@article {96257, title = {The Attractivity of the Head Louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Pediculidae: Anoplura) to Isolated Compounds and Blends of Human Skin}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {59}, year = {2022}, month = {Apr-28-2022}, pages = {1171-1176}, abstract = {

Human head lice Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are ectoparasites that cause pediculosis, a global scale disease mainly found in school-age children. Previous works from our laboratory found nonanal, sulcatone, and geranylacetone as the main human scalp volatile components, and individually evaluated their attraction to head lice using an olfactometer. In this work, we compared how their blends at different concentrations attract head lice, and how their blended effect compares to the effect of isolated compounds. At the concentrations evaluated, individual components did not show attraction towards head lice, but a ternary mixture of them was attractive. Moreover, a solvent extract from the human head scalp was analyzed by GC-MS, finding that tetradecanoic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and squalene are the most abundant components. Attraction to these individual compounds at natural concentrations was tested by bioassays in a circular experimental arena. No attraction was observed when the components were tested individually, but when they were evaluated as a blend they attracted head lice. This work presents new information about how chemical signals are attractive at certain concentrations and proportions. This information could be used to better understand communication mechanisms in head lice and for the development of louse repellents.

}, keywords = {Head louse, head scalp compound, insect attraction}, issn = {0022-2585, 1938-2928}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac041}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/59/4/1171/6575556}, author = {Victor Adjemian and F.G. Galassi and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino} } @article {96144, title = {Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol{\"u} i{\c c}in uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler}, journal = {Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi}, volume = {79}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {748-761}, abstract = {

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}, en geli{\c s}mi{\c s} olanlar da d\âhil olmak \üzere \ço{\u g}u \ülkede halk sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i} ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalans{\i}n{\i} azaltmak amac{\i}yla ba{\c s} biti kontrol\ünde farkl{\i} otoritelerin, kurumlar{\i}n, end\üstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamay{\i} ve bilgilendirmeyi ama\çlamaktad{\i}r. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkililerini, bu t\ür enfestasyonlar{\i}n do{\u g}ru {\c s}ekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedik\ülositler, t{\i}bbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici \ür\ünlerin de{\u g}erlendirilmesi amac{\i}yla daha etkili y\öntemler izlemeye te{\c s}vik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedik\ülositler ve t{\i}bbi cihazlar, kullan{\i}m talimatlar{\i}nda do{\u g}rulanabilir a\ç{\i}klamalara sahip olmal{\i} ayr{\i}ca aktif bile{\c s}enlere ve form\üle \ür\ünlere kar{\c s}{\i} bitlerin diren\ç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek i\çin periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i}n salg{\i}n d\üzeyine ula{\c s}t{\i}{\u g}{\i} iddialar{\i} ortaya at{\i}ld{\i}{\u g}{\i}nda, ger\çek yayg{\i}nl{\i}k d\üzeyinin kan{\i}tlanmas{\i} amac{\i}yla \çocuklar periyodik aral{\i}klarla objektif olarak de{\u g}erlendirilmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli i\çin d\üzenlenen s\ürekli e{\u g}itimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, \önlenmesi ve kontrol\ü konusundaki yanl{\i}{\c s} bilgilerin d\üzeltilmesi sa{\u g}lanabilir. Ebeveynler, \çocuklar{\i}n{\i} ba{\c s} biti a\ç{\i}s{\i}ndan d\üzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerekti{\u g}inde tedavi etmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkilileri, vakalar{\i} ve yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i} azaltmada bir ara\ç olarak kullan{\i}lan ancak bilimsel gerek\çesi olmad{\i}{\u g}{\i} gibi \çocuklar{\i}n sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i} ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan \“sirkeye ge\çit yok- no-nit politikas{\i}\” tarz{\i}nda \çocuklar{\i} okuldan uzakla{\c s}t{\i}rmaya dayal{\i} politika ve uygulamalar{\i}n ortadan kald{\i}r{\i}lmas{\i} i\çin m\ücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

