@article {48367, title = {A hitchhiker{\textquoteright}s guide to parasite transmission: The phoretic behaviour of feather lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {39}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {569 - 575}, abstract = {

Transmission to new hosts is a fundamental challenge for parasites. Some species meet this challenge by hitchhiking on other, more mobile parasite species, a behaviour known as phoresis. For example, feather feeding lice that parasitise birds disperse to new hosts by hitchhiking on parasitic louse flies, which fly between individual birds. Oddly, however, some species of feather lice do not engage in phoresis. For example, although Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) \‘\‘wing\” lice (Columbicola columbae) frequently move to new hosts phoretically on louse flies (Pseudolynchia canariensis), Rock Pigeon \‘\‘body\” lice (Campanulotes compar) do not. This difference in phoretic behaviour is puzzling because the two species of lice have very similar life cycles and are equally dependent on transmission to new hosts. We conducted a series of experiments designed to compare the orientation, locomotion and attachment capabilities of these two species of lice, in relation to louse flies. We show that wing lice use fly activity as a cue in orientation and locomotion, whereas body lice do not. We also show that wing lice are more capable of remaining attached to active flies that are walking, grooming or flying. The superior phoretic ability of wing lice may be related to morphological adaptations for life on wing feathers, compared to body feathers.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47511.pdf}, author = {Christopher W. Harbison and Jacobson,Matthew V. and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {47856, title = {Human nakedness: adaptation against ectoparasites?}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {1987 - 1989}, abstract = {Homo sapiens L. has been described as the naked ape, and this nakedness undoubtedly constitutes one of the most striking diĀ€erences in appearance between man and the apes. Nakedness has been attributed at various times to sexual selection [1], aquatic stage [2], hunting [3], cooling [4], sex [5], neoteny [6] and allometry [7], most proposed explanations logically revealing some aspect of the phenomenon. However, most fail to account for the distinctiveness of man{\textquoteright}s hairlessness among mammals of the same size. Unfortunately, fossils cannot help us to explain how denudation occurred, and how it helped hominids to survive. In this paper I will present an old hypothesis with a new point of view incorporating more recent evidence.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46990.pdf}, author = {Rantala,Markus J.} } @article {47788, title = {Against all odds: Explaining high host specificity in dispersal-prone parasites}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {871 - 876}, abstract = {roperties of the host and parasite, as well as their ecological and co-evolutionary relationships. Host specificity is influenced by the behavior and ecology of both parasite and host. Where parasites are active, vagile and coupled with hosts whose behavior and ecology brings the parasite into contact with many potential hosts, the likelihood of host switching is increased, usually leading to lowered specificity. Bat flies are specialized, blood-feeding ectoparasites of bats worldwide. In the bat fly {\textendash} bat system, numerous properties interrupt the linkage of parasite to host and should decrease specificity. For bat flies these include high levels of activity, proclivity to abandon a disturbed host, the ability to fly, and a life-history strategy that includes a pupal stage decoupled from the host. For bats these include rapid, frequent and wide-ranging flight, high species richness encouraging inter-specific encounters during foraging, roosting and reproductive events, the utilization of large, durable roosting structures that are often shared with other bat species, and utilization of common entrance/exit flyways. The biological and ecological characteristics of bats and flies should together facilitate interspecific host transfers and, over time, lead to non-specific host-parasite associations. Large surveys of Neotropical mammals and parasites, designed to eliminate artifactual host-to-host parasite transfers, unequivocally demonstrate the high host specificity of bat flies. High degrees of specificity are remarkable in light of myriad host and parasite characteristics that ought to break down such specificity. Although host-specific parasites often have limited dispersal capability, this is not the case for some groups, including active, mobile bat flies. Host specificity in parasites with high dispersal capability is likely related to adaptive constraints. Among these may be a reproductive filter selecting for specificity based on mate availability, and co-evolved immunocompatibility where parasites use the same or similar immune-signaling molecules as their hosts to avoid immunological surveillance and response.}, keywords = {Bat flies, Chiroptera, host associations, Host specificity, Streblidae}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46922.pdf}, author = {Dick,Carl W. and Patterson,Bruce D.} } @article {47792, title = {Multi-host parasite species in cophylogenetic studies}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, note = {Cophylogenetic studies examine the relationship between host and parasite evolution. One aspect of cophylogenetic studies that has had little modern discussion is parasites with multiple definitive hosts. Parasite species with multiple host species are anomalous as, under a codivergence paradigm, speciation by the hosts should cause speciation of their parasites. We discuss situations such as cryptic parasite species, recent host switching or failure to speciate that may generate multi-host parasites. We suggest methods to identify which of the mechanisms have led to multi-host parasitism. Applying the suggested methods may allow multi-host parasites to be integrated more fully into cophylogenetic studies.}, month = {2005}, pages = {741 - 746}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46926.pdf}, author = {Jonathan C. Banks and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {46497, title = {Arthropods--the pelage of mammals as an environment}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {17}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {191 - 195}, keywords = {animals, hair, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, mammal}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45422.pdf}, author = {Murray,M. D.} } @article {46372, title = {Systematic relationships among pocket gopher chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from electrophoretic data}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1993}, pages = {191 - 201}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Multilocus starch-gel electrophoresis was used to obtain electrophoretic data for maximum parsimony, phenetic, and component analysis of systematic relationships among 14 species of pocket gopher chewing lice and two outgroup species. Pocket gopher lice studied included taxa representing seven of the 25 species complexes in Geomydoecus, and two of the four species complexes of Thomomydoecus. In pairwise comparisons, 12 of the 14 pocket gopher lice were characterized by two or more fixed genetic differences, and each nominal species possessed at least one fixed difference. These electrophoretic results are consistent with previous morphological analysis of species-level taxonomy. A maximum-parsimony analysis of the electrophoretic data yielded 80 trees, each with a length of 78 steps and a consistency index of 0.83. The strict consensus tree and the UPGMA phenogram of genetic distances indicate that five species of lice from Central American pocket gophers (Orthogeomys) form a clade distinct from lice hosted by North American pocket gophers (Geomys, Thomomys, and Cratogeomys). Other louse clades receiving reasonable support in bootstrap parsimony analysis include: (Thomomydoecus wardi, Th. minor); (Geomydoecus scleritus, G. mobilensis); (G. panamensis, G. setzeri); and (G. cherriei, G. costaricensis). The systematic results of this electrophoretic study are generally consistent with the boundaries of louse species complexes described previously.

