@article {46016,
	title = {Dramatically elevated rate of mitochondrial substitution in lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {231 - 242},
	abstract = {<p>Few estimates of relative substitution rates, and the underlying mutation rates, exist between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in insects. Previous estimates for insects indicate a 2-9 times faster substitution rate in mitochondrial genes relative to nuclear genes. Here we use novel methods for estimating relative rates of substitution, which incorporate multiple substitutions, and apply these methods to a group of insects (lice, Order: Phthiraptera). First, we use a modification of copath analysis (branch length regression) to construct independent comparisons of rates, consisting of each branch in a phylogenetic tree. The branch length comparisons use maximum likelihood models to correct for multiple substitution. In addition, we estimate codon-specific rates under maximum likelihood for the different genes and compare these values. Estimates of the relative synonymous substitution rates between a mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (EF-1alpha) gene in lice indicate a relative rate of several 100 to 1. This rapid relative mitochondrial rate (\&gt;100 times) is at least an order of magnitude faster than previous estimates for any group of organisms. Comparisons using the same methods for another group of insects (aphids) reveals that this extreme relative rate estimate is not simply attributable to the methods we used, because estimates from aphids are substantially lower. Taxon sampling affects the relative rate estimate, with comparisons involving more closely related taxa resulting in a higher estimate. Relative rate estimates also increase with model complexity, indicating that methods accounting for more multiple substitution estimate higher relative rates.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Bird parasites, Evolution, Molecular, Lice/classification/genetics, mammal, Mitochondria/genetics, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., variation},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44823.pdf},
	author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Cruickshank,Robert H. and Richard J. Adams and Vincent Stuart Smith and Page,Roderic D. M. and Clayton,Dale H.}
}
@article {45923,
	title = {Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {305},
	year = {2004},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0404511; ppublish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {1632 - 1634},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {<p>To assess the coextinction of species (the loss of a species upon the loss of another), we present a probabilistic model, scaled with empirical data. The model examines the relationship between coextinction levels (proportion of species extinct) of affiliates and their hosts across a wide range of coevolved interspecific systems: pollinating Ficus wasps and Ficus, parasites and their hosts, butterflies and their larval host plants, and ant butterflies and their host ants. Applying a nomographic method based on mean host specificity (number of host species per affiliate species), we estimate that 6300 affiliate species are \&quot;coendangered\&quot; with host species currently listed as endangered. Current extinction estimates need to be recalibrated by taking species coextinctions into account.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, biodiversity, bird, Butterflies, ecology, environment, Ficus/growth \& development, Lice/growth \& development, Life Cycle Stages, Mathematics, Mites/growth \& development, Models, Biological, Models, Statistical, parasite, Plant Extracts, population density, population dynamics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., wasps},
	isbn = {1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/305/5690/1632.abstract},
	author = {Koh,L. P. and Robert R. Dunn and Sodhi,N. S. and Colwell,R. K. and Heather C. Proctor and Vincent Stuart Smith}
}
