@article {96357, title = {Medical and Veterinary Ectoparasites{\textquoteright} Importance: An Insight on Alternative Control}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-30-2022}, pages = {667-673}, abstract = {

Numerous ectoparasites of people and domestic cattle remain a chronic concern in the contemporary world, despite many attempts at eradication. For many years, pesticide medications such as organophosphates, organochlorides, and synthetic pyrethroids were efficient in controlling these parasites; however, widespread use of these treatments has resulted in resistance in many target species. Domestic animals play a vital role in food production, producing meat, milk, and money. The agricultural communities raze livestock\’s as an insurance and investment in contradiction of risk. Animals with short generation intervals and high fertility offer economic, managerial, and biological benefits, since milk production can start five or six months after mating and the first corpse can be sold in less than a year. Livestocks are also a main source of manure, which helps to fertilize the soil, as well as skin, which is one of the most significant products that generates foreign cash for the country. However, the combined effects of sickness, inadequate food, and bad management limit animal output. Parasitic sickness is one of the most common disorders in domestic animals and human, and it has a significant economic impact. Ectoparasites of livestocks are extensively dispersed with varying degrees of incidence, and are crucial in causing considerable economic damage to the agricultural community, the tanning and leather sector even throughout the wolrd, necessitating efficient control methods. Scabies mites, head lice, and bed bugs are important medical ectoparasites that pose a considerable public health threat, hence effective management strategies are required. Alternative management approaches have been developed in a number of ways, but more study is needed before they can be utilized to effectively regulate the ectoparasitic illnesses in the forthcoming. Keywords: Human; Livestocks; Parasites; Biological control; Chemical control

}, keywords = {biological control, Chemical control, human, Livestocks, parasites}, doi = {10.53350/pjmhs22161667}, url = {https://pjmhsonline.com/published-issues/2022/January/1-667}, author = {Muhammad Jamil and Atif Idress and Ziyad Abdul Qadir and Fareeha Imran and Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Shehzad Khan and Huma Aziz and Iqbal,Z. and Imran Qazi and Bibi Sadia and Imtiaz Khan and Said Hussain Shah and Muhammad Rasheed and Mubarik Ali} } @article {94958, title = {Determinants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on layers of District Faisalabad (Pakistan)}, journal = {British Poultry Science}, volume = {48}, year = {2007}, month = {10-2008}, pages = {546 - 550}, abstract = {

Abstract 1. This paper describes the influence of some epidemiological determinants on the prevalence of louse infestation on layers in Faisalabad (Pakistan).
2. Seventy layer farms were screened to determine the prevalence of louse infestation and its determinants including age of the bird, availability of space per bird and frequency of litter change.
Prevalence of Lipeurus caponis was highest (53.2\%), followed by Menacanthus stramineus (22.16\%), Goniodes dissimilis (12.37\%) and Goniodes gallinae (12.37\%).
3. Older birds (36 to 74 weeks of age) were found with a significantly higher prevalence of louse infestation than younger birds.
4. Month-wise prevalence of louse infestation was higher during the summer months (from April to August) and at older age.
5. Birds kept at floor area allowances ranging from 0!43 to 0!55m2 were highly infested with lice as compared to those provided with a space of 0!61m2 or higher per bird.
6. Litter change frequency after every 8 weeks resulted in a reduced chance of louse infestation as compared to less frequent litter changing practice.
7. It was concluded from the study that the louse infestation is a menace for the poultry production industry in Pakistan and age, space per bird and litter change frequency are the influencing
determinants.
8. Further research on the chemotherapeutic trials and resistance in poultry should be continued for an effective lice control program.

}, keywords = {Goniodes gallinae}, issn = {0007-1668}, doi = {10.1080/00071660701573086}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071660701573086}, author = {M. Nadeem and Khan,M. N. and Iqbal,Z. and Muhammad Sajid and Arshad,M. and M. Yaseen} } @article {94813, title = {Review: Lice Infestation in Poultry}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This paper reviews the studies on the prevalence, chemotherapeutic and biological control of lice. It was found that
Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae, Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, Lipeurus caponis and Cuclutogaster heterographus were the most commonly infestating lice of poultry. A variety of chemical are used for the control of lice infestation in poultry. These include Carbamates, Pyrethroids, Cypermethrin, Trichlorphon, Dichlorvos, DDT powder, Coumaphos, Lindane and BHC, Phenol, Cresols, Permethrin, Pestoban, Malathion, Pfispray, Carbaryl, Methyl bromfenvinphos and Herbal products. The most promising results however were reported with Pyrethroids i.e. Trichlophon and Pestoban. Biological control although not widely accepted for application, yet some bacterial and fungal species were found to be effective. Based on the review conclusion have been drawn for further research in to the lice infestation of poultry.