}, keywords = {alleles, animals, electrophoresis, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Phylogeny, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Rodent Diseases/parasitology, rodentia}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-415.1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002075199390141K}, author = {Nadler,Steven A. and Mark S. Hafner} } @article {46352, title = {Ingestion of host antibodies by Bovicola ovis on sheep}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {143 - 145}, abstract = {Sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis, collected from moderately heavy infestations on Merino wethers, were assayed by ELISA for their content of host-derived specific immunoglobulin (Ig). Relative concentrations of anti-horse myoglobin antibodies in the lice and in sera from their hosts were used to estimate the total quantities of functional Ig (that which remained capable of binding specifically to its antigen) present, giving a mean of 0.21 +/- 0.20 mg/g of lice. An attempt to demonstrate the presence of antibodies against B. ovis antigens in naturally-infested host sheep using ELISA produced inconclusive results. The implications of the quantities of Ig ingested by feeding B. ovis are discussed in relation to the feasibility of immunological control of this species on sheep.}, keywords = {animals, enzyme, immunological, Lice Infestations/immunology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology}, author = {Eisemann,C. H. and Pearson,R. D. and Donaldson,R. A. and Cadogan,L. C.} } @article {46330, title = {Kinetic disposition of xylene-based or aqueous formulations of deltamethrin applied to the dorsal mid-line of sheep and their effect on lice}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (Solutions); 0 (Xylenes); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); 7732-18-5 (Water); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {471 - 482}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {A xylene-based topical formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin was applied to the dorsal mid-line of 2 groups of 5 Merino sheep within 24 h after shearing. One group was free of ectoparasites and the second was infested with sheep body lice, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis. A water-based deltamethrin formulation was applied to the dorsal mid-line of a third group of 5 Merinos which were infested with lice. Insecticide concentrations on the wool of the back, upper and lower body and in the skin and bloodstream were measured at regular intervals between 1 and 98 days after treatment. Movement of the deltamethrin from the back to the lower body occurred within 24 h on all 3 groups, but maximum concentrations took 4-5 days to develop on the fleece in sheep treated with the xylene-based formulation and 11 days in sheep treated with the water-based formulation. There was a significant difference in concentration of deltamethrin close to the dorsal mid-line between the groups treated with the different formulations. Overall, concentrations of deltamethrin were lower at all sites examined on the sheep treated with the water-based formulation. Levels of deltamethrin in the tip of the fleece were significantly greater than those in the base and there was little movement of deltamethrin down the staple. The concentration of deltamethrin in the skin was significantly lower than the concentration in the wool and fell below the amount required to kill lice fully susceptible to deltamethrin after 12 days. Deltamethrin levels in the blood were near the limits of detection in all groups at all observations, indicating that there was little absorption or re-distribution of deltamethrin via the bloodstream. Most lice were killed after 20 h of exposure in vitro, to wool samples collected between 1 and 14 days after treatment. However, many lice survived in samples containing the same concentration of deltamethrin, but collected between 16 and 98 days after treatment. Numbers of lice surviving increased with the sampling time after treatment, suggesting that the bio-availability of the deltamethrin changed as the insecticide aged in the fleece.}, keywords = {animals, Dose-Response, Insect vectors, insecticide, Kinetics, Lice/drug effects, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sheep/parasitology, Skin/chemistry, Solutions, water, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.} } @article {46327, title = {Proliferative responses of lymphocytes in Bovicola ovis infested lambs}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); 11028-71-0 (Concanavalin A); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {765 - 768}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Proliferative responses of peripheral blood and prescapular lymph node lymphocytes from 8 B. ovis-infested and 8 naive lambs to concanavalin A (Con A) and soluble antigen of B. ovis were examined in vitro. The numbers of lice and the extent of cockle were also assessed on each lamb. Prescapular lymph node lymphocytes from infested lambs showed significantly higher responses to B. ovis antigen than those from naive lambs. Only a marginal difference was observed between infested and naive lambs in the response of lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Proliferative responses to Con A by prescapular lymph node or blood cells were not significantly different between groups. The results indicated a relationship between the intensity of louse infestation and the proliferative response of prescapular lymph node lymphocytes to B. ovis antigen.

