@conference {61057, title = {The prevalance and control of cattle lice}, booktitle = {Meeting on Arthropods of medical and vetenary importance of the Royal Army Medical College }, year = {1982}, month = {11/1982}, address = {Millbank London}, keywords = {Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/61057.pdf}, author = {Titchener,R. N.} } @article {48468, title = {Cattle Lice: How to control them}, volume = {456}, year = {1969}, institution = {U.S Department of Agriculture}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, keywords = {Bovicola bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/48468.pdf}, author = {Anonymous} } @book {48428, title = {Little Blue Cattle Louse Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae)}, volume = {http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN79800.pdf}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47574.pdf}, author = {Juneau,Kevyn J. and Kaufman,Phillip E.} } @article {47846, title = {Prevalence of sucking and chewing lice on cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {42}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {281 - 285}, abstract = {

Beef calves from 2 sources entering southern Alberta feedlots in the winters of 1997-98 and 1998-99, were surveyed for the presence of lice. A random sample of multiple source (MS), that is, auction market-derived, calves entering commercial feedlots and single source (SS) calves entering a backgrounding feedlot were examined for the presence of lice at entry to the feedlot. A standardized examination, which involved hair-part examination of 8 louse predilection sites, was conducted on each selected calf to determine prevalence and intensity of infestation. The long-nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli, was the most commonly encountered species. This species infested from 57.8\% to 95.6\% of the calves selected from both MS and SS calves during both winters. Louse index values, indicating intensity of infestation, for L. vituli ranged from 1 to 243 lice per animal. The chewing louse, Bovicola bovis, was present on MS and SS calves only in the winter of 1998-99. The louse index values for B. bovis ranged froml to 230 lice per animal.Mixed infestations of the L. vituli and B. bovis were common. The little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus, was present only on the SS calves in the winter of 1997-98. The short-nosed sucking louse, Haematopinus eurysternus, was present at very low intensities, 1-2 lice per animal, on 2.6\% to 4.4\% of the MS calves during both winters. Comparison of results from the current study with published literature suggests that efforts to determine the economic impact of louse infestations are confounded by the lack of a uniform method to assess louse population levels.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Chewing lice, Haematopinus, Solenopotes}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46980.pdf}, author = {Douglas D. Colwell and Clymer,Bill and Booker,Calvin W. and Guichon,P. Timothy and Jim,G. Kee and Schunicht,Oliver C. and Wildman,Brian K.} } @article {47718, title = {Life Cycle Details of Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae)}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {100}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {619 - 621}, abstract = {The duration of immature life stages and the preoviposition period of Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein (Anoplura: Linognathidae) were determined by daily observation in vivo of individual specimens. The duration of the egg and nymphal stages was obtained by daily observation of eggs deposited by females transferred to normal predilection sites of uninfested cattle. The preoviposition period was determined by transferring third instars to uninfested cattle and then recording the period from adult eclosion to first oviposition. The egg stage required 11{\textendash}13 d. Both first and second instars required 3{\textendash}4 d, and third instars, based on observations of females, required 5{\textendash}6 d. The preoviposition period was 2 d. Between 27 and 29 d was required for completion of the cycle (egg to egg). The size (length) of unmounted specimens, in millimeters, was egg 0.70; first instar 0.69; second instar, 0.82; third instar, 1.06; adult female, 1.50; and adult male, 1.08.}, keywords = {little blue cattle louse}, author = {Grubbs,M. A. and Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R.} } @article {47464, title = {Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad applied as a pour-on or a topical spray against natural infestations of chewing and sucking lice on cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, abstract = {Studies were conducted in Wisconsin and Illinois, USA, to assess and compare the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad when applied as either a pour-on or topical spray and compared with cyfluthrin pour-on and coumaphos topical spray for controlling natural infestations of chewing (Bovicola bovis) and sucking (Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus and Haematopinus eurysternus) lice on cattle. Thirty-five animals at each trial site were blocked according to pre-treatment lice counts and randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: single treatments of spinosad (25g/L), diluted with water to 0.04\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; spinosad (25g/L) applied as a neat pour-on at 2mg/kg body weight; Co-Ral((R)) Emulsifiable Livestock Insecticide (5.8\% coumaphos), diluted to 0.03\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; CyLence((R)) Pour-on Insecticide (1\% cyfluthrin), applied as a neat pour-on at the manufacturer{\textquoteright}s recommended use rate for lice; and untreated control. Both spinosad treatments and cyfluthrin provided >/=96\% control of B. bovis for up to 7 weeks, whereas the efficacy of coumaphos dropped to <90\% after week 5 at one site. Spinosad spray had the best therapeutic and residual control of all treatments against L. vituli, >/=98\% for at least 5 weeks at both sites, compared with 3 weeks for coumaphos at one site. Spinosad and coumaphos sprays provided 100\% control of S. capillatus for at least 8 weeks compared with >/=97\% control for spinosad and cyfluthrin pour-on treatments over the same interval. While H. eurysternus burden was low and limited to one study site, all four treatments provided 100\% control for at least 6 weeks. These studies showed that topically applied spinosad provided a high degree of therapeutic and residual control against both sucking and chewing lice.