@article {94475, title = {{\textquotedblleft}Acrobatic{\textquotedblright} Lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {377}, year = {2017}, month = {May-10-2017}, pages = {e19}, abstract = {

Video link. URL: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1700352

}, issn = {0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMicm1700352}, url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMicm1700352}, author = {Ad{\'a}n Fuentes-Su{\'a}rez and Tita N. Gonz{\'a}lez-M{\'a}rquez} } @article {47862, title = {Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana bacteremia in inner-city patients with chronic alcoholism}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {332}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {424 - 428}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND:
Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana is a fastidious gram-negative bacterium known to cause trench fever, cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis, and endocarditis. Between January and June 1993 in Seattle, we isolated B. quintana from 34 blood cultures obtained from 10 patients not known to be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
METHODS:
After identifying the isolates as B. quintana by direct immunofluorescence and DNA-hybridization studies, we determined strain hybridization with studies of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the intergenic spacer (noncoding) region of ribosomal DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To characterize the epidemiologic and clinical features of bartonella infections in these patients, we performed a retrospective case-control study using as controls 20 patients with blood cultures obtained at approximately the same time as those obtained from the index patients.
RESULTS:
B. quintana isolates from the 10 patients were indistinguishable by PCR-RFLP typing. All 10 patients had chronic alcoholism, and 8 were homeless (P = 0.001 for both comparisons with controls). The six patients who underwent HIV testing were seronegative. At the time of their initial presentation, seven patients had temperatures of at least 38.5 degrees C. Six patients had three or more blood cultures that were positive for B. quintana, and in four of these patients B. quintana was isolated from blood cultures obtained 10 or more days apart. Subacute endocarditis developed in two patients and required surgical removal of the infected aortic valve in one of them. Nine patients recovered; one died of sepsis from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
CONCLUSIONS:
B. quintana is a cause of fever, bacteremia, and endocarditis in HIV-seronegative, homeless, inner-city patients with chronic alcoholism.