}, keywords = {animals, Antigens/immunology/pharmacology, Comparative Study, Lice Infestations/immunology/veterinary, Lice/immunology, Lymph Nodes/immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(94)00195-T}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002075199400195T}, author = {Bany,J. and Pfeffer,A. and Phegan,M. and A. C. G. Heath} } @article {46319, title = {Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pesticide Residues); 60-57-1 (Dieldrin); RF: 35; ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {1355 - 1362}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {For about 100 years Australian woolgrowers have used a variety of chemicals to control blowflies, lice and other ectoparasites of sheep. While the chemicals have changed considerably the application technology has not changed very much at all. Chemicals registered for use on sheep have paralleled the evolution of synthetic insecticides with the unfortunate consequence of the development of resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, following closely behind. Organochlorine (dieldrin) resistance peaked at about 70\% in 1958 when unacceptable residues in meat and wool forced their withdrawal. Organophosphate (OP) resistance appeared in 1965. With no alternative insecticide classes until 1979, OP resistance reached near fixation levels by the early 1970s and has remained unchanged. OP resistance has reduced the protection period from over 16 weeks to about 6 weeks. Moreover, resistance has decreased the effectiveness of many flystrike dressings to unacceptably low levels. OPs are still very effective against sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis but control is hampered by inadequate application via plunge or shower dipping. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour-on products were released in 1981 but resistance developed by 1985 and many woolgrowers were unable to eradicate lice with pour-on products. Highest Resistance Factors at this time were only about 26 x but this was sufficient to prevent pour-ons working efficiently. By 1991 a population from Hartley in NSW was found to be 642 x resistant to cypermethrin with side-resistance conferred to the other SPs. SP resistance was partially suppresible by piperonyl butoxide but field trials suggested that the resulting improvement in efficacy was not sufficient to be commercially attractive. OPs remain very effective if applied correctly and the release of ivermectin and 2 benzoylphenyl urea products significantly improves the prospects for resistance management. However the increasing environmental concern about the persistence of chemical residues in wool has stimulated interest in biological control of sheep lice by Bacillus thuringiensis.}, keywords = {animals, Dieldrin, Diptera, ectoparasite, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, lice, meat, pesticide, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Levot,G. W.} } @article {46314, title = {Comparison of local and systemic responsiveness of lymphocytes in vitro to Bovicola ovis antigen and concanavalin A in B. ovis infested and naive lambs}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); 11028-71-0 (Concanavalin A); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {1499 - 1504}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {The in vitro proliferation assay was used to determine lymphocyte responsiveness to soluble antigen of B. ovis and to Concanavalin A (Con A) in peripheral blood, spleen and various lymph nodes from B. ovis-infested and naive lambs. From March to July, an assay of monthly blood samples showed generally higher proliferative responses to antigen and Con A in B. ovis-infested than naive lambs. The proliferative response of cells from the skin-draining prescapular lymph nodes to B. ovis antigen was significantly higher in B. ovis-infested than naive lambs. Responses of cells from the medial iliac, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes (which do not receive lymph from the skin) and spleen showed no significant differences between groups. Within the B. ovis-infested lambs, the response of cells from the prescapular lymph node was significantly higher than that from any other lymphoid organ examined. Responsiveness of the prescapular, medial iliac and mesenteric lymph node and spleen cells to Con A was not significantly different between groups, while mediastinal lymph node cells showed a significantly higher response in B. ovis-infested lambs. The data indicate that the antigen-specific cellular immune response is operating mainly locally, at the level of the skin and draining lymph nodes. Responses to the T cell mitogen Con A did not support non-specific immunodepression as reported in other ectoparasite/host systems.}, keywords = {animals, antigens, Comparative Study, In Vitro, Lice Infestations/immunology/veterinary, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes/immunology, Lymphoid Tissue/immunology, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Bany,J. and Pfeffer,A. and Phegan,M. D.} } @article {46261, title = {Seasonal dynamics and variation among sheep in densities of the sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {283 - 292}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Cyclic patterns and variations among sheep in numbers of Bovicola ovis are described in Polypay and Columbia ewes that were initially infested with equal numbers of lice and penned indoors continuously for 2 years. Bovicola ovis populations were censused at 3-4-week intervals at 69 body sites on each animal. In the second year of the study, the ewes were reinfested and half were mated. Louse populations were monitored on the resulting lambs from birth until 25 weeks of age. Strong seasonal cycles in louse numbers were observed on the ewes, with peaks in spring and troughs in summer. These cycles occurred in the absence of shearing, direct solar radiation or rainfall. Populations began to decline when daily mean and maximum temperatures were 11.5 degrees C and 15 degrees C, respectively, well below temperatures thought to cause warm season decline. Louse densities on Polypay ewes were approximately 10 times higher than on Columbias at most inspections. There were also large differences among sheep within breeds and sheep counts were highly correlated among dates, both within and between years. One third of the ewes failed to become infested despite having lice applied on five separate occasions and being penned together with other infested sheep. Pregnancy and lactation did not significantly affect louse numbers on the ewes. There was a significant negative correlation between louse counts and weight gains in the lambs, and lamb counts were significantly correlated with those of their dams up until, but not after, weaning. It is suggested that sheep may exert regulatory influences on lice which contribute to cycles in B. ovis populations.

}, keywords = {animals, breeding, Disease Susceptibility, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Minnesota, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology, temperature, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00188-4}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997001884?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Brown,D. R.} } @article {46259, title = {Pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antigens); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {419 - 427}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

This study examined the relationships among louse density, pruritis and dermal response to insect antigens in sheep infested with Bovicola ovis. Polypay and Columbia ewes were allocated to two groups, infested and naive, and louse densities and pruritis were monitored for 15 months. Ten months after the initial infestation, all sheep were tested for hypersensitivity on the midside and ears by intradermal injection of soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis. The areas of skin reactions were measured at 20 min, 1, 3 and 24 h after injection and skin thickness was measured at 24 h. Louse densities on Polypays were approximately 10 times greater than on Columbias, and pruritis was correlated with louse numbers at most inspections. Most pruritic behaviour was directed to the sides of infested sheep. Wheal and flare reactions developed rapidly to all extracts in both infested and naive ewes. Reactions to louse extract were larger in infested than naive sheep at all four times after injection. In the infested Polypays, reactions to louse extract were greater than to the fly extracts, but in naive sheep there was little difference among extracts. Reactions in naive Columbias were larger than in naive Polypays at 20 min, 1 and 3 h, but had almost completely abated in both groups at 24 h. Reactions in infested Columbias were greater than in infested Polypays at 20 min, but at 24 h reactions in the Polypays were larger. Louse numbers and pruritis were correlated with wheal areas and skin thickness at 24 h, but there was little relationship with the size of reactions at earlier times. These findings are consistent with the development of a hypersensitive response to B. ovis and suggest that dermal reactions to lice may influence sheep susceptibility.

