02184nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001200230300001400242490000700256520151900263653002201782100001501804700001701819700001401836700002001850700001501870700001501885856006601900 2007 eng d a0007-166800aDeterminants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on layers of District Faisalabad (Pakistan)0 aDeterminants influencing prevalence of louse infestations on lay c10-2008 a546 - 5500 v483 a

Abstract 1. This paper describes the influence of some epidemiological determinants on the prevalence of louse infestation on layers in Faisalabad (Pakistan).
2. Seventy layer farms were screened to determine the prevalence of louse infestation and its determinants including age of the bird, availability of space per bird and frequency of litter change.
Prevalence of Lipeurus caponis was highest (53.2%), followed by Menacanthus stramineus (22.16%), Goniodes dissimilis (12.37%) and Goniodes gallinae (12.37%).
3. Older birds (36 to 74 weeks of age) were found with a significantly higher prevalence of louse infestation than younger birds.
4. Month-wise prevalence of louse infestation was higher during the summer months (from April to August) and at older age.
5. Birds kept at floor area allowances ranging from 0!43 to 0!55m2 were highly infested with lice as compared to those provided with a space of 0!61m2 or higher per bird.
6. Litter change frequency after every 8 weeks resulted in a reduced chance of louse infestation as compared to less frequent litter changing practice.
7. It was concluded from the study that the louse infestation is a menace for the poultry production industry in Pakistan and age, space per bird and litter change frequency are the influencing
determinants.
8. Further research on the chemotherapeutic trials and resistance in poultry should be continued for an effective lice control program.

10aGoniodes gallinae1 aNadeem, M.1 aKhan, M., N.1 aIqbal, Z.1 aSajid, Muhammad1 aArshad, M.1 aYaseen, M. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0007166070157308601500nas a2200181 4500008004100000245004000041210003900081520099500120653000901115653003401124653001201158100001701170700001501187700001401202700002001216700002201236856006001258 2003 eng d00aReview: Lice Infestation in Poultry0 aReview Lice Infestation in Poultry3 a

This paper reviews the studies on the prevalence, chemotherapeutic and biological control of lice. It was found that
Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae, Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, Lipeurus caponis and Cuclutogaster heterographus were the most commonly infestating lice of poultry. A variety of chemical are used for the control of lice infestation in poultry. These include Carbamates, Pyrethroids, Cypermethrin, Trichlorphon, Dichlorvos, DDT powder, Coumaphos, Lindane and BHC, Phenol, Cresols, Permethrin, Pestoban, Malathion, Pfispray, Carbaryl, Methyl bromfenvinphos and Herbal products. The most promising results however were reported with Pyrethroids i.e. Trichlophon and Pestoban. Biological control although not widely accepted for application, yet some bacterial and fungal species were found to be effective. Based on the review conclusion have been drawn for further research in to the lice infestation of poultry.

10alice10aLipeurus lawrensis tropicalis10apoultry1 aKhan, M., N.1 aNadeem, M.1 aIqbal, Z.1 aSajid, Muhammad1 aAbbas, Rao, Zahid uhttp://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/1782_..pdf