}, keywords = {Ba{\c s} biti, kontrol, tedavi}, issn = {0377-9777, 1308-2523}, doi = {10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {95555, title = {Mouthpart sensory structures of the human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis}, volume = {59}, year = {2020}, month = {Nov-01-2020}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

Head lice are exclusive human parasitic blood-sucking insects. Distributed worldwide among school-age children, this parasitosis generates scalp irritation and sometimes social prejudice. Understanding how head lice detect and perceive their human hosts is crucial to control transmission. Here, we describe the sensory structures present on the mouthparts of Pediculus humanus capitis and their possible contribution to the feeding decision-making process. On the anterior zone of the clypeus around the haustellum two morphological types of sensilla, invariable in location and number, were identified: fourteen short clypeus bristles (SCB) and six long clypeus bristles (LCB). During feeding these structures contact the host skin but not its blood. Located antero-dorsally on the everted haustellum and between the epipharyngeal teeth, a third sensillar type was identified: about four short peg epipharyngeal (SPE) sensilla. These structures are bathed with the incoming blood, when head lice feed, so may have a gustatory role. In behavioural experiments antennectomy of lice did not interfere with feeding behaviour, suggesting that the sensory structures on the mouthparts could be involved in host assessment.

}, keywords = {Antennectomy; Feeding; Head lice; Pediculus humanus capitis; Sensory structures}, issn = {1467-8039}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2020.100996}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803920301195?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @article {95554, title = {Sensory features of the human louse antenna: new contributions and comparisons between ecotypes}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {35}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {219-224}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

Body and head lice are known to be exclusive ectoparasites of human hosts. Current genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that both louse types represent ecotypes of the same species. They exhibit morphological and physiological differences that probably arose from living in different biotopes. Sensory traits represent suitable candidates to be affected by environmental heterogeneity. Therefore, through scanning electron microscope studies, this study analysed and compared the sensory structures of both ecotypes\&$\#$39; antennae. Seven types of sensory structures were identified in both ecotypes: bristles, tuft organs, pore organs, single pore and three morphotypes of sensilla basiconica. Notably, the single pore and the morphotypes of sensilla basiconica were described for the first time in the body louse antenna. This study\&$\#$39;s comparative analysis mainly revealed size differences across the sensory structures of the ecotypes. Bristles of the flagellomere 2 of the body louse antenna were longer than the head louse bristles. In addition, the pore organs of the head louse antenna presented a higher diameter than those of the body louse. The possible relevance of size differences regarding the biotopes exploited by the body louse and the head louse is discussed. Yet, physiological studies may help to fully understand the phenotypical differences of both ecotypes.

}, keywords = {antenna, body louse, Head louse, Pediculus humanus, sensilla}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12485}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12485}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @article {95290, title = {The Sensory Machinery of the Head Louse Pediculus humanus capitis: From the Antennae to the Brain}, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {10}, year = {2019}, month = {04-2019}, pages = {12 pp}, abstract = {

Insect antennae are sophisticated sensory organs, usually coated with sensory structures responsible for the detection of relevant signals of different modalities coming from the environment. Despite the relevance of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis as a human parasite, the role of its antennal sensory system in the highly dependent relation established with their hosts has been barely studied. In this work we present a functional description of the antennae of these hematophagous insects by applying different approaches, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), anterograde antennal fluorescent backfills and behavioral experiments with intact or differentially antennectomized lice. Results were analyzed together as a first approach to identify, describe and determine the modality and role of the different sensilla of the head louse antenna. SEM images allowed us to identify a total of 35 - 40 sensilla belonging to 7 different types, that according to their morphology and architecture are candidates to bear mechano-, thermo-, hygro- or chemo-receptor functions. The anterograde backfills revealed a direct neural pathway to the antennal lobes, which present 8 - 10 glomerular-like diffuse structures. In the 2-choice behavioral experiments, intact lice chose scalp odors, warm surfaces (i.e., 32 \ºC) and avoided wet substrates. Ablation of the different flagellomeres of their antenna resulted in the loss of the behavioral responses, allowing us to discuss about the location and function of the different identified sensilla. This is the first study that integrates morphological and behavioral aspects of the sensory machinery of head lice involved in host perception.