}, keywords = {animals, Antigens/immunology, Behavior, Animal, breeding, hypersensitivity, Intradermal Tests/veterinary, Lice Infestations/immunology/pathology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Pruritus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/pathology, Skin/immunology/pathology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00200-2}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751997002002?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46216, title = {Do sheep regulate the size of their mallophagan louse populations?}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Antibodies); RF: 54; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {869 - 875}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Alternatives to chemicals for controlling parasites are required to minimise problems from resistance, residues in animal products and occupational exposure. Utilisation of host response to parasites through selection of resistant types or vaccination is an appealing option. To date most studies have been with haematophagous or invasive parasites which directly contact elements of the host immune system. Sheep lice (Bovicola ovis) feed superficially on the skin of sheep ingesting lipid, scurf, bacteria and loose stratum corneum squames. Evidence is presented that despite their surface feeding habit Bovicola ovis stimulate an immune response in sheep and that this response may play a part in regulating the size of louse populations.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies/immunology, hypersensitivity, Lice Infestations/immunology/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/parasitology}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00055-7}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751999000557?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James} } @article {46175, title = {Resistance and the control of lice on humans and production animals}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {30}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {291 - 297}, abstract = {Phthiraptera (lice) are specialised insects adapted to parasitise many warm-blooded vertebrates, including domestic animals and humans. Often, attempts by the host to alleviate the irritation created by lice, causes derangement of the hair/fur coat. Unless treated, this derangement may cause economic losses due to hide damage and/or downgrading of wool/hair/fur. In 1981, application of aqueous insecticide solutions (dipping) for the control of sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) was largely superseded by off-shears pyrethroid "pour-on" treatments. By 1985, several field failures with these products were found to be due to low-level (20x) insecticide resistance. In 1990, high-level (640x) resistance was diagnosed in a New South Wales population. However, despite 30+years use, organophosphate-based products are still usually effective. Until recently, cattle lice caused little concern. Treatments were applied mainly for aesthetic reasons when cattle were to be presented for sale, and also to prevent damage to fences by rubbing cattle. However, the introduction of quality-management programmes have raised awareness of the economic losses due to hide damage associated with lice infestations. Emerging industries such as emu and alpaca farming have raised the pest status of other louse species, and necessitated insecticidal intervention. In humans, attempts to control head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestations have repeatedly failed around the world.}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, organophosphate, Pediculus, plants, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/prevention \& control}, author = {Levot,G.} } @article {45846, title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil compounds and related compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculicidae)}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, note = {DEP: 20050923; JID: 0314024; 2005/04/18 [received]; 2005/06/27 [revised]; 2005/08/01 [accepted]; aheadofprint}, month = {2005}, pages = {1595 - 1600}, abstract = {The toxicity of cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, bark essential oil compounds against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of their related compounds, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, as well as two widely used pediculicides, d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter-paper contact toxicity bioassay with female lice at 0.25mg/cm(2), benzaldehyde was 29- and 27-fold more toxic than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively, as judged by median lethal time (LT(50)) values. Salicylaldehyde was nine and eight times more active than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively. Pediculicidal activity of linalool was comparable with that of d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. Cinnamomum bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. Benzyl alcohol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde exhibited moderate pediculicidal activity. After 24h of exposure, no hatching was observed with 0.063mg/cm(2) salicylaldehyde, 0.125mg/cm(2) benzaldehyde, 0.5mg/cm(2)Cinnamomum bark essential oil, 1.0mg/cm(2) (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and 1.0mg/cm(2) benzyl cinnamate. Little or no ovicidal activity was observed with d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. In vapour phase toxicity tests with female lice, benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Neither d-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Cinnamomum bark essential oil and test compounds described merit further study as potential pediculicides or ovicides for the control of P. h. capitis.}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Yang,Y. C. and Lee,H. S. and Si Hyeock Lee and Clark,J. Marshall and Ahn,Y. J.} } @article {43352, title = {Points in question - Endangered parasite species}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {265 - 266}, doi = {10.1016/S0020-7519(05)80002-5}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43352.pdf}, author = {Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {42375, title = {Differences in straggling rates between genera of dove lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) reinforce population genetic and cophylogenetic patterns}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {34}, year = {2004}, note = {1117}, month = {2004}, pages = {1113 - 1119}, abstract = {

Differences in dispersal abilities have been implicated for causing disparate evolutionary patterns between Columbicola and Physconelloides lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, no study has documented straggling (when lice are found on atypical hosts) rates within these lineages. We used the fact that the Galapagos Hawk, Buteo galapagoensis (Gould) (Falconiformes) feeds on the Galapagos Dove Zenaida galapagoensis Gould (Columbiformes) within an ecologically simplified setting. The Galapagos Dove is the only typical host of Columbicola macrourae (Wilson) and Physconelloides galapagensis (Kellogg and Huwana) in Galapagos. We quantitatively sampled and found these lice on both bird species. A DNA barcoding approach confirmed that stragglers were derived from Galapagos doves. We also collected a Bovicola sp. louse, likely originating from a goat (Capra hircus). On hawks, C. macrourae was significantly more prevalent than P. galapagensis. On doves, the two lice were equally prevalent and abundant. Differences in prevalence on hawks was a function of differences in straggling rate between lice, and not a reflection of their relative representation within the dove population. This provides further evidence that differences in dispersal abilities may drive differences in the degree of cospeciation in Columbicola and Phyconelloides lice, which have become model systems in evolutionary biology.

}, keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, Bird parasites, Ecuador, Evolution, host parasite, Lice/classification/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/5618.pdf}, author = {Whiteman,Noah Kerness and Santiago-Alarcon,Diego and Kevin P. Johnson and Patricia G. Parker} } @article {40318, title = {Physiology, pharmacology and parasitology}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {145 - 152}, abstract = {The developing resistance to current chemical classes of broad- spectrum anthelmintics and insecticides presents an undeniable threat to the long-term viability of the animal health industry. Alternative treatment strategies including vaccines, biological control and breeding of parasite-resistant animals are unlikely to be widely available in the near future and even then they will be integrated with chemotherapy. The significant cost of research and development of new therapeutics for food- producing animals, together with the small market share of animal health products, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, is a positive disincentive for drug development. The chemical actives that are currently available are all that we are likely to have for the foreseeable future and they must be used more efficiently. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behaviour of antiparasitics and recognising the potential for the animal{\textquoteright}s physiological characteristics to assist drug action is crucial. Careful administration, coupled with a reduction of feed intake before oral anthelmintic treatment, maximises drug availability and therefore increases efficacy of the benzimidazole and ivermectin compounds. This is a cost- effective option that can be employed immediately, which not only increases efficacy of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}older{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} compounds but will be instrumental in prolonging the useful life of the newer drugs. Taking care to apply topical insecticide formulations directly along the backline immediately after shearing will maximise even diffusion of active around the sheep flanks to contact lice inhabiting sites remote from the point of drug application. The use of {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}intelligent{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} formulation and delivery of existing compounds, based on knowledge of host physiological and pharmacological responses, holds the key to effective antiparasitic treatment. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {anthelmintic, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, feed intake, formulation, Haemonchus, insecticide, kinetic, Livestock, parasite, Phthiraptera, resistance, schrank, sheep, technique, Trichostrongylus}, author = {Hennessy,D. R.} } @article {40286, title = {Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {1237 - 1242}, abstract = {Eprinomectin (MK-397 or 4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-epi-acetylamino-4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-deoxy- avermectin B-1) is a novel avermectin selected for development as a topical endectocide for all cattle, including lactating dairy cows. Herein, we show its anthelmintic, insecticidal and miticidal activity. To determine its anthelmintic capabilities, eprinomectin was tested topically on Jersey calves at 0.08, 0.2, or 0.5 mg kg(-1) in a probe formulation against experimental infections of adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Dictyocaulus viviparus. Eprinomectin removed greater than or equal to 99\% and greater than or equal to 98\% of the adult stage of every species at the 0.5 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) dosage levels, respectively. The lowest dosage (0.08 mg kg(-1)) produced maximal or near maximal efficacy against most of the adult endoparasites with the exception of T. colubriformis (87\%) and C. oncophora (88\%). In a separate test, eprinomectin was evaluated topically against the immature stages of these species at the same dosages. Results showed greater than or equal to 99\% and greater than or equal to 98\% of the adult stage of every species at the 0.5 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) dosage levels, respectively. The 0.08 mg kg(-1) dosage maintained greater than or equal to 97\% efficacy against 6 species with reduced activity against H. placei (42\%) and N. helvetianus (66\%). For ectoparasites, eprinomectin was tested topically at 0.16, 0.24, 0.32 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) on mixed breed cattle naturally infested with the sucking louse, Linognathus vituli. Complete elimination of lice at all dosages was observed by day 14. Topical delivery of eprinomectin at 0.16, 0.24, 0.32 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) to Holstein calves experimentally challenged with horn fly, Haematobia irritans, produced 100\% efficacy to challenge by week 2 post-treatment in all dosage groups and 94\% and 99\% efficacy to challenge at the 0.32 and 0.5 mg kg(-1) dosage groups, respectively, at week 4. Topical delivery of eprinomectin at 0.16, 0.24 or 0.5 mg kg(-1) to Deutsches Fleckvieh cattle infested with mange mites, Chorioptes bovis, produced greater than or equal to 95\% control at all dosage levels by day 14 post-treatment and was maintained at or near this efficacious level for the 6-week duration of the trial. No adverse reaction was observed in any animal in any of these tests. In summary, these experimental data indicate that eprinomectin is an excellent broad-spectrum endectocide for cattle and is suitable far topical delivery.}, keywords = {avermectins, efficacy, spectrum}, author = {Shoop,W. L. and Egerton,J. R. and Eary,C. H. and Haines,H. W. and Michael,B. F. and Mrozik,H. and Eskola,P. and Fisher,M. H. and Slayton,L. and Ostlind,D. A. and Skelly,B. J. and Fulton,R. K. and Barth,D. and Costa,S. and Gregory,L. M. and Campbell,W. C. and Seward,R. L. and Turner,M. J.} } @article {40273, title = {Lice and cospeciation: a response to Barker}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, note = {This is largely a response to a paper by Barker in which we concludes that cospeciation and subsequent coevolution are not the prevailing patterns in the Phthiraptera. Barker is politely vilified for this statement and the paper is useful in that it details some of the evidence available for cospeciation with examples, considers possible explanations to explain why strict cospeciation does not always occur and summerises the basic requirements of any rigerous study of cospeciation.}, month = {1996}, pages = {213 - 218}, abstract = {

\"The student who intends working on the Mallophaga should take warning that he will be tried almost beyond endurance by the paradoxes and complexities which beset his subject but he will also find, in the dual and inter-related aspect of insect and bird, an infinite fascination.\" (Rothschild \& Clay, 1952: pp. 156-157). The study of host louse coevolution will benefit greatly from the phylogenetic perspective offered by recent advantages in molecular systematics. However, in order to make best use of phylogenies we need to appreciate the complexities of the possible relations between host and parasite phylogeny. At the same time, the very complexity of louse-host systems has a potentially useful consequence; the presence of multiple lineages of lice on the same hosts allow for replicated tests of coevolutionary hypotheses. For example, if a number of louse clades infest the same host clade but some lice show more cospeciation than others, we might ask whether there are features of louse biology that correlate with this difference in host tracking fidelity. It may further be possible to ascertain the relative importance of these features in ecological time through controlled transfer experiments. By beginning to appreciate \"the paradoxes and complexities\" of host-louse evolution, lice may offer us not only \"infinite fascination\" but also a chance to address important questions in coevolution.