}, keywords = {Bovicola, bovis, capillatus, eurysternus, Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes, vituli}, author = {White,W. Hunter and Hutchens,Douglas E. and Jones,Carl and Firkins,Larry D. and Paul,Allan J. and Smith,Larry L. and Snyder,Daniel E.} } @article {46544, title = {Efficacy of ivermectin against the sucking louse Solenopotes capillatus}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {116}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {267}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Drug Evaluation, insecticide, Ivermectin, Lactones, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Random Allocation, Streptomycin/therapeutic use}, author = {Barth,D. and Preston,J. M.} } @article {46367, title = {Spectrum of activity of doramectin against cattle mites and lice}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {49}, year = {1993}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1993}, pages = {67 - 73}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {A series of 16 studies was conducted involving 288 cattle with naturally acquired or experimentally induced mite or louse infestations to evaluate the efficacy of doramectin. Four studies were conducted against the mite species Psoroptes bovis and two against the mite species Sarcoptes scabiei. Ten studies involved cattle with one or more of the following louse species: Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. In each study, a group of at least nine but not more than 25 cattle were randomly allocated to a control or a treated group. One group was treated with doramectin at 200 micrograms kg-1 and the other group received no medication. Mites or lice were quantified by species immediately before treatment and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks thereafter. Doramectin was 100\% efficacious against infestations of P. bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, H. eurysternus, L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. The drug reduced infestations of D. bovis by a mean of 82\%.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Scabies}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Logan,N. B. and Weatherley,A. J. and Phillips,F. E. and Wilkins,C. P. and Shanks,D. J.} } @article {46299, title = {Doramectin systemic activity against cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), and cattle lice, Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae), Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), and Haematopinu}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {307 - 317}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice. Insect species present and the number of trials that included each species were: Hypoderma lineatum, 2; Hypoderma bovis. 1; Bovicola bovis, 5; Haematopinus eurysternus, 1; Linognathus vituli, 5; and Solenopotes capillatus, 3. Examinations for lice were performed prior to treatment and either weekly or bi-weekly thereafter for 28 days. Examinations for cattle warbles were performed either weekly or every 4 to 5 weeks from time of first appearance through last appearance in the backs of the cattle. No H. lineatum, H. bovis, H. eurysternus, L. vituli, or S. capillatus were found on doramectin-treated animals at any time following treatment. By 28 days following treatment, the number of B. bovis was reduced between 58 and 98\%. Treatments applied later in the season, i.e. in March, were more efficacious against B. bovis than those applied in January or February.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Hypodermyiasis, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, Time Factors}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Waggoner,J. W. and Phillips,F. E.} } @article {46292, title = {Field evaluation of doramectin for treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections and louse infestations of cattle}, journal = {American Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {57}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {1468 - 1471}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of doramectin given by injection at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis or louse infestations of cattle.ANIMALS: 1,031 mixed-breed cattle were treated in the nematode study and 418 were treated in the louse study. PROCEDURE: Naturally parasitized cattle were given 200 micrograms of doramectin/kg or an equivalent volume of saline solution, SC. In nematode experiments, fecal samples were collected from each animal 1 week before treatment, at time of treatment, and at weekly intervals there after for 3 weeks. In louse experiments, louse counts were carried out for each animal on the day of treatment and 14 and 28 days later. All cattle were weighted at the time of treatment and at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: By 21 days after doramectin treatment, fecal egg counts had decreased to zero in 9 of 10 experiments and to 1 egg/g in the remaining experiment. Differences between treatment groups were significant (P < 0.0001) in all instances. Pretreatment coproculture identified Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, and Nematrodirus as the represented genera. Doramectin was 100\% effective in eliminating infestation with Linogna thus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, and Solenopotes capillatus. Infestation with the chewing louse Damalinia bovis was reduced overall by 86\%. For all species, post treatment louse counts were significantly (P < 0.02) less for doramectin-treated cattle than for controls. Adverse reactions to doramectin were not apparent in either study. