@mastersthesis {95667, title = {Do parasitic lice exhibit endemism in paralell with their avian hosts? A comparison across northern amazonian areas of endemism}, volume = {Master}, year = {2020}, month = {July 2020}, pages = {32 pp}, school = {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia - INPA}, type = {Master in Biology}, address = {Manaus, Brazil}, abstract = {

Areas of endemism are the smallest units in biogeography and can be defined as biologically unique areas comprised of taxa with common geographic limits to their distributions. High beta diversity within Amazonia is often related to turnover among these areas. For decades, evolutionary biologists have tried to comprehend the mechanisms generating and maintaining the spatial structure and high diversity of free-living Amazonian organisms, particularly birds. However, few studies have tried to analyze these patterns among their parasites. Host and parasite associations involve shared history that may allow us to better understand the fine-scale evolutionary history of the host. Here, we compare the coevolutionary patterns among 2 avian host species with distinct patterns of genetic structure in northern Amazonia, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) and Dixiphia pipra (Aves: Pipridae) and their ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), Furnaricola sp. ex Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Myrsidea sp. ex Dixiphia pipra and Tyranniphilopterus sp. ex Dixiphia pipra. We obtained sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I from hosts and parasites collected on opposite banks of the Negro and Japur\á Rivers, which delimit 3 areas of endemism in northern Amazonia: Napo, Jau, and Guiana. Our results demonstrate that the Negro River is a geographical barrier for both Furnaricola sp. and its avian host, Dendrocincla fuliginosa. Phylogenies of both the hosts, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, and the parasites, Furnaricola sp., show monophyletic clades on opposite margins of the river that are not sister taxa. These clades have a mean uncorrected p-distance of 17.8\% for Rallicola sp., and 6.0\% for Dendrocincla fuliginosa. Thus, these parasite clades constitute distinct evolutionary lineages and may even be distinct species. In contrast, Dixiphia pipra has no population structure associated with either river. Accordingly, data from their lice Myrsidea sp. indicates weak support for different clades on opposite margins of the Negro River, whereas data from their lice Tyranniphilopterus sp. indicates weak structure across the Japur\á. This study is a first step towards understanding the effects of biogeographic history on permanent ectoparasites and suggests that host biogeographic history is to some extent a determinant of the parasite\&$\#$39;s history. Furthermore, the parasite\&$\#$39;s evolutionary history is an additional source of information about their hosts\&$\#$39; evolution in this highly diverse region of Northern Amazonia.

Resumo

\Áreas de endemismo s\ão as menores unidades biogeogr\áficas e podem ser definidas como \áreas biologicamente \únicas compostas por t\áxons com limites de distribui\ç\ão comum. Alta beta diversidade dentro da Amaz\ônia \é frequentemente relacionado ao turnover entre essas \áreas. Por d\écadas, evolucionistas tentaram compreender o mecanismo que mant\ém e gera a estrutura espacial e alta diversidade dos organismos de vida livre da Amaz\ônia, especialmente as aves. Por\ém, poucos estudos tentaram analisar esse padr\ão entre seus parasitos. A associa\ç\ão hospedeiro-parasito envolve hist\ória compartilhada que que pode permitir uma melhor compreens\ão da fina escala evolutiva da hist\ória do hospedeiro. Neste artigo, comparamos o padr\ão coevolutivo entre 2 esp\écies de aves hospedeiras com padr\ões gen\éticos estruturais distintos do norte da Amaz\ônia, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) e Dixiphia pipra (Aves: Pipridae) e seus piolhos ectoparasitas (Insecta: Phthiraptera), Furnaricola sp. ex Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Myrsidea sp. ex Dixiphia pipra e Tyranniphilopterus sp. ex Dixiphia pipra. Foram obtidos sequ\ências da cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) do gene mitocondrial dos hospedeiros e parasitos coletados das ambas as margens do Rio Negro e do Rio Japur\á, os quais delimitam 3 \áreas de endemismo no norte da Amaz\ônia: Napo, Ja\ú e Guiana. Os resultados demonstram que o Rio Negro \é uma barreira geogr\áfica tanto para furnaricola sp. e seu hospedeiro Dendrocincla fuliginosa. A Filogenia tanto do hopedeiro, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, e do seu parasito, Furnaricola sp., demonstram clados monofil\éticos em ambas as margens do rio que n\ão s\ão t\áxons irm\ãs. Esse clados apresentam um dist\ância-p de 17.8\% para Rallicola sp. e 6.0\% para Dendrocincla fuliginosa. Deste modo, estes clados dos parasitas constituem linhagens evolutivas distintas e podem at\é ser esp\écies diferentes. Ao contr\ário, Dixiphia pipra, apresenta nenhuma estrutura\ç\ão populacional associada aos rios. Conformemente, dados do piolho Myrsidea sp. indicam baixo suporte para a presen\ça de clados distintos em ambas as margens do Rio Negro, e dos piolhos Tyranniphilopterus sp. indicam baixa estrutura\ç\ão atrav\és do Rio Japur\á. Este estudo \é o primeiro passo para a compreens\ão dos efeitos da hist\ória biogeogr\áfica em ectoparasitas permanentes e sugere que a biogeografia do hospedeiro \é, at\é certo ponto, um determinante da hist\ória do parasito. Al\ém disso, a hist\ória evolutiva do parasito \é uma fonte extra de informa\ç\ão sobre a evolu\ç\ão do hospedeiro nesta regi\ão altamente diversa do norte da Amaz\ônia.