}, keywords = {associations, coevolution, congruence, Evolution, gopher, Mallophaga, parasite, Philopteridae, Phylogeny, pocket, rock wallabies}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2977.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M. and Clayton,Dale H. and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {40253, title = {Kinetic disposition of an aqueous formulation of alphacypermethrin applied to the dorsal mid-line of sheep with long wool and its effect on lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {1369 - 1374}, abstract = {A group of 5 adult Merino sheep with fleeces about 70 mm long (7-months growth of wool) was treated with a topical formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, alphacypermethrin, applied to the dorsal mid-line. Insecticide concentrations at the tip, middle and base of wool staples collected from meridians along the back, upper and lower hanks were measured at intervals from 1 to 98 days after treatment. Some movement of the alphacypermethrin from the back to the lower body occurred within 24 h after treatment, but despite careful application of the insecticide there was wide variation in the concentration between and within meridians. The majority of the alphacypermethrin remained close to the dorsal mid-line and near the tip of the staple. There were significant differences in the concentration between the tip, middle and base segments of the staples in the back and lower flank meridians (P0.05). Numbers of pyrethroid-susceptible lice surviving exposure in vitro for 20 h differed significantly between samples collected at different times after treatment (P<0.05). The numbers of Lice surviving in samples collected within 28 days after treatment tended to be lower than in those collected from 28 to 98 days but, in some samples, regardless of time after treatment, lice survived for 20 h in wool taken from parts of the fleece that contained high concentrations of alphacypermethrin. Copyright (C) 1996 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {alphacypermethrin, body, Bovicola, Damalinia ovis, disposition, insecticide, kinetic, lice, louse, mid line, sheep, wool}, author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.} } @article {40235, title = {Lice, cospeciation and parasitism}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {219 - 222}, keywords = {associations, Boopiidae, coevolution, Evolution, group, Heterodoxus, marsupialia, Petrogale, Phthiraptera, Phylogeny, rock wallabies}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40235.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40217, title = {Costs of major parasites to the Australian livestock industries}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {1363 - 1367}, abstract = {A cost-benefit model is developed to estimate the costs of major parasites to Australian Livestock industries and to evaluate the benefits from improving parasite management. The model disaggregates the Australian livestock industries into agro-climatic regions and various stock classes to estimate the total treatment and production loss costs of major parasites. Experimental trials and a computer simulation model are used to estimate the productivity of Livestock under different treatment regimes. Using the model, the economic costs inflicted by cattle ticks, sheep gastrointestinal worms, sheep lice and sheep blowflies are discussed and the farm profitability resulting from improved sheep roundworm management is assessed.}, keywords = {cost benefit, Livestock, model, parasite, sheep, weaner}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2890.pdf}, author = {McLeod,R. S.} } @article {40211, title = {Kinetic disposition of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of deltamethrin applied to sheep in a plunge-dip and its effect on lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {1451 - 1456}, abstract = {An emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin was applied in a plunge dip, 3 weeks after shearing, to a group of 5 Merino sheep infested with sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis. Deltamethrin concentrations on the wool were measured at regular intervals between I and 98 days after treatment and were not significantly different (P>0.05) between sites on the dorsal mid-line, upper or lower flank. Levels in the tip of the fleece were significantly greater than those in the base, indicating that there was little movement of deltamethrin down the staple as the wool grew. Most lice were killed after 20 h of exposure in vitro to wool samples collected between 1 and 28 days after treatment. However, many Lice survived in samples containing a similar concentration of deltamethrin, but collected between 35 and 98 days after treatment. Numbers of lice surviving increased with the sampling time after treatment, suggesting that the bioavailability of the deltamethrin changed as the insecticide aged in the fleece. Some transfer of deltamethrin occurred from treated to untreated sheep. The levels of deltamethrin were higher in sheep placed in contact with the treated group at 14 days after treatment than in those which were in contact from 43 days after treatment.}, keywords = {body, Damalinia ovis, disposition, insecticide, kinetic, lice, louse, sheep, wool}, author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.} } @article {40187, title = {Localization of the major immunogen and other glycoproteins of the louse Polyplax spinulosa}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1005 - 1010}, abstract = {A 31-kDa immunogenic glycoprotein of Polyplax spinulosa was localized on louse sections using indirect immunofluorescence with specific antibodies of louse-infested rats and using fluorescein-labelled lectins. Antibodies of infested rats reacted specifically with midgut epithelium and semi-digested content of the gut. They did not bind to other louse tissues including salivary glands. The lectins concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin bound strongly to the immunogen, the gut and its semidigested contents. Electrophoretic and blotting analysis showed the presence of a 31-kDa glycoprotein component reacting with specific rat antibodies, concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin in louse faeces. The result indicates that the 31-kDa immunogen is secreted by the midgut epithelium into the gut lumen and faeces. We suggest that rats become immunized by scratching the lice faeces into the skin.}, keywords = {antibody response, antigen, antigens, glycoprotein, guinea pigs, immunization, Infestation, louse, Phthiraptera, Polyplax, protein, rat, serum}, author = {Volf,P.} } @article {40133, title = {Parasites, phylogeny and cospeciation}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {499 - 506}, abstract = {

Host-parasite assemblages offer exciting possibilities for the comparative study of rates of speciation and evolution in different organisms. The basis for such studies must be a phylogenetic analysis of the host-parasite association. Some recent developments in this field are briefly reviewed and illustrated using phylogenies for pocket gophers and their chewing lice.