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injectable doramectin at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg is safe and effective for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and louse infestations of cattle under field conditions. }, keywords = {animals, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, gastrointestinal, Haemonchus, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Nematoda/isolation \& purification, Nematode Infections/drug therapy/veterinary, Ostertagia/isolation \& purification, Trichostrongylus}, author = {Phillips,F. E. and Logan,N. B. and Jones,R. M.} } @article {46272, title = {Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for control of lice in all classes of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 160902-72-7 (4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-epiacetylamino-4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-deoxyavermectin B1); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {153 - 161}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Eight trials were conducted in the United States to determine the efficacy of eprinomectin applied topically against four common species of lice in cattle. In two dose titration trials, eprinomectin dosages of 125 to 750 mcg/kg body weight applied topically were compared to untreated controls. In dose confirmation studies, animals treated topically with eprinomectin applied at the rate of 500 mcg/kg were compared to vehicle-treated controls. Four species of lice were present in these trials: Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus, all sucking lice, and Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis, the cattle biting louse. Louse counts were made on six to nine predilection sites (the same number of sites in all animals in the same trial) prior to treatment. The same sites were counted again seven days after treatment and weekly thereafter until trial termination eight weeks after treatment. When no lice were found in the predilection sites, a modified whole body search was conducted. Each species of lice was present on at least six animals in each treatment group on at least one counting date in two or more trials. No lice were found on any animal treated topically with eprinomectin at a dosage of > or = 500 mcg/kg after 14 days posttreatment until termination of the trials eight weeks after treatment.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Dose-Response, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Holste,J. E. and Smith,L. L. and Hair,J. A. and Lancaster,J. L. and Lloyd,J. E. and Langholff,W. K. and Barrick,R. A. and Eagleson,J. S.} } @article {46232, title = {Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against lice, mites, and grubs of cattle}, journal = {American Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {60}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0375011; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {402 - 404}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Chorioptes bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Hypoderma bovis, and Hypoderma lineatum. ANIMALS: Cattle of various ages with naturally acquired or artificial infestations with 1 or more species of lice, mites, or grubs. PROCEDURE: In 10 louse and 6 mite studies, cattle were treated with doramectin (500 microg/kg, topically) on day 0, and parasite counts were performed approximately weekly from days 0 to 35. In 6 grub studies, cattle expected to harbor Hypoderma spp were treated before emergence of warbles. After warbles began to emerge, they were counted every 2 weeks, and grubs were collected and identified by species. RESULTS: Burdens of D bovis, H eurystemus, L vituli, and S capillatus on doramectin-treated cattle were 0 by 28 days after treatment. Burdens of C bovis and S scabiei decreased to 0 in naturally infested cattle and approximately 0 in artificially infested cattle by day 14 to 15. In grub studies, 107 of 136 control cattle had warbles, whereas 2 of 136 doramectin-treated cattle had 1 warble each, which represented a cure rate of 98.5\%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: One topical application of doramectin was highly efficacious against common species of lice, mites, and grubs known to affect performance, health, and appearance of cattle.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Diptera, Hypodermyiasis, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Sarcoptes scabiei, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0002-9645}, author = {Rooney,K. A. and Illyes,E. F. and Sunderland,S. J. and Sarasola,P. and Hendrickx,M. O. and Keller,D. S. and Meinert,T. R. and Logan,N. B. and Weatherley,A. J. and Conder,G. A.} } @article {46195, title = {The persistent efficacy of doramectin pour-on against biting and sucking louse infestations of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {87}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 62-73-7 (Dichlorvos); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {183 - 192}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {A repeated-exposure challenge model was used to evaluate the pour-on formulation of doramectin in preventing the establishment of louse infestations in cattle. Twenty calves cleared of preexisting biting and sucking louse infestations were randomly and equally allocated to either a doramectin-treated or untreated control group, with five replicates per group. Doramectin pour-on was administered topically at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight. Every 14 days, from a pool of seeder calves with infestations of at least 50 biting and 50 sucking lice each, 10 calves were selected and 1 was placed in each replicate pen. Every week during the 112-day study, 9 predilection sites on the doramectin-treated and untreated calves were examined to estimate the louse population density. A calf met the infestation criterion for a louse species when two or more live lice were counted on two or more body regions for two consecutive count days. Because only 4 of 10 untreated calves acquired Solenopotes capillatus infestations, the persistent efficacy of doramectin against S. capillatus was not evaluated. Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli infestations in the untreated calves developed shortly after exposure to infested seeder calves. The acquisition of B. bovis and L. vituli infestations in the doramectin-treated group was delayed for 77 days and 105 days, respectively.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control, Mallophaga, Random Allocation, Wisconsin}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Skogerboe,T. L. and Smith,L. L. and Karle,V. K. and Derozier,C. L.} } @article {46098, title = {Prevalence of sucking and chewing lice on cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {42}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0004653; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {281 - 285}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {

Beef calves from 2 sources entering southern Alberta feedlots in the winters of 1997-98 and 1998-99, were surveyed for the presence of lice. A random sample of multiple source (MS), that is, auction market-derived, calves entering commercial feedlots and single source (SS) calves entering a backgrounding feedlot were examined for the presence of lice at entry to the feedlot. A standardized examination, which involved hair-part examination of 8 louse predilection sites, was conducted on each selected calf to determine prevalence and intensity of infestation. The long-nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli, was the most commonly encountered species. This species infested from 57.8\% to 95.6\% of the calves selected from both MS and SS calves during both winters. Louse index values, indicating intensity of infestation, for L. vituli ranged from 1 to 243 lice per animal. The chewing louse, Bovicola bovis, was present on MS and SS calves only in the winter of 1998-99. The louse index values for B. bovis ranged from 1 to 230 lice per animal. Mixed infestations of the L. vituli and B. bovis were common. The little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus, was present only on the SS calves in the winter of 1997-98. The short-nosed sucking louse, Haematopinus eurysternus, was present at very low intensities, 1-2 lice per animal, on 2.6\% to 4.4\% of the MS calves during both winters. Comparison of results from the current study with published literature suggests that efforts to determine the economic impact of louse infestations are confounded by the lack of a uniform method to assess louse population levels.

}, keywords = {Alberta, Animal Husbandry/methods/standards, animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Prevalence}, isbn = {0008-5286}, author = {Douglas D. Colwell and Clymer,B. and Booker,C. W. and Guichon,P. T. and Jim,G. K. and Schunicht,O. C. and Wildman,B. K.} } @article {46072, title = {Persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {102}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Solutions); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {235 - 241}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted in two locations, Wyoming and Wisconsin, USA, to evaluate the persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight against artificially induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus on cattle. At each location, lice-free beef calves were individually housed and randomly allocated to treatment. Both B. bovis and S. capillatus were transferred from untreated donor animals to doramectin-treated cattle at the end of 35, 63, 91 or 126 day post-treatment periods. Cattle treated with a saline pour-on served as the control. Based on the geometric means of lice counts 2 weeks following transfer, the persistent efficacy of a single treatment with doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of B. bovis was 100.0, 100.0, 99.5, and 100.0\% at post-treatment days of 35, 63, 91, and 126, respectively. Persistent efficacy against induced infestations of S. capillatus, for the same intervals, were 100.0, 94.9, 86.3, and 74.9\%.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Random Allocation, Solutions, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Grubbs,M. A. and Waggoner,J. W. and Norelius,E. E. and Smith,L. L. and Brake,A. C. and Skogerboe,T. L. and Shostrom,V. K.} } @article {46015, title = {Efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin cattle Pour-on (Saber) against sucking and biting lice infesting beef cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Therapeutics}, volume = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100936368; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 68085-85-8 (cyhalothrin); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {387 - 395}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Four studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on (Saber Pour-on, Schering-Plough Animal Health) for control of sucking lice (Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus) and biting lice (Damalinia bovis) on beef cattle. Seventy-four mixed-breed cattle naturally infested with one or more species of lice at locations in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and North Dakota were included in the study. Pretreatment lice samples were taken and identified by genus with the exception that sucking lice were not identified by genus at the North Dakota site. In January or February, half of the cattle at each location received a single