02490nas a2200289 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001400205490000700219520158900226653001201815653003901827653002101866653001401887653001101901653005101912653002301963653001401986653004102000100002102041700002102062700002002083700002002103700002002123856005702143 2003 eng d00aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis Anoplu c2003 a628 - 6350 v403 a

Four geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10% slower development and approximately 15% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.

10aanimals10aAnti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology10aFeeding Behavior10ageography10ahumans10aLice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology10aMolting/physiology10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aYoon, Kyong, Sup1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article/40/5/628/86303102307nas a2200325 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260000900237300001400246490000700260520132400267653001201591653002401603653001501627653002101642653001401663653001101677653001001688653003501698653002201733653001401755653001401769653004101783100002101824700001901845700002001864700002001884700002001904856005701924 2003 eng d00aAn automated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aautomated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the huma c2003 a795 - 7990 v403 a

An automated feeding apparatus was developed to maintain the human head louse (Pediculus capitis DeGeer) in vitro. With the use of valves and timers, banked human blood and saline from refrigerated reservoirs were pumped into and flushed out of the system every 7 d. During this rotational interval, bloodmeals were provided to head lice continuously and ad libitum through a stretched Nescofilm-silicone sandwich membrane. Compared with our previous in vitro human head louse-rearing apparatus, greater numbers of lice could be fed simultaneously with minimal human monitoring. Development of second to third instars and third instars to adults was significantly faster when lice were reared in vivo than on either of the in vitro rearing systems; there was no significant difference in the duration of the first instar. Although fecundity and hatch rates were significantly higher for female lice reared in vivo, similar trends have been observed for other membrane-fed arthropods. Body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius [L.]) also completed most of their life cycle on this apparatus. Our automated mass-rearing system has broad applications for maintaining fluid-sucking ectoparasites and will facilitate various toxicological, behavioral, and disease-transmission investigations.

10aanimals10aAnimals, Laboratory10aAutomation10aFeeding Behavior10afertility10ahumans10alarva10aLice Infestations/parasitology10aLife Cycle Stages10aLongevity10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aVelten, R., K.1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article/40/6/795/83455702563nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245015100055210006900206260000900275300001400284490000700298520157000305653001601875653001201891653001101903653000801914653001101922653000901933653000901942653001401951653003001965653001901995653004102014653001402055100002102069700002002090700002002110700002002130856008702150 2004 eng d a0882-596300aHome remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aHome remedies to control head lice assessment of home remedies t c2004 a393 - 3980 v193 a

As the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.

10aAcetic Acid10aanimals10aButter10aegg10ahumans10alice10aOvum10aPediculus10aPediculus humanus capitis10aPlant Extracts10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aSelf Care1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882596304001393?via%3Dihub