}, keywords = {assemblages, Biogeography, cladistics, congruence, cospeciation, Evolution, Phylogeny, trees}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2753.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M.} } @article {40084, title = {The distribution of lice (Phthiraptera) on poultry (Gallus domesticus)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {247 - 249}, abstract = {The distribution of three amblyceran (Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus cornutus, Menopon gallinae) and five ischnoceran species (Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, Lipeurus caponis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniodes dissimilis) on poultry was determined. The preferred sites of these species on the host body were recorded.}, keywords = {Amblycera, avian, Gallus, goniocotes, Goniodes, Ischnocera, lice, lipeurus, Mallophaga, Menacanthus, menopon, Phthiraptera, poultry}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2660.pdf}, author = {Trivedi,M. C. and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40077, title = {Points in questions - Flamingo lice contravene Fahrenholz}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {151 - 152}, keywords = {coevolution}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(91)90003-P}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40077.pdf}, author = {Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {40021, title = {Seasonal changes in a population of Menacanthus eurysternus (Mallophaga, Amblycera) on the common myna Acridotheres tristis}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {20}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1063 - 1065}, abstract = {

Seasonal variations in a population of an amblyceran louse, Menacanthus eurysternus, infesting the common myna have been studied. Incidence of infestation, lice, index, and population structure of this species have been recorded in different months of the year; reasons for the population fluctuations are discussed.

}, keywords = {Acridotheres tristis, Amblycera, avian, changes, incidence, Infestation, lice, louse, Mallophaga, menacanthus eurysternus, myna, Phthiraptera, populations, seasonal}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2572.pdf}, author = {S. Chandra and Agarwal,G. P. and Singh,S. P. N. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {39798, title = {Analytical approaches to measuring cospeciation of host and parasites: through a glass, darkly}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {1012 - 1022}, abstract = {

Studies of cophylogenetic associations between hosts and parasites have become increasingly common. Historically, congruence between host and parasite phylogenies has been seen as evidence for cospeciation. Analyses of such coevolutionary relationships, however, are made extremely difficult by the complex interplay of cospeciation. host switching, sorting (extinction), duplication (intrahost speciation) and inertia (lack of parasite speciation) events, all of which may produce incongruence between host and parasite phylogenies. Here we review several methods of analysing cospeciation. We illustrate these methods with an example from a Procellariiformes (seabird) and chewing louse (Halipeurus) association.

}, keywords = {assemblages, associations, cladistic analysis, coevolution, cospeciation, duplication, Evolution, Fahrenholz{\textquoteright}s Law, history, host, lice, organisms, Phylogeny, rule, seabirds, sorting, switching, trees}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00199-0}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39798_0.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Jonathan C. Banks} } @article {38844, title = {Parasites, petrels and penguins: does louse presence reflect seabird phylogeny?}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {515 - 526}, abstract = {

The presence of parasite taxa on host taxa has long been used as a source of information about host phylogeny, The assumption underlying such analyses is that the hosts and parasites have cospeciated. In this study we used cladistic methods and component analysis to investigate whether the presence/absence of 19 phthirapteran chewing lice genera reflects the phylogeny of 18 seabird taxa. Using Faith\&$\#$39;s permutation tail probability test we demonstrated that louse presence/absence data contains significant cladistic structure, and cladistic analysis gave a single most parsimonious tree. This tree was more similar to an independent host phylogeny, based on behavioural and molecular data, than would be expected due to chance. More realistic rules for interpreting louse presence (component analysis: assumptions 0 and 1) require a knowledge of louse phylogeny. We generated an estimate of louse phylogeny via parsimony analysis of 23 morphological and life history characters. This gave 28 shortest trees. Analysis of these trees under assumption 0 generated 14 most parsimonious host trees. These host trees were more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Assumption 1 generated a minimum of 1228 most parsimonious trees that were no more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Bootstrap analysis found that the louse phylogeny was not robust. The failure of assumption 1 to reconstruct the host phylogeny may thus be due to errors in the inferred phylogenetic relationships of the lice. Reconciling louse and seabird trees produced 8 duplication events. This implies that much of the radiation of seabird lice predated the evolution of the seabirds.

}, keywords = {analysis, Biogeography, cladistic analysis, coevolution, component, congruence, consensus, cospeciation, Evolution, history, host, hypothesis, monogenea, Phthiraptera, Procellariiformes, rule, seabirds, switching, tests}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Russell D. Gray and Wallis,G. P.} } @article {38811, title = {The distribution of Mallophaga on the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {1}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {21 - 29}, abstract = {

The distribution of Hohorstiella lata, Colpocephalum turbinatum, Campanulotes bidentatus comparand Columbicola columbae on domestic pigeons was determined. Each species laid its eggs on a different part of the body but all fed on the fluffy part of the body feathers. H. lata also fed on blood and C. turbinatum on its own eggs and nymphs. Reduction of the efficiency of preening led to an increase in the number of lice and more widespread distribution of nymphs and adults but not to a rapid change in the distribution of the eggs. It is suggested that preening has played a major slective role, and that the morphological and behavioural adaptions of the lice are to ensure that they and their eggs survive this type of predation.

}, keywords = {avian, Campanulotes, Colpocephalum, Columbia, Columbicola, distribution, domestic, host, lice, livia, Mallophaga, Pigeon, preening}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0128.pdf}, author = {Nelson,Bernard Clinton and Murray,M. D.} } @article {38769, title = {Genetic variation in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group (Phthiraptera): A test of Price{\textquoteright}s model of parasite evolution}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {555 - 563}, abstract = {

Most of the genetic variation in the H. octoseriatus group is present as fixed gene differences between species that have been described on morphological criteria. Based on allozymes, the taxonomic status of some species was challenged. There was insufficient evidence, however, to demonstrate that these were not good biological species. Overall, the limited intraspecific variation was present as fixed gene differences amoung lice from different hosts and from different colonies of host.; heterozygotes were rare. Two predictions derived from Price\&$\#$39;s model of parasite evolution were met: populations of lice were genetically homogenous and , where genetic markers were present we found substancial genetic variation amoung populations. These data contrast for those of endoparasitic helminths, where, in general the amount of genetic variation is similar to that of free-living invertebrates.