application of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on at 10 ml per head for cattle weighing less than 273 kg (600 lb) or 15 ml per head for cattle weighing 273 kg or more. The other cattle at each site served as untreated controls. Lice on designated body areas were counted 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, and the sum of all lice observed on each counting area was reported for each animal. The collective efficacy 6 weeks after treatment against three species of sucking lice (L. vituli, H. eurysternus, S. capillatus) was 88.4\% at the Wisconsin site, 92.0\% at the North Dakota site, and 100\% at the Nebraska and Oklahoma sites. The 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on eliminated all biting lice within 2 weeks after treatment, and no biting lice were detected 8 weeks after treatment. A single treatment of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on administered when lice populations were highest (January or February) provided effective season-long control of both biting and sucking lice on cattle.}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, Treatment Outcome, Wisconsin}, isbn = {1528-3593}, author = {Endris,R. G. and Amodie,D. and Reuter,V. and Hair,J. A. and Meyer,H. J. and Carey,D. R. and Campbell,J. B. and Smith,L. L. and Meyer,J. A.} } @article {45943, title = {Persistent activity of moxidectin long-acting injectable formulations against natural and experimentally enhanced populations of lice infesting cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {120}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Macrolides); 51570-36-6 (milbemycin); 2004/01/23 [received]; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {215 - 227}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted under a common protocol in Wisconsin and Wyoming, USA, to evaluate therapeutic and persistent efficacy of two long-acting injectable formulations of moxidectin against lice populations infesting cattle. At each site, 30 beef calves were blocked into groups of three based on naturally acquired Linognathus vituli populations, then randomly assigned to treatments within blocks. Treatments, injected subcutaneously into the proximal third of the ear on Day 0, included saline, a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 10\% moxidectin given at the rate of 1 mg moxidectin/kg body weight (M10/1.0), or a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 15\% moxidectin given at the rate of 0.75 mg moxidectin/kg b.w. (M15/0.75). Species of sucking and chewing lice were quantified on nine predilection sites before treatment, then 28, 63, 98, 133 and 168 days after treatment. During intervals between lice counts after Day 28, study animals from the three treatment groups were commingled for 32 days with two lice-free sentinels plus four to six seeder calves with infestations of both sucking and chewing lice. Following each 32-day commingling interval, seeder and sentinel animals were removed, and principal animals were sorted into pens by treatment. Lice were quantified on sentinel animals on the day of removal, and lice were quantified on principal study animals 3 days after removal of sentinel and seeders. Moxidectin was generally not efficacious against Bovicola bovis in the injectable formulations tested, whereas Haematopinus eurysternus infestations were inadequate to judge product effectiveness. Based on geometric means, both M15/0.75 and M10/1.0 provided statistically significant therapeutic efficacy against existing infestations of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (100\% efficacy on Day 28), and provided persistent protection against reinfestation with L. vituli and S. capillatus (efficacy >97\%) for at least 133 days following treatment.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, insecticide, Least-Squares Analysis, Lice Infestations/parasitology/prevention \& control/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development, Macrolides, Random Allocation}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Cleale,R. M. and Lloyd,J. E. and Smith,L. L. and Grubbs,M. A. and Grubbs,S. T. and Kumar,R. and Amodie,D. M.} } @article {43554, title = {The occurrence of the capillate louse, Solenopotes capillatus, in South Africa}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {39}, year = {1968}, month = {1968}, pages = {73 - 74}, author = {du Toit,R.} } @article {43051, title = {The occurrence of the capillate louse Solenopotes capillatus, in South Africa}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {39}, year = {1968}, note = {1100}, month = {1968}, pages = {73 - 74}, keywords = {Africa, Artiodactyla., Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {R. du Toit} } @article {42805, title = {Solenopotes capillatus, Enderlein, a blood sucking louse of cattle, not previously found in England}, journal = {Veterinary Journal}, volume = {79}, year = {1923}, note = {303}, month = {1923}, pages = {162 - 164}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Mitteleuropa, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Pillers,A. W. N.} } @article {42747, title = {Solenopotes capillatus. A sucking louse of cattle hitherto unrecognized from Australia}, journal = {Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia}, volume = {9}, year = {1932}, note = {1126}, month = {1932}, pages = {300}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodacyla, Australia, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Connor,B. A.} } @article {42644, title = {Scanning electron microscopy of Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein (Anoplura: Linognathidae)}, journal = {Journal of the New York Entomological Society}, volume = {78}, year = {1970}, note = {888}, month = {1970}, pages = {139 - 145}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, head, Morphologie allgemein, Sinnesorgane, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Miller,Frederick H.,Jr.