}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199502163320703}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/Bartonella\%20\%28Rochalimaea\%29\%20quintana\%20bacteremia\%20in\%20inner-city\%20patients\%20with\%20chronic\%20alcoholism.pdf}, author = {Spach,D. H. and Kanter,A. S. and Dougherty,M. J. and Larson,A. M. and Coyle,M. B. and Brenner,D. J. and Swaminathan,Bala and Matar,Ghassan M. and Welch,David F. and Root,Richard K. and Stamm,Walter E.} } @article {46293, title = {Images in clinical medicine. Pediculosis capitis}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {335}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0255562; CIN: N Engl J Med. 1997 Mar 6;336(10):734-5; author reply 735. PMID: 9045056; CIN: N Engl J Med. 1997 Mar 6;336(10):734; author reply 735. PMID: 9045055; CIN: N Engl J Med. 1997 Mar 6;336(10):735. PMID: 9045057; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {790}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum, Pediculus, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {0028-4793}, author = {Driscoll,D. M. and Tronic,B.} } @article {46282, title = {Treatment of head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {336}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {734; author reply 735}, abstract = {Reply to Driscoll \& Tronsic, 1996}, keywords = {animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Ovum, Pediculus, scalp dermatoses}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45144.pdf}, author = {Nguyen,V. X. and Pierre Robert} } @article {46278, title = {Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {337}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {1876 - 1883}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis are vascular proliferative manifestations of infection with species of the genus bartonella that occur predominantly in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Two species, B. henselae and B. quintana, have been associated with bacillary angiomatosis, but culture and speciation are difficult, and there has been little systematic evaluation of the species-specific disease characteristics. We studied 49 patients seen over eight years who were infected with bartonella species identified by molecular techniques and who had clinical lesions consistent with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis.METHODS: In this case-control study, a standardized questionnaire about exposures was administered to patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis and to 96 matched controls. The infecting bartonella species were determined by molecular techniques. RESULTS: Of the 49 patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis, 26 (53 percent) were infected with B. henselae and 23 (47 percent) with B. quintana. Subcutaneous and lytic bone lesions were strongly associated with B. quintana, whereas peliosis hepatis was associated exclusively with B. henselae. Patients with B. henselae infection were identified throughout the study period and were epidemiologically linked to cat and flea exposure (P< or =0.004), whereas those with B. quintana were clustered and were characterized by low income (P=0.003), homelessness (P = 0.004), and exposure to lice (P= 0.03). Prior treatment with macrolide antibiotics appeared to be protective against infection with either species. CONCLUSIONS: B. henselae and B. quintana, the organisms that cause bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis, are associated with different epidemiologic risk factors and with predilections for involvement of different organs. }, keywords = {angiomatosis, animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Bartonella henselae/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Bartonella/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, cat, dna, epidemiology, fleas, homeless, humans, lice, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., risk factors}, isbn = {0028-4793}, author = {Koehler,J. E. and Sanchez,M. A. and Garrido,C. S. and Whitfeld,M. J. and Chen,F. M. and Berger,T. G. and Rodriguez-Barradas,M. C. and LeBoit,P. E. and Tappero,J. W.} } @article {46239, title = {Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {340}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0255562; 0 (Antibodies, Bacterial); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {184 - 189}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infection with Bartonella quintana can cause trench fever, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis. An outbreak of bacteremia due to B. quintana has been reported among homeless people in Seattle, and the seroprevalence is high among homeless people in both the United States and Europe. Body lice are known to be the vectors of B. quintana. METHODS: We studied all the homeless people who presented in 1997 to the emergency departments of the University Hospital, Marseilles, France. Blood was collected for microimmunofluorescence testing for antibodies against B. quintana and for culture of the bacterium. Body lice were collected and analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of a portion of the citrate synthase gene of B. quintana. RESULTS: In 10 of 71 homeless patients (14 percent), blood cultures were positive for B. quintana, and 21 of the patients (30 percent) had high titers of antibody against the organism. A total of 17 patients (24 percent) had evidence of recent infection (bacteremia or seroconversion). Tests of lice from 3 of the 15 patients from whom they were collected were positive for B. quintana. The homeless people with B. quintana bacteremia were more likely to have been exposed to lice (P=0.002), were more likely to have headaches (P=0.03) and severe leg pain (P<0.001), and had lower platelet counts (P=0.006) than the homeless people who were seronegative for B. quintana and did not have bacteremia; 8 of the 10 patients with bacteremia were afebrile. Five patients had chronic bacteremia, as indicated by positive blood cultures over a period of several weeks. CONCLUSIONS: In an outbreak of urban trench fever among homeless people in Marseilles, B. quintana infections were associated with body lice in patients with nonspecific symptoms or no symptoms.}, keywords = {adult, animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Bacteremia/complications/epidemiology/microbiology, Bartonella quintana/genetics/immunology/isolation \& purification, Disease Outbreaks, dna, France, homeless, humans, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, trench fever}, isbn = {0028-4793}, author = {Brouqui,Philippe and La Scola,Bernard and Roux,Veronique and Didier Raoult} } @article {46057, title = {Clinical practice. Head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {346}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1645 - 1650}, keywords = {animals, child, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/therapy, Malathion, Ovum, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44870.pdf}, author = {Richard J. Roberts} } @article {46035, title = {Head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {347}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1381 - 1382}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission, Malathion, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {45716, title = {Treatment of head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {336}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {735}, keywords = {Control, Pediculosis}, author = {Garfinkel,L.} } @article {45693, title = {Pediculus capitis}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {309}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {1461}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, author = {Fine,B.} } @article {45539, title = {More of pediculosis capitis}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {310}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {1668 - 1669}, abstract = {

To the Editor: As child-health educators working to encourage safe, effective methods of lice control, we take issue with the ideas expressed in Dr. Fine\&$\#$39;s letter in the December 8 issue.* His contentions that nit removal is \"absolute nonsense\" and that lice cannot be spread by fomites (e.g., hats and coats) are based on the work of John Maunder in London. Dr. Maunder\&$\#$39;s theories of lice management assume health and hygiene practices not common in the United States and the use of a product (malathion-containing Prioderm Lotion) that currently represents less than 1 per cent of the pediculicide market here. . . .

}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, doi = {DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198406213102513}, url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198406213102513}, author = {Altschuler,Deborah Z. and Kenney,L. R.} } @article {41746, title = {Crabs - The resurgence of Phthirus pubis.}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {278}, year = {1968}, note = {1515}, month = {1968}, pages = {950 - 952}, abstract = {

This artilce has no abstarct

CRABS (Phthirus pubis), the pubic or crab lice, have traditionally been a sociologic fingerprint marking society\&$\#$39;s refuse \— the vulgar, promiscuous and unwashed. This concept is no longer valid in permissive America of the 1960\&$\#$39;s. Today, crabs are harbored not only by streetfighter and streetwalker but by executive and debutante. A unique contemporary source for dissemination of crabs is the \"hippie love-in,\" where more than flowers is exchanged. It is not surprising that the incidence of P. pubis, like that of other venereal diseases, has risen significantly as the boundaries of sexual freedom have blurred.