}, keywords = {antennal lobe, Behavior, Head louse, host perception, sensilla}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.00434}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2019.00434/full}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Sebasti{\'a}n Minoli and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @article {95271, title = {Head lice were also affected by COVID-19: a decrease on Pediculosis infestation during lockdown in Buenos Aires}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {120}, year = {2021}, month = {01-2021}, pages = {443-450}, type = {Online article and published copy}, abstract = {

Pediculosis is a worldwide disease affecting school-aged children produced by the presence of the head louse,Pediculushumanus capitisDe Geer, an obligate ectoparasite on the human scalp feeding exclusively on blood. Transmission occursprimarily through direct physical head-to-head contact. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared theCOVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a variant of the coronavirus. Therefore, on March 18,2020, the Argentinean government established mandatory isolation for an indefinite period. This obligatory isolation interruptedregular classes avoiding direct contact between children, thus affecting the dispersal route of individuals and the evolution of headlouse populations. In this study, we evaluated through an online survey how confinement affected the prevalence of lice duringlockdown compared to the situation prior to confinement. The survey allowed to discriminate the different control strategies, thenumber of treatments, and the amount of insects recorded by parents. Data of 1118 children obtained from 627 surveys wereanalyzed. As the main result, it was observed that prevalence of lice decreased significantly from before (69.6\%) to during(43.9\%) COVID-19 lockdown. Moreover, head lice infestation was more effectively controlled in households with up to 2children in comparison to households with 3 or more children. This is the first study that analyzed the prevalence of head liceduring COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this work demonstrated the impact of social distance in the population dynamics ofhead lice and how it could affect the control strategies in the future

}, keywords = {Buenos Aires, Covid-19, Head lic, Lockdown, Pediculosis}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-020-07038-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-020-07038-y}, author = {F.G. Galassi and Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Victor Adjemian and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino} } @article {95211, title = {Comparative efficacy of new commercial pediculicides against adults and eggs of Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice)}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, year = {2012}, month = {05-2012}, pages = {1601 - 1606}, abstract = {

The use of pyrethroids to control head louse infestations have suffered considerable loss of efficacy due to the development of resistance. In the last past years, several new alternative products to synthetic pyrethroids have been developed and are sold in the Argentinean market against head lice. The present study investigated the efficacy of two new Argentinean products Nopucid Qubit\® and Nopucid Bio Citrus\® and its comparison with two reference products Nyda\® and Hedrin\®. Nopucid Qubit\® is a two-phase lotion containing geraniol and citronellol (phase 1) and ciclopentaxiloxane (phase 2); while Nopucid Bio Citrus\® contains dimethicone, ciclopentaxiloxane, and bergamot essential oil. These products are physically acting compounds. The sensitivity of two laboratory assays for testing insecticide activity of new formulations was also compared. Mortality (100\%) of motile forms occurred after they were exposed to any product for 1 and 2 min, either by in vitro or ex vivo test. Concerning ovicidal activity, the most effective pediculicides were Nopucid Bio Citrus\® and Nyda\®, followed by Hedrin\® and Nopucid Qubit\®. The present study revealed, for the first time, the efficacy of over-the-counter commercial pediculicides available in Argentine (Nopucid Bio Citrus\® and Nopucid Qubit\®) on either motile stages or eggs against head lice.