Palavras-chave: Piolho, coevolu\ç\ão, biogeografia, aves, Amaz\ônia, Rio Negro, Endemismo

}, keywords = {Amazonia, Biogeography, birds, coevolution, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Dixiphia pipra, endemism, lice, Negro River, Tyranniphilopterus sp.}, url = {https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/33607}, author = {Amo{\^e}do, Mirna} } @article {48369, title = {Comparative transmission dynamics of competing parasite species}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {3186 - 3194}, abstract = {

Competition\–colonization trade-off models explain the coexistence of competing species in terms of a trade-off between competitive ability and the ability to colonize competitor-free patches of habitat. A simple prediction of these models is that inferior competitors will be superior dispersers. This prediction has seldom been tested in natural populations because measuring dispersal is difficult. Host\–parasite systems are promising in this regard, especially those involving \‘\‘permanent\’\’ parasites that complete their entire life cycle on the body of the host. Because of this close association with the host, the dispersal, i.e., transmission, of these parasites can be monitored very accurately. We tested the dispersal prediction of the competition\–colonization model by documenting the transmission dynamics of feather-feeding lice, which are permanent, relatively host-specific parasites of birds. Wecompared two groups known as \‘\‘wing\’\’ lice and \‘\‘body\’\’ lice that are common parasites of Rock Pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin). The two groups are ecologically similar, and they compete for resources on the host. Previous work shows that body lice are competitively superior to wing lice, leading us to predict that wing lice should be better than body lice at dispersing to new host individuals. We tested this prediction by comparing the ability of wing and body lice to disperse between hosts using vertical- and horizontal-transmission mechanisms, including phoretic hitchhiking on parasitic flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). A series of experiments with both captive and wild birds confirmed that wing lice are much better than body lice at colonizing new hosts. Wing lice showed significantly greater vertical transmission to nestlings, and they were quite capable of phoretic transmission to new hosts on flies. In contrast, body lice were not phoretic. These results provide the first rigorous demonstration of phoretic transmission in lice, and they underscore the importance of a community-level approach to understanding the ecology of parasite transmission dynamics.

}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/48369.pdf}, author = {Christopher W. Harbison and Sarah E. Bush and Jael R. Malenke and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {48285, title = {Ectoparasitism as a cause of natal dispersal in Cliff Swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota)}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {73}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {1718 - 1723}, author = {Brown,C. R. and Brown,M. B.} } @article {45345, title = {Parasitism, immunity, and arrival date in a migratory bird, the barn swallow}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {85}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {206 - 219}, abstract = {

Long-distance bird migration is expensive, and individuals in prime condition are therefore expected to arrive at the breeding grounds earlier than the average individual in the population. We tested whether arrival date during spring migration was associated with low parasite burden and strong T-cell-dependent immune response in populations of the transequatorially migrating Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica from Denmark, Italy, and Spain. Male Barn Swallows with heavy infestations of the chewing louse Hirundoecus malleus L. arrived later than other males, whereas that was not the case for females. This negative relationship remained after controlling the relationship between parasite load and arrival for tail length. Infection with blood parasites of the species Haemoproteus prognei was associated with delayed arrival in the Spanish population, which was the only one with a high prevalence of blood parasites. High intensities of infestation with a commensal feather mite were associated with early arrival by females, but also by males when the independent relationship between tail length and intensity of mite infestation was controlled statistically. Experimental manipulation of nest infestation with the hematophagous mite Ornithonyssus bursa Berlese affected the arrival date of adult males, but not of females in the following year, with arrival date being inversely related to the experimental mite population size. Males with strong T-cell responses arrived earlier than males with weak responses, independent of their tail length in two of three populations, but there was no significant relationship in females. These findings are in accordance with predictions based on the hypothesis that bird migration is dependent on condition, with individuals in prime condition arriving early.

