@article {46173,
	title = {Increased control of the sheep biting louse Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis with deltamethrin formulated in a fractionated wool grease carrier},
	journal = {Veterinary parasitology},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2000},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Oils); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); ppublish},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {117 - 127},
	address = {NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {The synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin (DM) containing a trace of [(14)C]-DM was formulated with non-oxidised sterol and wax ester fractions (F1) of wool grease and as the commercial preparation {\textquoteright}Clout-S{\textquoteright}. These were applied as a {\textquoteright}backline{\textquoteright} strip to sheep immediately after shearing and the concentration of [(14)C]-DM at meridians adjacent to the application strip and at 1/4 and 3/4 of the dorsal-ventral distance was determined. The F1 formulation resulted in significantly greater lateral spread of DM with less remaining at the application site (66+/-8\% of dose) 98 days after treatment compared to {\textquoteright}Clout-S{\textquoteright} (94+/-3\% dose). Autoradiographic examination of treated wool demonstrated that there was more DM in the lower half of the wool staple when formulated in F1 compared to {\textquoteright}Clout-S{\textquoteright}. Greater mortality occurred when sheep biting lice Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis were exposed in vitro to wool containing DM from F1 compared to {\textquoteright}Clout-S{\textquoteright} treated sheep. In field trials there was increased efficacy against synthetic pyrethroid resistant B. ovis with F1 formulation than with {\textquoteright}Clout-S{\textquoteright}. The study has demonstrated that synthetic pyrethroid availability, and therefore efficacy, can be significantly increased when the insecticide is formulated in a {\textquoteright}carrier{\textquoteright} with the physicochemical characteristics of wool grease.},
	keywords = {animals, Insect Control, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, oils, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control, wool},
	isbn = {0304-4017},
	author = {Hennessy,D. R. and Darwish,A. and Maxwell,C. A.}
}
@article {39825,
	title = {Inspection of wool lots at sales as a diagnostic test for louse infestation},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {119 - 128},
	abstract = {The accuracy of visual inspection of wool lots for lice as a test for louse infestation was estimated using information provided by 178 woolgrowers in Queensland, Australia. The estimated sensitivity of inspection was 36\% (95\% confidence interval, 19-58\%) and the specificity was 95\% (95\% CI, 88-98\%). Accuracy was influenced by timing, after shearing, of pesticide application for louse control and by class of pesticide last applied after shearing. Visual inspection was less sensitive (29\%) if pesticides were applied >3 months after shearing and less sensitive (21\%) if an insect growth regulator was the class of pesticide last used after shearing. Based on 36\% sensitivity, it was estimated that 16 inspections would have to be conducted to reduce the false negative test rate to <20\% in the study population. We suggest that visual inspection of wool lots could be used to efficiently monitor the prevalence of louse infestations in Queensland sheep hocks. Positive inspection results are more likely to represent real louse infestations, rather than a false test result, in flocks grazed in the more extensive regions of Queensland. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Arthropoda, Australia, Bovicola, damalinia, Diagnosis, flocks, lice, logistic, model, Prevalence, Queensland, resistance, sheep, wool},
	author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.}
}