}, keywords = {head lice}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-011-2668-x}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-011-2668-x}, author = {Anabella Gallardo and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino} } @article {95099, title = {International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {60}, year = {2021}, month = {08-2020}, pages = {272-280}, type = {Open access, online version prior to inclusion of issue}, abstract = {

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the \‘no-nit\’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuo{\u g}lu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan \Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748\–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen\&plng=tur\&un=THDBD-78872\&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

}, keywords = {head louse infestation, head louse treatment, Pediculicides}, issn = {0011-9059}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.15096}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.15096}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {94878, title = {Head Louse Feces: Chemical Analysis and Behavioral Activity}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {57}, year = {2020}, month = {3-2020}, pages = {336-342}, abstract = {

Human head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are insect parasites closely associated with humans, feeding on the blood of their hosts and causing them skin irritation and probable secondary infections. Despite being a severe nuisance, very few studies have reported on intraspecific chemical communication in head lice. Here, we evaluated the attractive response of head lice to the volatile compounds and solvent extracts from their feces. We also chemically analyzed the main volatile components of these feces and those of the feces\’ extracts. Head lice were attracted to the methanol extract of their feces but not to the hexane or dichloromethane extracts, suggesting the polar nature of bioactive chemicals present in head louse feces. Follow-up chemical identifications, in fact, showed the presence of hypoxanthine, uric acid, and another purine tentatively identified as either guanine or iso-guanine. Additionally, head lice were significantly attracted by volatiles emitted from samples containing feces. The volatiles emanated from feces alone contained 19 identified substances: 2-pentanone, hexanal, heptanal, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanal, sulcatone, nonanal, acetic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, decanal, 1-octanol, butyric acid, 1-nonanol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol, 2-undecanone, geranylacetone, and hexadecane. The major compounds found were decanal, nonanal, hexanal, and acetic acid, together representing approximately 60\% of the identified compounds. This work represents the first chemical evidence of intraspecies communication among head lice. The results support the existence of active substances present in the feces of P. humanus capitis that may be involved in its aggregation behavior.

Attached pdf file is e-print ahead of printed version

}, keywords = {behavioral activity, chemical analysis, feces, head lice}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz184}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjz184/5607356}, author = {F.G. Galassi and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino} } @article {94877, title = {Head Lice Recognize and Prefer Head Odor Over Foot and Forearms Odors}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {56}, year = {2019}, month = {05-2020}, pages = {1204 - 1207}, abstract = {

Human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), are hematophagous parasites that infest human heads. They are extreme host specialists suggesting a strict selection behavior towards the human head by the parasites. Despite the public health relevance of P. humanus capitis, the role of chemical clues to select the human head is not well known. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether head lice recognize and select the odor of the head over the odor of other parts of the human body. Our results using a two-choice olfactometer demonstrated that head lice were highly attracted by the volatile compounds of the human odor air, but they did not show preference for the volatiles of head compared to the volatiles of other parts of the body (forearm or foot). Conversely, when head lice were exposed in an experimental arena to the whole human odor of different parts of the body, they showed a preferential response to the whole head odor compared with the whole foot or forearm odors. These results suggest that head lice can at short distance of the host, be oriented towards the head odor of the human host in the selection of the scalp environment.

}, keywords = {head lice, head odor, preference}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz060}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/56/5/1204/5488727}, author = {F.G. Galassi and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {94788, title = {Mitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across the Americas}, journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {152}, year = {2013}, month = {July-2013}, pages = {118 - 129}, abstract = {

Anthropological studies suggest that the genetic makeup of human populations in the Americas is the result of diverse processes including the initial colonization of the continent by the first people plus post-1492 European migrations. Because of the recent nature of some of these events, understanding the geographical origin of American human diversity is challenging. However, human parasites have faster evolutionary rates and larger population sizes allowing them to maintain greater levels of genetic diversity than their hosts. Thus, we can use human parasites to provide insights into some aspects of human evolution that may be unclear from direct evidence. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 450 head lice in the Americas. Haplotypes clustered into two well-supported haplogroups, known as A and B. Haplogroup frequencies differ significantly among North, Central and South America. Within each haplogroup, we found evidence of demographic expansions around 16,000 and 20,000 years ago, which correspond broadly with those estimated for Native Americans. The parallel timing of demographic expansions of human lice and Native Americans plus the contrasting pattern between the distribution of haplogroups A and B through the Americas suggests that human lice can provide additional evidence about the human colonization of the New World

