 155 streptopeliae, Columbicola streptopeliae, 108, 108t streptopeliae, Hohorstiella, 52 stresemanni, Saemundssonia, 139 STRIGIPHILUS, 127 strigis, Strigiphilus, 128+, 128 striolatus, Quadraceps ornatus, 158 STRUTHIOLIPEURUS, 90+, 104 struthionis, Struthiolipeurus, 105 sturni, Sturnidoecus, 144+, 145, 145t STURNIDOECUS, 144 suahelicus, Neohaematopinus, 219 subacutus, Sturnidoecus, 145 subanaspila, Myrsidea, 63, 63t subcuspidata, Capraiella, 170, 170t sublingulatus, Quadraceps punctatus, 158 subpachygaster, Kurodaia, 36 subparvus, Procavicola (Procavicola), 189 subpenicillatum,.Colpocephalum, 40 subrostratus, Felicola (Felicola), 184, 184t subrotunda, Eidmanniella, 68, 68t subrotunda, Turacoeca, 31+, 31 subtaterae, Polyplax, 225 subtheresae, Clayia, 54+, 55 subtilis, Brueelia, 144 subtilis, Splendoroffula, 164 subzebra, Colpocephalum, 39 sudanensis, Pterophilus, 68, 68t sudanica, Turturicola, 108 suis, Haematopinus, 252, 252t sulae, Pectinopygus, 131 surdasteri, Eulinognathus, 221 suturalis, Falcolipeurus, 106 SYRRHAPTOECUS, 176 tadornae, Holomenopon, 71 taschenbergi, Acidoproctus, 106 taterae, Polyplax, 225 tauracobia, Splendoroffula, 164t, 165 taurotragi, Haematopinus, 207+, 208 taurotragus, Linognathus, 240 taurus, Buceroninus, 172 tendeiroi, Anatoecus, 120 tendeiroi, Procavicola (Meganarionoides), 190 tenuis, Brueelia, 142 tetralicis, Actornithophilus, 78 textoris, Sturnidoecus, 145 thalissodromae, Saemundssonia, 136 thamnomydis, Polyplax, 228 theileri, Damalinia (Damalinia), 198 theresae, Brueelia, 142 theresae, Clayia, 55 theresae, Columbicola, 107 theresae, Splendoroffula, 164 thompsoni, Rallicola, 148 thompsoni, Saemundssonia, 138 thompsoni, Turturicola, 108 thorntoni, Procavicola (Procavicola), 188 threskiornis, Ibidoecus, 118 threskiornis, Plegadiphilus, 59 thripias, Picicola, 175, 175t tibiale, Colpocephalum, 40 tibialis, Linognathus, 242 timnermanni-, Ricinus, 86 tinctus, Ricinus, 86 tinnunculi, Laemobothrion (Laemobothrion), 82, 83t titan, Piagetiella, 30}, month = {1980}, pages = {327}, publisher = {South African Institute for Medical Research}, organization = {South African Institute for Medical Research}, address = {Johannesburg}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0521-2.pdf}, author = {Ledger,John A.} } @article {39086, title = {Synoptic table for the determination of Mallophaga infesting the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)}, journal = {Indian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {17}, year = {1955}, note = {An account of the Mallophagan lice infesting the domestic chicken. The paper also contains notes on their feeding habits, host specificity. In addition a tentative key to the species infesting the chicken is given. Taxa descirbed are as follows: Menacanthus cornutus Menacanthus pallidulus Menacanthus stramineus Menopon gallinae Cuclotogaster heterographus Goniocotes gallinae Goniocotes maculatus Goniodes dissimilis Goniodes gigas Lagopoecus sinensis Lipeurus caponis Lipeurus tropicalis Oxylipeurus dentatus In addition the growth principles (Dyar{\textquoteright}s and Przibram - Megusar{\textquoteright}s as modified by Bodenheimer) of various Mallophagan instars are discussed and in the case of Cuclotogaster heterographus descriptions of the nymphal morphologies from N 1 to adult are given.}, month = {1955}, pages = {245 - 270}, keywords = {Amblycera, domestic, Ischnocera, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0465.pdf}, author = {Muhammad Atiqur Rah Ansari} } @article {38998, title = {Mallphaga (chewing lice) occurring on the turkey}, journal = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society}, volume = {35}, year = {1962}, note = {d; Brief descriptions and taxonomic references to all the lice of the domestic turkey are given. These taxa are: Menacanthus stramineus , Chelopistes meleagridis, Oxylipeurus corpulentus, Oxylipeurus polytrapezius polytrapezius}, month = {1962}, pages = {196 - 201}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0363.pdf}, author = {Kary C. Emerson} } @article {38738, title = {Studies on morphology of nymphs of selected Amblycera and Ischnocera (Mallophaga)}, journal = {Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne}, volume = {57}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {657 - 672}, abstract = {

A comparitive analysis of three nymphal instars of Amyrsidea perdicis megalosoma, Uchida phasiani, Goniocotes chrysocephalus, Zlotorzyckella colchici, Lipeurus maculosus maculosus, Reticulipeurus mesopelios colchicus, and Lagopoecus colchicus is given. The diagnostic criteria to Mallophaga of subfamilies Somaphantinae, Menoponinae, Menacanthinae, and families Goniodidae, Lipeuridae, and Degeeriellidae have also been estimated.

}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0027.pdf}, author = {Modrzejewska,Maria and Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga} }