} } @article {42468, title = {Low concentration of coumaphos and trichlofon spray treatments for control of the cattle lice Solenopotes capillatus and Bovocola bovis}, journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology}, volume = {58}, year = {1965}, note = {542}, month = {1965}, pages = {585 - 586}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Control, Mallophaga, Medizinische Bedeutung, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Knapp,F. W.} } @article {42216, title = {The fourth European founding place of Solenopotes Enderlein (Anoplura) in Poland represented by Solenopotes capillatus dubius sspec. nov.}, journal = {Proc. III Mtg. Pol. Parasitol. Soc.}, year = {1954}, note = {425}, month = {1954}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Europe, Poland, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Gerwel,C.} } @article {42191, title = {L{\"a}usestudie IX. Die haarige Rinderlaus, Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein}, journal = {Prager Archiv f{\"u}r Tiermedizin und vergleichende Pathologie}, volume = {7 A}, year = {1927}, note = {310}, month = {1927}, pages = {215 - 227}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Mitteleuropa., Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Ludwig Freund} } @article {41864, title = {Solenopotes capillatus, a sucking louse of cattle not heretofore known in the United States}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Research}, volume = {21}, year = {1921}, note = {305}, month = {1921}, pages = {797 - 801}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Gert, Nordamerika., Solenopotes}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41864.pdf}, author = {Bishopp,Fred Corry} } @article {40509, title = {Contributions towards a monograph of the sucking lice. Part V}, journal = {Stanford University Publications, University Series, Biological Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {1932}, note = {Note that the title of this publication was altered between part I and part II. Part I was published in the series "Leland Stanford Junior University Publications, University Series", without volume or part numbers and each part pages separately. In part, this series became "Stanford University Publications, University Series, Biological Sicences", with volume and part numbers. Note that part 1 is dated 1919, but was published in 1920. Taxa covered are as followed: Justrification for the seperation of the following genera from the genus Enderleinellus: Hoplophthirus, Cyclophthirus, Rhinophthirus, Euenderleinellus Justrification for the seperation of the following genera from the genus Hoplopleura: Pterophthirus (a note is provided on Pterophthirus alata and Pterophthirus audax), Ctenura, Euhoplopleura, Ctenopleura, Ferrisella Justrification for the seperation of the following genera from the genus Polyplax and Neohaematopinus: Ahaematopinus A note is povided on Acanthophthirius Perkins and Haematopinus Piaget that have erroniously been refered to as Anoplura. The following taxa are considered: Hoplopleura (cont.) Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.) (cont.) Scipio (cont.) Scipio tripedatus n. sp. ex Petromys typicus tropicalis Enderleinellus (cont.) Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz Haematopinoides Haematopinoides squamosus Osborn Neohaematopinus (cont.) Neohaematopinus sciurinus Mjobergi (cont.) Neohaematopinus pectinifer (Neumann) (cont.) Neohaematopinus faurei (Bedford) Phthirpediculus Phthirpediculus propitheci Ewing Lemurphthirus Lemurphthirus galagus Bedford Docophthirus Docophthirus acinetus Waterston Hamophthirus Hamophthirus galeopitheci Mjobergi Ancistroplax Ancistroplax crocidurae Waterston Bathyergicola Bathyergicola hilli Bedford Bathyergicola lawrensis Bedford Bathyergicola lophiomydis n. sp. ex Lophiomys thomasi Eulinognathus denticulatus Cummings Eulinognathus aculeatus (Neumann) Eulinognathus biuncatus n. sp.Dipodipus sowerbyi Eulinognathus americanus Ewing Eulinognathus parvus (Kellogg and Ferris) Haemodipsus Haemodipsus lyriocephalus (Burmeister) Haemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) Haemodipsus setoni Ewing Linognathus Linognathus setosus (Olfers) Linognathus pedalis (Osborn) Linognathus ovillus (Neumann) Linognathus stenopsis (Burmeister) Linognathus africanus Kellogg and Paine Linognathus oviformis (Rudow) Linognathus saccatus (Gervais) Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus) Linognathus tibialis (Piaget) Linognathus cervicaprae (Lucas) Linognathus brevicornis Giebel Linognathus fractus n. sp. Tragelaphus sylvaticus Linognathus gnu Bedford Linognathus fahrenholzi Paine Linognathus hippotragi n. sp. Hippotragus niger Linognathus taurotragus Bedford Linognathus breviceps (Piaget) Linognathus angulatus (Piaget) Linognathus gazella Mjobergi Linognathus limnotragi Cummings Linognathus pithodes Cummings Linognathus bedfordi n. sp. Antidorcas marsupialis Linognathus spicatus n. sp. Gorgon taurinus Microthoracius Microthoracius praelongiceps (Neumann) Microthoracius cameli (Linnaeus) Solenopotes Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein Solenopotes binipilosus (Fahrenholzia) Solenopotes ferrisi (Fahrenholzia) Solenopotes tarandi (Mjoberg) Solenopotes burmeisteri (Fahrenholzia) Prolinognathus Prolinognathus caviae-capensis (Cummings) Prolinognathus leptocephalus (Ehrenbergi) Descriptions are thorough and well figured.}, month = {1932}, pages = {271 - 413}, keywords = {atax}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3302.pdf}, author = {Ferris,Gordon Floyd} } @article {40354, title = {Density and distribution of cattle lice (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae, Linognathidae, Trichodectidae) on six steers}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {69}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {283 - 296}, abstract = {