}, keywords = {human lice, human parasites, migrations, mitochondrial dna, new world}, doi = {10.1002/ajpa.22336}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22336}, author = {Ascunce, Marina S. and J. Fane and G. Kassu and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Ang{\'e}lica Gonz{\'a}lez-Oliver and David L. Reed} } @article {94787, title = {Mitochondrial Diversity of Human Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Across the Americas}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

A poster presentation of mitochondrial diversity of human head lice across Americas.\ 

Background

\•Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are permanent and obligate ectoparasites of eutherian mammals. These highly specialized blood-sucking insects live in close association with their hosts where they complete their entire life cycle. This relationship has led to coevolution in which parasite diversification parallels that of the host (Figure 3 of poster).

\• The human head louse has coevolved with humans over millions of years (Figure 1, Figure 2 of poster). Therefore, louse molecular data is valuable for studying the evolutionary history of lice and their human hosts.

\•Human head lice are genetically diverse and have 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial (mtDNA) clades, named A, B, and C.

\•Clothing lice (clade A) has been known to carry three bacterial pathogens. Genotypic louse data would be valuable to determine which clades of head lice have the potential to be carriers in order to combat resistance to pediculcides.

\•Previous studies suggest that the three head louse clades have different evolutionary histories. Clade A appears to be uniquely linked to its Homo sapiens host (modern humans). Clade B, however, appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Europe (possibly H. neanderthalensis) and later switched to modern H. sapiens. Clade C appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Asia (possibly H. erectus) or Africa.

}, keywords = {Americas, head lice, mitochondrial}, url = {https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2017/03/fane_head-lice.pdf}, author = {J. Fane and Ascunce, Marina S. and G. Kassu and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Ang{\'e}lica Gonz{\'a}lez-Oliver and David L. Reed} } @conference {94657, title = {EL SISTEMA OLFATIVO DEL PIOJO DE LA CABEZA}, booktitle = {Conference: X Argentine Conference of Entomology}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, address = {Mendoza, Argentina}, abstract = {

Conference Poster

Description:

El piojo de la cabeza Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) es un insecto hemat\ófago cosmopolita que parasita exclusivamente a humanos. Debido a la alta dependencia por su hu\ésped, su comportamiento y fisiolog\ía se ven afectados durante la evaluaci\ón de alimento y refugio. Nuestro objetivo principal fue caracterizar el sistema olfativo del piojo de la cabeza. En particular, estudiamos el rol de la antena de manera morfol\ógica y comportamental en la evaluaci\ón de est\ímulos olfativos.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325722564_EL_SISTEMA_OLFATIVO_DEL_PIOJO_DE_LA_CABEZA}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @article {94605, title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {December 2008}, pages = {335 - 339}, abstract = {

The improper use of pediculicides containing permethrin has led to the development of resistance. Thus, new alternatives for control are needed. Plant-derived insecticides are attractive alternatives to common chemical insecticides because most of them are environmentally friendly and non-toxic to mammals. The toxic activity of 23 monoterpenoids belonging to several chemical classes was tested against the eggs of permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Significant differences in ovicidal action were observed among the tested substances. The most effective chemicals were hydrocarbons and ethers, followed by ketones, alcohols, phenols and esters. A linear relationship between egg mortality and knockdown time (KT50) on adults by the tested components revealed that most of the components were effective on both egg and adult stages. The monoterpenoids described herein are good candidates as effective

}, keywords = {adult head lice, fumigant activity, head lice eggs, Monoterpenes, toxicity.}, issn = {0269283X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {94588, title = {Response of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) to Volatiles of Whole and Individual Components of the Human Scalp}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {55}, year = {2018}, pages = {527 - 533}, abstract = {

