02563nas a2200313   4500008004100000245006900041210006800110260000900178300001400187490000600201520171100207653001401918653000901932653000901941653001401950653001601964653001201980653000901992653001202001653001402013653001402027653001102041653001202052100002602064700001802090700001802108700001802126856010502144       1995                        eng d00aPhenotypic quality and molt in the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica0 aPhenotypic quality and molt in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica  c1995  a242 - 2490 v63 aPhenotypic quality may determine the development and expression of secondary sexual characters. We studied the relationship between molt and several measures of phenotypic quality in the sexually size- dimorphic barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) in its winter quarters in Namibia. Males were in a more advanced stage of molt than females and juveniles, and the speed of molt as determined from the residual of the regression of the size of the gap in wings caused by missing and growing feathers on wing molt score (residual wing raggedness) was also higher in males than in females and juveniles. Male barn swallows with long and symmetric tail feathers had a more advanced stage of molt and molted at a higher speed than males with short and asymmetric tails. Long-tailed females had a delayed molt, and females with asymmetric tails had less advanced molt and lower rates of feather growth than females with symmetric tails. Molt of secondaries in juveniles also appeared to be less advanced if they had long tails. Adult barn swallows molted their tail feathers in an irregular sequence with the longest, outermost tail feather usually replaced before the second or the third outermost feathers. Good body condition was positively associated with a high molt score for some feather tracts and a rapid wing molt in adult females and tail molt in juveniles. Mallophaga were only weakly negatively associated with primary and secondary molt score in adult females and speed of wing molt in adult males. In conclusion, phenotypic quality of adult male barn swallows as reflected by the expression of their secondary sexual character during the previous molt reliably reflected stage and speed of current molt.10aasymmetry10abarn10abody10acharacter10afluctuating10aHirundo10amolt10arustica10asecondary10aselection10asexual10aswallow1 aMøller, Anders, Pape1 aMagnhagen, C.1 aUlfstrand, A.1 aUlfstrand, S.  uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/phenotypic-quality-and-molt-barn-swallow-hirundo-rustica02231nas a2200289   4500008004100000245006400041210006300105260000900168300001400177490000800191520146800199653001401667653001001681653000901691653001201700653001201712653001501724653000901739653001301748653001401761653001101775653001301786100002301799700002701822700001901849856007301868       1995                        eng d00aEctoparasites reduce long-term survival of their avian host0 aEctoparasites reduce longterm survival of their avian host  c1995  a313 - 3190 v2623 aFew field studies have evaluated whether ectoparasites affect the long-term survival of their adult host, although many studies have examined the impact of parasites on the host's offspring. In the colonially nesting cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota), we manipulated ectoparasite load (of cimicid bugs, fleas, and chewing lice) by fumigating adults and comparing annual survivorship of fumigated birds and non-fumigated control birds captured at the same time. Mark-recapture experiments over an 8-year period revealed that non-fumigated birds had an annual survivorship about 12% less than chat of fumigated birds, on average, but the effects did not vary with colony size. Based on the difference in survivorship between fumigated and non-fumigated birds, we estimated that parasitized individuals had an annual survivorship of 0.38, compared with 0.57 for non-parasitized birds. The parasite-caused reduction in survivorship was the equivalent of the host losing up to one year of lifetime reproductive success. Ectoparasites did not preferentially infest hosts of lower quality, suggesting that all birds in the population were at potential risk of suffering parasitism and the resulting reductions in survivorship. Our results show that obligate ectoparasites such as fleas and lice impose a substantial long- term cost to their hosts and suggest that future studies of ectoparasitism should consider the parasites' effect on annual survival of adult hosts.10aAmblycera10acliff10acost10aecology10afitness10aIschnocera10amate10aparasite10aselection10asexual10aswallows1 aBrown, Charles, R.1 aBrown, Mary, Bomberger1 aRannala, Bruce  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38515.pdf