The density and distribution of four species of cattle louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognathus vituli (L.), and Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein), were elucidated from the hides of six slaughtered steers. Adult and nymphal lice were first removed from one hide by hand and the location of each specimen mapped. The remaining lice were removed by a detergent wash, and KOH dissolution of hide and hair. Lice from the remaining five hides were removed using KOH dissolution of cattle hair and subsequent filtration of the effluent. Bovicola bovis was most abundant, followed by H. eurysternus, L. vituli and S. capillatus. Significant variation was observed in B. bovis, H. eurysternus and L. vituli population densities. Solenopotes capillatus population densities did not differ significantly. All species were contagiously distributed, i.e. \&$\#$39;clumped\&$\#$39;, suggesting species dependant predilection sites, Predilection sites were ranked according to louse density to facilitate the development of field sampling strategies. Additional biological data were gathered on sex and life stage ratios for each species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinus, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, shortnosed, Solenopotes}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3087.pdf}, author = {Watson,D. W. and Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R.} } @article {40351, title = {Evaluation of the protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {91 - 99}, abstract = {The protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice was evaluated under natural challenge conditions in Canada. Two studies with a similar experimental design were conducted in sequence. In each study, two groups of louse-free cattle received either doramectin at a dose of 200 CLg/kg by subcutaneous injection or no treatment and were then mixed with louse-infested animals for the winter housing period. All animals were examined for lice on treatment day and thereafter at weekly intervals for 13 weeks. In the preliminary study, acquisition of infestation in the face of a very mild challenge of Linognathus vituli was delayed by a mean period of 49 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with untreated controls. The difference in the delay between the groups was significant (P less than or equal to 0.04). In the second study, test animals experienced a moderate challenge of a mixed infestation of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. Acquisition of infestation was delayed by a mean period of 25.6 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with controls, the difference between the two groups being highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.0001). These studies confirmed the protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice under natural challenge conditions showing that infestation is prevented for a period of about 4 weeks following administration of the drug at its recommended dose. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.}, keywords = {Anoplura, Calves, cattle, efficacy, lice, linognathus vituli, Mallophaga}, author = {Villeneuve,A. and Daigneault,J.} } @article {40313, title = {A survey of lice infestation on cattle brought to an abattoir in Istanbul}, journal = {Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences}, volume = {21}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {477 - 481}, abstract = {This survey was carried out to determine the lice species and their infestation rates on cattle brought to Kucukcekmece abattoior in Istanbul. For this purpose, a total of 1752 cattle were examined during the period from 01 April 1990 to 31 March 1991. Most (1664 heads) of the animals were from Thracia (the European part of Turkey) and some (88 heads) of them from Romania. It was determined that 27.6\% out of 1752 examined cattle were infested with lice. Infestation rate was 51.6\% in winter. 29.6\% in spring, 7.5\% in summer and 27.7\% in fall. Only five species were observed on the cattle. These species and their infestation rates were as follows: 23.6\% for Damalinia bovis, 2.5\% for Solenopotes capillatus, 1.9\% for Haematopinus eurysternus, 1.6\% for Linognatus vituli and 0.3\% for Haematopinus quadripertusis. Heavy infestations due to S. capiliatus, H. eurysternus and D. bovis were seen in 0.3\%, 0.4\% and 6.5\% of the examined animals, respectively. During the study, 1 out of 7 water buffaloes was infested with lice, which were H. tuberculatus. In Turkey, H. quadripertusus was firstly seen in this study.}, keywords = {buffalo, cattle, lice, Prevalence, Turkey, water}, author = {El-Metenawy,T. M.} } @article {40095, title = {Louse and mite infestation in domestic animals in northern Nigeria}, journal = {Tropical Animal Health and Production}, volume = {24}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {121 - 124}, abstract = {

Records of domestic animals brought to the Veterinary Entomology Laboratory for diagnosis of suspected lice and mite infestation over a 10 year period were analysed. From a total of 794 suspected cases, 137 (17.3\%) and 247 (31.1\%) were positive for lice and mange mites respectively. The most common lice species recorded were Linognathus vituli (66.7\%) on cattle, L. ovillus (83.3\%) on sheep, Haematopinus suis (100\%) on pigs and Menacanthus stramineus (54.5\%) on poultry. Other lice species recorded included Haematopinus bovis and Solenopotes capillatus on cattle, Damalinia ovis on sheep, Linognathus stenopsis and Menacanthus stramineus on goats, Goniocotes sp. on a horse, Linognathus setosus and Menacanthus stramineus on dogs, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae and Chelopistes meleagrides on poultry. The most common mite species were Demodex folliculorum on cattle (96.9\%) and on dogs (80.8\%), Sarcoptes scabiei on pigs (100\%) and Notoedres cati (80.3\%) on rabbits. Other mite species included Psoroptes communis, Cheyletiella parasitivorax, Ornithonyssus gallinae and Dermanyssus gallinae.