The head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) is a cosmopolitan human ectoparasite causing pediculosis, one of the most common arthropod parasitic conditions of humans. The mechanisms and/or chemicals involved in host environment recognition by head lice are still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the response of head lice to volatiles that emanate from the human scalp. In addition, we identified the volatile components of the odor and evaluated the attractive or repellent activity of their pure main components. The volatiles were collected by means of Solid Phase microextraction and the extract obtained was chemically analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer.Twenty-four volatile were identified in the human scalp odor, with the main compounds being the following: nonanal, sulcatone, geranylacetone, and palmitic acid. Head lice were highly attracted by the blend human scalp volatiles, as well as by the individual major components. A significant finding of our study was to demonstrate that nonanal activity depends on the mass of the compound as it is repellent at high concentrations and an attractant at low concentrations.The results of this study indicate that head lice may use chemical signals in addition to other mechanisms to remain on the host.

}, keywords = {attractant activity, human scalp volatiles, repellent activity}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx243}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/55/3/527/4817924}, author = {F.G. Galassi and Georgina Fronza and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino} } @article {94485, title = {Ivermectin lipid-based nanocarriers as novel formulations against head lice}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {116}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {2111 - 2117}, abstract = {

The use of pyrethroids to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), has suffered considerable loss of efficacy due to the evolution of resistance. Thus, the development of effi- ciently insecticide delivery systems is imperative for the con- trol of head lice. We studied the insecticidal activity of ivermectin-loaded lipid nanocapsules (IVM-LNC) against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. The LNC, pre- pared by a phase inversion procedure, were characterized in terms of size, surface potential, and physical stability. These nanoparticles were nearly spherical with mean diameters of 55 nm and narrow size distribution (PI \≤ 0.2). The KT50 mor- tality values of head lice after exposure to two IVM-LNC formulations (0.11 and 0.28\%) were significantly smaller (5 and 3 h, respectively) compared to those exposed only to LNC control group (8 h). This investigation showed the effective- ness in the encapsulation of ivermectin (IVM) into stable LNC dispersion with a potential clinical activity against head lice.

}, keywords = {Ivermectin, Lipid nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Pediculosis}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-017-5510-2}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-017-5510-2}, author = {Gabriela Ullio-Gamboa and Santiago Palma and Jean Pierre Benoit and Daniel Allemandi and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino} } @article {47427, title = {Embryonic development of human lice: rearing conditions and susceptibility to spinosad}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {101}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {257 - 261}, abstract = {

The embryonic development of human lice was evaluated according to the changes in the morphology of the embryo observed through the transparent chorion. Based on ocular and appendage development, three stages of embryogenesis were established: early, medium, and late. Influence of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the laboratory rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis eggs was assessed. The optimal ranges for temperature and RH were 27-31\°C and 45-75\%. The susceptibility of human louse eggs to insecticide spinosad (a macrocyclic lactone) was assessed by immersion method. The results showed similar susceptibility to spinosad in early, medium, and late stages of head lice eggs. In addition, this study showed similar susceptibility of head and body lice eggs to spinosad, an insecticide that has not been used as pediculicide in Argentina (lethal concentration 50: 0.01\%).

}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101n3/v101n3a05.pdf}, author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {47425, title = {Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {43}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {889 - 895}, abstract = {

The repeated use of permethrin and other insecticides for the control of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), during past decades has resulted in the development of marked levels of resistance. Thus, new alternative insecticides are needed for the control of head lice. We studied the fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils from 16 native and exotic plants in Argentina, and 21 chemical components against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. With a direct vapor-exposure bioassay, the most effective oil was from the native Myrcianthes cisplatensis Cambess (Myrtaceae) with a time to 50\% knockdown (KT50) of 1.3 min, followed by exotic species, Eucalyptus cinerea F.V. Muell., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill., and Eucalyptus saligna Smith. withKT50 values of 12.0, 14.9, and 17.4 min, respectively. The most effective components were 1,8-cineole and anisole, with KT50 values of 11.1 and 12.7 min, respectively. Regression analysis of KT50 values and vapor pressures and water-partition coef\Þcients for the essential oil components revealed that the most effective fumigants were among the more volatile components. Repellency assays indicated that the essential oil from Mentha pulegium L. and its benzyl alcohol component were the most effective repellents, having repellency indices of 75.5 and 57.8\%, respectively. Thus, some Argentinean plants contain essential oils and components that function as fumigants or as repellents and thereby show potential for development of new control products for head lice.

