@article {94275, title = {Der Mönchsgeier Aegypius monachus (L., 1766) und seine Mallophagen (Insecta, Phthiraptera) in der Mongolei}, journal = {Erforsch. biol. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale)}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {313-332}, abstract = {

ENGLISH TITLE:\ Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus (L., 1766) and its chewing lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) in Mongolia

During a series of studies on the population, ecology, and biology of the Cinereous Vulture in Mongolia, fully feathered nestlings of the species from 9 nests were examined, without the use of chemical methods, for Mallophaga infestation from 2010 to 2015. The collection resulted in sev- eral first records for Mongolia of three species: Laemobothrion vulturis (J. C. FABRICIUS, 1775) sensu lato (Amblycera, Laemobothriidae), Neocolpocephalum aegypii (TENDEIRO, 1989) (Am- blycera, Menoponidae s. l.) sp. inq., and Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus (BURMEISTER, 1838) (Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.). Despite being expected, there has still been no record of Agypoecus brevicollis (BURMEISTER, 1838) in Mongolia.

Chewing louse infestation was noted in all nests examined, though not by more than two species: L. vulturis (twice), N. aegypyii and F. quadripustulatus (6 times each). Mixed infections were found in five nests: L. vulturis x N. aegypii (once) and N. aegypii x F. quadripustulatus (5 times). Blood was found in the digestive tract of all chewing louse individuals, but no traces of feathers. Four pairs of Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus were observed copulating (subfeminal). \"Colpocephalum aegypii TENDEIRO, 1989\" is a species incerta, its status in relation to \"Colpocephalum tracheleoti PRICE \& BEER, 1966\" remains in doubt.
The discovery and \"first description\" of Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus and Aegypygus brevicollis by CHRISTIAN LUDWIG NITZSCH (1780-1837) are briefly discussed in a historical context. The type material of both species was lost in the Second World War. From these findings in Mongolia a neo- type for \"Philopterus (Lipeurus) 4-pustulatus BURMEISTER, 1838\" is erected. It is pointed out that the occurrence of the Ischnocera Degeeriella NEUMANN s. str. and of the Amblycera Nosopon HOPKINS, Ctenigogus EICHLER \& Z{\L}OTORZYCKA, Cuculiphilus UCHIDA, and Pterophilus CLAY \& PRICE must be expected on Cinereous Vulture, and not only in Mongolia.

}, keywords = {Aegypius monachus, Amblycera, copulation, diet, distribution, ecology, history of science, infestation data, Ischnocera, Mongolia, Phthiraptera, taxonomy}, author = {Eberhard Mey and Stubbe, M. and Lchagvasuren, D. and Stubbe, A.} } @article {40397, title = {Host-mediated site-segregation of ectoparasites: an individual-based simulation study}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {84}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {491 - 498}, abstract = {

Coexisting ectoparasite species tend to evolve different site-specificities due to site-segregation. This may result either from a direct interaction between ectoparasite species such as competition for resources or from the selective pressure upon parasite populations exerted by host defence, i.e. a host-mediated interaction. Here we present an individual-based simulation model for the coevolution of one host and two parasite species to test this latter hypothesis. Parasite species are generalists at the start of the simulation process and develop site-specificities due to selective pressure exerted by the hosts. Hosts are selected to maximise the effectiveness of defence. We describe certain conditions that affect the emergence of site-segregation under the following assumptions: (1) parasite populations are not subject to resource limitations but are limited directly by host defence as \‘predation\’; (2) hosts have two sites that need different defensive abilities to reduce their parasite burden; (3) parasites need to exhibit different evasive abilities to survive on different sites; (4) both the defensive abilities of the hosts and the evasive abilities of the parasites have a genetic background; (5) host grooming selects parasites for an increasing capability for evasion while parasites select hosts for an increasing efficiency of grooming, (6) parasite transmission is horizontal. Two trade-offs are incorporated into the model, a host trade-off between host defensive abilities on the two sites; and a parasite trade-off in parasite evasive abilities on the two sites. The following features of host-parasite coevolution are analyzed by simulation experiments: (a) persistence of coexistence of the two parasite species; (b) site-specialization of parasite species; (c) site-segregation of parasite species; (d) frequency distribution of parasites. We conclude that the optimization of host defence and parasite evasion strategies may select ectoparasites for site-segregation and this may stabilize the coexistence of parasite species. When both parasite species survived, complexity increased spontaneosly during the simulation runs: (i) frequency distribution of parasites changed from uniform to an aggregated one; (ii) generalist parasite species developed site-specificities and (iii) tended to segregate their specificities toward different sites. Thus a macroevolutionary trade-off emerged between the two parasite species.

}, keywords = {arthropods, communities, ecology, impala, lice, model, parasitism, Phthiraptera, specificity}, doi = {10.2307/3284711}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40397.pdf}, author = {Jen{\H o} Reiczigel and Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {40358, title = {The acquisition of host-specific feather lice by common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus)}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {244}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {167 - 173}, abstract = {This study addresses the question of how three species of flightless feather lice (Phthiraptera) specific to a brood parasitic bird, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), are transmitted from one cuckoo generation to the next in the absence of any direct contact between parent and young. None of 21 cuckoo nestlings examined shortly before fledging carried cuckoo lice; nor were any lice found in 19 nests in which cuckoos had laid. Cuckoos returning to Japan for their first breeding season were as likely to be lousy as, and carried similar louse loads to, older birds. These field observations are consistent with data arising from examination of museum skins from European breeding areas and from African wintering areas, and it is concluded that cuckoos acquire their lice between leaving the nest in summer and returning to the breeding grounds the following spring. This acquisition probably occurs via direct body-to-body contact between cuckoos, a supposition bolstered by some observations.}, keywords = {Amblycera, Cuculus, ecology, host, Insecta, Ischnocera, Phoresy, Phthiraptera, specificity}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40358.pdf}, author = {Brooke,M. de L. and Nakamura,H.} } @article {40067, title = {The size relationship between insects and their hosts}, journal = {Ecological Entomology}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {351 - 359}, abstract = {

1. Regressions of adult insect size on host size were tested. The analysis was restricted to highly host-specific insects that had thus been exposed to a narrow range of host size. 2. The phylogenetic regression method was used to analyse the data, so as to allow for the possible phylogenetic effects in cross-species data. 3. Significant positive regressions were found in all the groups tested: female flower thrips, Meligethes species of pollen beetle, tephritid flies, and male and female fleas. They were also found by standard regressions within and between Actornithophilus species of bird louse. 4. The regression of thrips size on pollen size was not significant, providing evidence against a hypothesis involving food size. 5. The regression of flea body size on host hair/feather length was significant, which is consistent with a hypothesis involving the size of spaces on the host. 6. The relationships may have implications for the understanding of evolutionary host shifts.

}, keywords = {body, ecology, flower, host, Insecta, insects, meligethes, parasite, Phthiraptera, shift, Siphonaptera, size, tephritidae, thrips, thysanoptera}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00227.x}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00227.x}, author = {Kirk,W. D. J.} }