}, keywords = {Gert, med. Bedeutung., Pthirus}, doi = {DOI: 10.1056/NEJM196804252781707}, url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196804252781707}, author = {Ackermann,A.} } @article {40333, title = {Treatment of head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {336}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {734 - 735}, author = {Parker,J.} } @article {40310, title = {Treatment of head lice - reply}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {336}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {735 - 735}, author = {Driscoll,D. M.} } @article {40245, title = {Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {335}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {311 - 315}, abstract = {

Background In patients with louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis infection), antimicrobial treatment is often followed by sudden fever, rigors, and persistent hypotension (Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions) that are associated with increases in plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. We attempted to determine whether sheep polyclonal Fab antibody fragments against TNF-alpha (anti-TNF- alpha Fab) could suppress the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 49 patients with proven louse-borne relapsing fever. Immediately before the intramuscular injection of penicillin, the patients received an intravenous infusion of either anti-TNF-alpha Fab or a control solution. Results Ten of the 20 patients given anti-TNF-alpha Fab had Jarisch- Herxheimer reactions with rigors, as compared with 26 of the 29 control patients (P = 0.006). The controls had significantly greater mean maximal increases in temperature (1.5 vs. 0.8 degrees C, P\<0.001), pulse rate (31 vs, 13 per minute, P\<0.001), and systolic blood pressure (25 vs. 15 mm Hg, P\<0.003), as well as higher mean peak plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (50 vs. 17 mu g per liter) and interleukin-8 (2000 vs. 205 ng per liter) (P\<0.001 for both comparisons). Levels of TNF-alpha were undetectable after treatment with anti-TNF-alpha Fab. Conclusions Pretreatment with sheep anti-TNF-alpha Fab suppresses Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions that occur after penicillin treatment for louse-borne relapsing fever, reduces the associated increases in plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, and may be useful in other forms of sepsis. (C) 1996, Massachusetts Medical Society.

}, keywords = {cachectin, disease, endotoxin, fever, monoclonal antibody, Relapsing Fever, sepsis, septic, shock, therapy, tnf}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199608013350503}, url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199608013350503?url_ver=Z39.88-2003\&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org\&rfr_dat=cr_pub\%20\%200www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}, author = {Fekade,D. and Knox,K. and Hussein,K. and Melka,A. and Lalloo,D. G. and Coxon,R. E. and D. A. Warrell} } @article {40200, title = {Bartonella (Rochalimaea) Quintana endocarditis in three homeless men}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {332}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {419 - 423}, abstract = {

Background. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana is the agent of trench fever and is transmitted by the body louse, We-searched for this organism in three alcoholic homeless men with endocarditis. Methods. Blood samples were cultured on a human endothelial cell line and on blood agar. Bacteria were identified by sequencing the amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The presence of bartonella in tissue was assessed by Gram\&$\#$39;s staining, immunostaining, and polymerase-chain-reaction amplification. Serologic studies for antibodies to bartonella species were performed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting. Results. B. quintana was isolated from one patient in the blood-agar culture and from the other two patients in the endothelial-cell culture. The organism was also identified by both immunostaining and molecular techniques in the valvular vegetations from the three patients and in a cervical lymph node from one patient. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the three isolates were almost identical to that of the prototype strain of B. quintana. High titers of antibodies to B. quintana were detected in all three patients, but so were cross-reacting antibodies to chlamydia species. In all three patients studies were repeatedly negative for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusions. B. quintana is a cause of endocarditis in homeless patients and may be serologically misdiagnosed as a chlamydial infection.

}, keywords = {AIDS, amplification, angiomatosis, bacillary, blood, dna, identification, patient, sp.nov.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199502163320702}, url = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199502163320702?url_ver=Z39.88-2003\&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org\&rfr_dat=cr_pub\%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}, author = {Michel Drancourt and Mainardi,J. L. and Brouqui,Philippe and Vandenesch,F. and Carta,A. and Lehnert,F. and Etienne,J. and Goldstein,F. and Acar,J. and Didier Raoult} } @article {40024, title = {A hazard of lay medical treatment for lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {323}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1776}, keywords = {adverse, Control, Pediculosis}, author = {Damschen,D. D. and Carlile,J. R.} }