}, keywords = {Argentina, Essential oils, fumigants, head lice, plants, repellents}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46542.pdf}, author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Biurrun,Fernando and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {47152, title = {Permethrin-Resistant Head Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina Are Susceptible to Spinosad}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {42}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {634 - 635}, abstract = {

The insecticidal activity of spinosad was evaluated against susceptible and permethrin-resistant human lice. In a permethrin-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Anoplura: Pediculidae), the toxicity of spinosad was similar to that established for permethrin, with an LD50 value of 1.2 ng/insect and 2.4 ng/insect, respectively. Topical application of spinosad to populations of permethrin-resistant head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), showed that susceptibility to spinosad was independent of resistance to permethrin. The effectiveness of spinosad against human lice and the low mammalian toxicity reported in the literature suggest that spinosad could be useful for the management of permethrin-resistant human lice.

}, keywords = {Argentina, humanus, spinosad, permethrin, Pediculus, resistance}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/43/3/634/880711}, author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {47081, title = {Prevalence and levels of Permethrin resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {40}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {447 - 450}, abstract = {

Permethrin has been used extensively for control of Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer(Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina since 1990, resulting in the development of resistance to this and other pyrethroids. This resistance was \Þrst detected in some \Þeld populations in 1997. A survey for resistance in Buenos Aires in 2001 revealed signifcant resistance levels in lice on children at 24 of 26 (92.3\%) schools. When compared with a previously unexposed reference population, resistance ratios (RRs) obtained by exposing the insects to \Þlter papers impregnated with permethrin ranged from 2 to 60 in 10 (39\%) of the schools. RRs in the remaining 14 (61\%) populations were too great to not be measured with the \Þlter paper method (RR 88.7). As an alternative, we used topical applications of 0.1 l of acetone solution of permethrin on the dorsal abdomen of adults and third instars. This topical method, which has not been previously reported for head lice, was capable of quantifying higher levels of resistance. Highly resistant populations had RRs from 162.5 to 655.2. When applied to populations with low and intermediate levels of resistance, results from the \Þlter paper and topical application methods were highly correlated, and RRs from topical application were higher than those from the \Þlter paper method. Results from the combination of the two methods indicated that head lice among Buenos Aries school children are highly resistant to permethrin, and the resistance is widespread.

}, keywords = {Argentina, capitis, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8955671_Prevalence_and_Levels_of_Permethrin_Resistance_in_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_De_Geer_Anoplura_Pediculidae_from_Buenos_Aires_Argentina}, author = {Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Alzogaray,R. A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {47082, title = {Efectividad de lociones capilares sobre poblaciones de Pediculus capitis resistentes a insecticidas}, year = {2000}, month = {2006}, keywords = {Argentina, capitis, Pediculosis, Pediculus}, url = {http://toxicologia.org.ar/bibliotecavirtual/acta_toxicologica/vol_08_1/mougabure_cueto.pdf}, author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s} } @article {47080, title = {The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {101}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {55 - 56}, abstract = {

New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigantknockdown time 50\% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essentialoils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay,none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellencytest, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control(piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.