}, keywords = {alleles, Allozyme, Amblycera, electrophoresis, Evolution, genetic, group, Heterodoxus, heterozygosity, lice, loci, octoseriatus, parasite, rock wallabies, variation}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(91)90060-K}, url = {http://www.freepaperdownload.us/1761/Article4278576.htm}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Briscoe,D. A. and Close,R. L. and Dallas,P.} } @article {38767, title = {Zoogeography and Host associations of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group and H. ampullatus (Phthiraptera: Boopiidae) from rock wallabies (Marsupialia: Petrogale)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {20}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1081 - 1087}, abstract = {

Species of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group infest five species, comprising eight chrosome races, of Petrogale in Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia. The precise host and geographic ranges of the 11 species of the H. octoseriatus group were determined. Individual hosts and host populations were infested by single species of lice only. The geographic ranges of lice were discrete. In some cases the geographic ranges of louse species and their hosts were approximately congruent. In others they were completly incongruent and it was unclear which species originally infested which hosts or even which was the most recent colonizer. In at least one case, expansion of the geographic range of one species of louse apparently led to fragmentation of the range of another and subsequently, to allopatric speciation.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, associations, Australia, Boopiidae, group, Heterodoxus, host, Infestation, lice, marsupialia, octoseriatus, Phthiraptera, Pterogale, Queensland, rock wallaby, speciation, switching, zoogeography}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(90)90053-P}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2074135}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Close,R. L.} } @article {38765, title = {Genetic divergence in Heterodoxus octoseriatus (Phthiraptera)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {479 - 482}, abstract = {

The geographic distributions of alleles at 11 gene loci in Heterodoxus octoseriatus were examined and found not to be random. Rather, there were at least two geographic patterns, one of which approximated the geographic distributions of the hosts Petrogale p. penicillata and P. p. herberti. Two explanations for the complex geographic arrangement of alleles and the unusually high level of intraspecific variation in H. octoseratus diverged in allopatry, and that subsequent hybredization of the new taxa led to differential introgression of the alleles. Secondly that H. octoseratus inhabits heterogeneous environments and that the intraspecific variation is a direct result of natural selection. The likelihood that evidence for divergence followed by hybredistation will be found in other species in the H. octoseratus group is discussed.

}, keywords = {allopatry, Allozyme, Amblycera, electrophoresis, Evolution, Heterodoxus, hybrid, introgression, lice, octoseratus, parasite, Petrogale, Phthiraptera, rock wallabies, speciation}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38765.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Close,R. L. and Briscoe,D. A.} } @article {38757, title = {Phylogeny and classification, origins and evolution of host associations of lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1285 - 1291}, abstract = {

Lice are highly successful ectoparasites. Most species of mammal and bird are infested by at least 1 but up to 6 species of lice. Current opinion is that lice evolved from free-living Psocoptera (booklice, barklice and psocids). It is generally agreed that there are four main groups of lice: Anoplura, Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Rhyncophthirina. In contrast there is no agreement on the phylogenetic relationships of these groups and their classification. In particular, there is much debate over the validity of the taxon Mallophaga, which is almost certainly paraphyletic. For many years the sister group of the Boopiidae, which almost certainly exclusively infest Australian marsupials, was thought to be a group of lice that now infest marsupials in South America. This, however, is almost certainly incorrect; the sister group of the boopidae almost certainly contains bird infesting lice from the Menoponidae (Amblycera). Thus, menoponid lice transfered from birds to mammals and from these arose the Boopiidae. Transfers of lice between mammals and birds have occured on other occasions during the evolution of the lice.; 2 of the 4 main groups of lice, the Ischnocera and the Amblycera, contain families that infest birds and families that infest mammals. Strict cospeciation and coevolution was thought to predominate amoung the lice; however, detailed studies show this to be incorrect. Consequently the axiom that lice and their hosts invariably coevolve should be abandoned. Ironically biologists may learn more about the evolutionary biology of hosts when host switching has occured. Some evidence exists for competition between species of lice; this interaction may determine whether or not the transfer of a species of louse to an atypical host (a potential host switch) is successful. Thus the extinction of populations of lice (that result in uninfested hosts) may fascilitate host switching and perhaps the evolution of new taxa of lice. In contrast the extinction of hosts unfortunately often leads to the extinction of species of lice.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, Anoplura, Boopiidae, coevolution, cospeciation, Fahrenholz{\textquoteright}s Law, group, Heterodoxus, host switching, Ischnocera, lice, Mallophaga, octoseriatus, Phthiraptera, Rhyncophthirina, rule}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0052.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {38725, title = {Speciation patterns of ectoparasites and "straggling" lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {859 - 864}, abstract = {

Two competing views have been expressed to explain ectoparasite speciation patterns, one emphasizing co-speciation and the other emphasing host switching. Though recent authors prefered a combination of these views, the available phylogenetic trees cannot be interpreted without revisiting island biogeography theory. Parasite extinction due to a temporal decline in host population size seems to be a prerequisite of subsequent speciation by host-switch. The need for a re-evaluation of \"stragglers\" (ectoparasites found on non-specific hosts) is emphasized.

}, keywords = {biography, coevolution, extinction, Fahrenholz{\textquoteright}s Law, island, rule, species, stragglers., tracking}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(93)90050-9}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38725.pdf}, author = {Lajos R{\'o}zsa} }