}, keywords = {arrival date, barn swallow, Chewing lice, feather mite, Hirundoecus malleus, immunity, migration; mite, parasitism, sex differences, T-cell response, tail length}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3450482 }, author = {Anders Pape M{\o}ller and de Lope, Florentino and Saino,N.} } @article {42211, title = {Experimental determination of the autoselected temperature in the chicken louse, Cuculotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch)}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {31}, year = {1950}, month = {1950}, pages = {474 - 477}, author = {Bair,T. D.} } @article {42106, title = {A survey of the ectoparasites of certain mammals in Oklahoma}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {36}, year = {1955}, note = {392}, month = {1955}, pages = {12 - 18}, keywords = {Gert, North America}, author = {Ellis,L. L.,Jr.} } @article {42015, title = {A study of louse populations on the meadow vole and deer mouse}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {39}, year = {1958}, note = {391}, month = {1958}, pages = {645 - 659}, keywords = {ecology, Hoplopleura acanthopus, Nordamerika, rodentia, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42015.pdf}, author = {E. F. Cook} } @article {39783, title = {Parasitism of plant and animal hybrids: are facts and fates the same?}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {80}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {392 - 406}, abstract = {This review analyzes the few studies on parasitism in natural animal hybrid zones, and compares the results to genetic and evolutionary hypotheses tested on plant models. Some differences are Stressed concerning the involvement of environmental variables, the intrinsic resistance;mechanisms, and the evolutionary schools of thought of botanists and zoologists. However, this comparison mostly emphasizes the similarities between the parasite distributions in hybrid populations, the genetic modes of the hybrid compatibility/resistance? and the evolutionary implications of the two systems. This preliminary analysis not only points out the need to diversify the parasite models studied for both plants and animals, but also emphasizes the relevance of animal models to progress in the understanding of the hybridization process and the host-parasite interactions.}, keywords = {additive, american, animals, chromosome, community, complex, distribution, ducks, environment, Evolution, genetic, geomydoecus, glycosides, host, house, hybrid, immune, Mallophaga, mice, mytilus galloprovincialis, parasitism, plants, sex chromosomes, structure}, author = {Moulia,C.} } @article {39590, title = {Ectoparasitism as a cost of coloniality in cliff swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota)}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {67}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {1206 - 1218}, author = {Brown,C. R. and Brown,M. B.} } @article {38926, title = {Synchronized life cycles in the orange-crowned warbler and its mallophagan parasites}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {50}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {315 - 323}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to study the relationship in timing of important stages of the life cycles of mallophagan lice and the cycles of the subspecies of the orange-crowned warbler (Vermivora celata) which they parasitize. The timing of breeding of the mallophagans Ricinus picturatus and Menacanthus sp. coincide with the timing in breeding of the subspecies of host warbler, resulting in sufficient numbers of lice for transfer to the newly available juvenile warbler hosts. No eggs are laid during the periods of avian moult; any eggs present would be lost with the feathers as they are dropped. Breeding in the winter is very limited in the winter when reproductive effort would be wasteful; opportunities for dispersal at this time, and bird are extremely efficient at keeping their numbers of lice to a minimum. Several lines of evidence suggest that the timing of breeding in R. picturatus and Menacanthus sp. is controlled by the reproductive hormones of V. celata. Hormones are available to these lice which feed on the blood of their host. Peek breeding in the louse coincides with peek production of reproductive hormones in avian populations and lasts only as long as the breeding season of the subspecies parasitized. Juvenile birds which are not producing great quantities of reproductive hormones never carry louse eggs. During the fall moult periods, the gonads are in a refractory state and produce a minimum amount of reproductive hormones. During the late fall and in mild winters, birds frequently exhibit some reproductive behaviour which account for the limited egg laying by lice at this time. Though hormone production may be moderately high during the winter, release to the blood is usually restricted. Members of the mallophagan genus Philopterus normally do not feed on blood, and in this group the life cycle is not so closely coordinated with that of the orange-crown.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0284.pdf}, author = {Foster,Mercedes S.} }