}, keywords = {aliphatic, capitis, Lactones, Pediculosis, Pediculus, resistance}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46185.pdf}, author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Zygadlo,Julio and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Faillaci,Silvina and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {46246, title = {Laboratory studies of susceptibility and resistance to insecticides in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura; Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {35}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {814 - 817}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of local head lice to permethrin, sumithrin, deltamethrin, and carbaryl was determined by laboratory bioassays infield-collectedcolonies. Head lice collected from the infested heads of children 6-12 yr old were tested within 3 h of collection. The longest survival
of control insects in the laboratory was obtained by keeping them in the dark at 18\°C and 70 - 80\% RH. The base line susceptibility data obtained for insects collected from children not treated for lice, the reference colony, showed that deltamethrin caused the highest mortality of the insecticides tested (LC50, 0.06\%). Permethrin, sumithrin, and carbaryl showed no significant difference in mortality (superposition of confidence intervals), being 10 times lower than that caused by deltamethrin. All field-collected lice required a higher LC50 of permethrin than the reference colony. Resistance levels varied from 3 to \>100 for colonies that were taken from children treated with anti-lice products. Lice colonies with permethrin resistance showed resistance to sumithrin and deltamethrin, but resistance was not observed to the carbamate carbaryl.

}, keywords = {animals, Biological Assay, carbaryl, child, geography, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0022-2585}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-pdf/35/5/814/18202141/jmedent35-0814.pdf}, author = {Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Vassena,Claudia V. and Casadio,A. A. and Massimo,J. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s} } @article {46151, title = {Resistance to insecticides and effect of synergists on permethrin toxicity in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {721 - 725}, abstract = {

Permethrin-resistant colonies of Pediculus capitis (De Geer) from Buenos Aires were used to establish a resistance profile and to examine resistance mechanisms. All permethrin-resistant head lice (resistance ratio from 52.8 to \> 88.7) were also resistant to d-phenothrin (resistance ratio from 40.86 to \> 48.39) and deltamethrin (resistance ratio from 16.24 to 38.06). No cross-resistance to carbaryl was found in any of the pyrethroid-resistant P. capitis tested. Otherwise, all resistant colonies showed low to high levels of resistance to beta-cypermethrin. This pyrethroid had never been applied as a pediculicide in Argentina; however, the high level of resistance found in these permethrin-resistant colonies (resistance ratio from 9.74 to 50.97) demonstrated that pyrethroid cross-resistance occurred to this novel insecticide. Treatment with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or triphenylphosphate (TPP) significantly decreased the toxicity of permethrin in the four colonies tested. The esterase inhibitor TPP produced lower enhancement of toxicity than the multifunction oxidase inhibitor PBO in the colonies having the highest resistance levels. Results presented here concerning the cross-resistance profile and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in permethrin-resistant head lice demonstrated that enhanced metabolism was involved in the pyrethroid resistance. However, the substantial degree of resistance that remained after synergism suggested the presence of another resistance mechanism. Cross-resistance to pyrethroid and susceptibility to the carbamate carbaryl suggested a common action mechanism.

}, keywords = {animals, Argentina, carbaryl, child, Drug Resistance, Drug Synergism, humans, insecticide, lice infestations, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Urban}, url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7c95/8f2deb9927ee477696f21a537768fb887721.pdf}, author = {Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Vernetti,M. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s} } @article {46052, title = {Toxic effect of aliphatic alcohols against susceptible and permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {39}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {457 - 460}, abstract = {

The effectiveness of 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, and 1-dodecanol was evaluated by immersion method against susceptible and permethrin-resistant head lice, Ped

}, keywords = {Alcohols/pharmacology, animals, Fatty Alcohols/pharmacology, Insect Control, Insecticide resistance, Octanols/pharmacology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0022-2585}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/39/3/457/834975}, author = {Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s} } @article {45871, title = {Increased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to permethrin in Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {42}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {342 - 345}, abstract = {

We studied the profile of permethrin resistance in populations of head lice infesting children 6-12 yr old in schools and their homes in and around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fiv

}, keywords = {animals, Argentina, child, humans, Insecticide resistance, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/3/342/849058}, author = {Paola Gonz{\'a}lez-Audino and Barrios,S. and Vassena,Claudia V. and Mougabure-Cueto,Gast{\'o}n A. and Zerba,Eduardo Nicol{\'a}s and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} }