Resumen

Se analizaron los registros de animales dom\ésticos llevados al Laboratorio de Entomolog\ís Veterinaria, para diagn\óstico de posible infestaci\ón con piojos y \ácaros, durante un per\íodo de 10 a\ños. De un total de 794 casos sospechosos, 137 (17\·3\%) y 247 (31\·1\%) fueron positivos para piojos y \ácaros, respectivamente. Las especies m\ás comunes de piojos encontradas fueronLinognathus vituli (66\·7\%) en ganado,L. ovillus (83\·3\%) en ovejas,Haematopinus suis (100\%) en cerdos yMenacanthus stramineus (54\·5\%) en aves. Otras especies de piojos encontradas incluyeron,Haematopinus bovis ySolenopotes capillatus en ganado;Damalinia ovis en ovejas;Linognathus stenopsis yMenacanthus stramineus en cabras;Ganiocotes sp. en caballos;Linognathus setosus yMenacanthus stramineus en perros;Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae yChelopistes meleagrides en aves.

Las especies m\ás com\únes de \ácaros fueron,Demodex folliculorum en ganado (96\·9\%) y en perros (80\·8\%);Sarcoptes scabiei en cerdos (100\%) yNotoedres cati (80\·3\%) en conejos. Otras especies detectadas incluyeron,Psoroptes comunis, Cheyletiella parasitivorax, Ornithonyssus gallinae yDermanyssus gallinae.

}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02356957}, author = {George,J. B. D. and Otobo,S. and Ogunleye,J. and Adediminiyi,B.} } @article {39830, title = {Arthropod parasites of Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) and Gazelles (Gazella gazella) in Israel}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {83}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {167 - 173}, abstract = {

In a 20-year survey the following ectoparasites were collected from Nubian ibexes: larvae of an unidentified Oestrus sp. collected from the nasal cavities, sinuses and hems, hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena chalcomelaena) specific to the Nubian ibex, blood sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.). Ibexes were severely infested with the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus; a few Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum ticks were also collected. In five ibexes kept in two toes, showing otitis, Psoroptes cuniculi, was identified, and from skin scrapings of nine animals with severe dermatitis in three other toes, Sarcoptes scabiei was isolated. Infestation of Nubian ibexes with sucking and biting lice as well as H. anatolicum excavatum is reported for the first time. The ectoparasites collected from gazelles were: hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena capreoli), calliphorid flies (Lucilia sericata and Calliphora sp.), sucking lice (Linognathus africanus and Solenopotes capillatus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis), and ticks, B, annalatus, Rhipicepahlus bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, H. anatolicum excavatum and H. marginatum rufipes. In skin scrapings of four gazelles with local dermatitis in the fetlocks Chorioptes bovis was identified. Neoschoengastia sp. was found in craters between the claws in three gazelles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Capra, ectoparasite, Gazella, Ibex}, doi = {10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00073-4}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12906213_Arthropod_parasites_of_Nubian_ibexes_Capra_ibex_nubiana_and_Gazelles_Gazella_gazella_in_Israel}, author = {Yeruham,I. and Rosen,S. and Hadani,A. and Braverman,Y.} } @article {39768, title = {Efficacy of chlorfenapyr (AC 303630) experimental pour-on and CyLence formulations against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle in New York}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {97}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {123 - 129}, abstract = {The four chlorfenapyr formulations examined provided 100\% control of both the nymphal and adult stages of naturally acquired Bovicola bovis (L.) on cattle up to 35 days after application. Treatment with 6 mg chlorfenapyr per kg BW in a 0.12 mi per kg BW formulation was as effective as treatment with CyLence(TM) (cyfluthrin) in controlling naturally acquired Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) on cattle for 35 days. Percent reduction was never greater than 90\% with any chlorfenapyr application against Linognathus vituli (L.). However, percent reduction was greater than 90\% with CyLence(TM) from day 21 through 35. No adverse effects were noted on cattle from any of the chlorfenapyr dosages used. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Calves, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinidae, lepidoptera, lice, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, noctuidae, Solenopotes, susceptibility, trichodectidae}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2196.pdf}, author = {Kaufman,P. E. and Rutz,D. A. and Doscher,M. E. and Albright,R.} }