}, keywords = {lice, Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, poultry}, url = {http://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/1782_..pdf}, author = {Khan,M. N. and M. Nadeem and Iqbal,Z. and Muhammad Sajid and Rao Zahid Abbas} } @article {94737, title = {Acaricidal and insecticidal effects of essential oils against ectoparasites of veterinary importance}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Ectoparasitism in animals has become an issue of great concern that needs to be resolved to prevent huge economic losses occurring to livestock industry all over the world. Synthetic adrugs have been playing a major role in controlling ectoparasites, but their frequent and irrational use has resulted in drug resistance to routinely used chemicals and their residual effects on food and environment. Therefore, this approach of using chemical acaricides and insecticides is losing its popularity and effectiveness in controlling ectoparasites. So, the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. Among alternative protocols, plants and their essential oils have played remarkable role in controlling different ectoparasites (ticks, flies, mites, lice) of veterinary importance. Essential oils have been proved to be cheaper, more effective and safer therapeautic agents against different ectoparasites of livestock importance.

Resumen: En los animales el ectoparasitismo se ha convertido en un tema de gran preocupaci\ón que debe resolverse para evitar que se produzcan grandes p\érdidas econ\ómicas para la industria ganadera en todo el mundo. Los aditivos sint\éticos han desempe\ñado un papel importante en el control de los ectopar\ásitos, pero su uso frecuente e irracional ha dado como resultado la resistencia a los f\ármacos utilizados habitualmente y efectos residuales sobre los alimentos y el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el enfoque basado en el uso de acaricidas e insecticidas qu\ímicos est\á perdiendo popularidad y efectividad en el control de los ectopar\ásitos. Por lo tanto, actualmente se requiere el desarrollo de enfoques alternativos en el manejo de ectopar\ásitos. Entre los protocolos alternativos, las plantas y sus aceites esenciales han jugado un papel notable en el control de diferentes ectopar\ásitos (garrapatas, moscas, \ácaros, piojos) de importancia veterinaria. Se ha demostrado que los aceites esenciales son agentes terap\éuticos m\ás baratos, m\ás efectivos y m\ás seguros contra diferentes ectopar\ásitos de importancia ganadera.
Palabras clave: Plantas; Aceites Esenciales; Ectopar\ásitos; Animales

}, keywords = {animals, ectoparasites, Essential oils, plants}, url = {http://www.revistas.usach.cl/ojs/index.php/blacpma/article/view/3512}, author = {Asghar Abbas and Rao Zahid Abbas and Iqbal,Z. and Muhammad Kasib Khan and Muhammad Kashif Saleemi and Muhammad Asif Raza and Muhammad Shahid Mahmood and Junaid Ali Khan and Zia_ud_Din Sindhu and Sabiqaa Masood} } @article {47516, title = {Bovine pediculosis: prevalence and chemotherapeutic control in Pakistan}, journal = {Livestock Research for Rural Development}, volume = {18}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, abstract = {

Six hundred cattle and buffaloes each were randomly selected from population in and around district Faisalabad and examined under field conditions for the prevalence of lice infestation. Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus tuberculatus, Linognathus vituli were reported in this area. Prevalence of lice was higher (24\%; 144/600) on cattle than buffaloes (18\%; 113/600).The prevalence was higher in adult age and lowest in older age in both the species. Closed houses were having highest infestation followed by cement type and open type houses. Month wise prevalence was found highest in months of March - April and lowest in August - September. For chemotherapeutic trial, thirty cattle and buffaloes each were randomly divided into three major groups (A thru C) each of which was further divided into two sub groups for cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The major group A was treated with ivermectin (Ivomec, MSD, Netherlands; S/C 200\µg/kg b.wt.) and group B was treated with topical application of cypermethrin (Ecoflece, Bimeda, Ireland; 1mL/200mL water). The animals of group C1 were given a sham treatment of propylene glycol (S/C 8-10 mL/large animal) whereas the topical application of normal saline was done on the animals of group C2. Number of lice per animal before and after treatment was counted to determine the efficacy of drugs. It was observed that maximum control (100\%) was achieved on day 28 post-treatment with the ivermectin-treated buffaloes.

}, keywords = {Bovines, cypermethrin, Ivermectin, Pakistan}, url = {https://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd18/10/huss18145.htm}, author = {Hussain,M. A. and Khan,M. N. and Iqbal,Z. and Muhammad Sajid and Arshad,M.} }