01892nas a2200145 4500008004100000245021800041210006900259260000900328300001400337490000700351520126800358100002501626700002201651856007301673 1990 eng d00aEulimdana florencae n.sp (Nematoda:Filarioidea) from Micropalama himantopus (Aves:Charadriiformes): evidence for neonatal transmission, ephemeral adults, and long-lived microfilariae among filarioids of shorebirds0 aEulimdana florencae nsp NematodaFilarioidea from Micropalama him c1990 a986 - 9920 v683 a

Eulimdana florencae n.sp. from Stilt Sandpipers (Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte))(Charadriiformes:Scolopacidae) at Little Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, and Gem, Alberta, Canada, differs from its closest congener (Eulimdana pseudolari) by the lack of a cleft at the posterior extremity of the female. In addition, the microfilaria of E. florencae has a long, attenuated tail unlike that of any previously described species. Adult worms occurred in neck tissues and microfilariae in skin. Seven of 17 juvenile (less than 2 months old) Stilt Sandpipers were infected; four contained mixed sex infections and in two of these birds microfilariae were present in both the female worms and the host's skin. The remaining three infected juvenile birds contained only adult male or only adult female worms. Eight of 12 adult birds were infected; six contained only skin-inhabiting microfilariae, one contained microfilariae plus a single adult female (probably senescent), and one contained a single male. Support is provided, therefore, for a recent hypothesis predicting that Eulimdana spp. are often acquired early in life by scolopacid shorebirds, that post reproductive adult worms are ephemeral, and that the skin-inhabiting microfilariae are long-lived.

1 aBartlett, Cheryl, M.1 aAnderson, Roy, C. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47596.pdf02474nas a2200157 4500008004100000245017700041210006900218260000900287300001400296490000700310520185800317100002502175700002202200700002102222856007302243 1989 eng d00aTaxonomic descriptions and comments on the life history of new species of Eulimdana (Nematoda: Filarioidea) with skin-inhabiting microfilariae in the Charadriiformes (Aves)0 aTaxonomic descriptions and comments on the life history of new s c1989 a612 - 6290 v673 a

Eulimdana juventarum n.sp. from Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Gmelinj), Eulimdana asperum n.sp. fromWilson's Phalaropes (Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillotj). and Eulimdana pseudolari n.sp. from Red-necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus (L.)) in Canada are described. The name "Eulimdana lari (Yamaguti, 1935)" is restricted to filarioids described by Yamaguti from the Eastern Common Gull (Larus kamtschatschensis (Bonapart)). Numerous reports of "E. lari" in other charadriiforms are probably incorrect, and new taxonomic studies of lemdanine filarioids in palaearctic charadriiforms are required. Eulimdana bibulbosa (Annett, Dutton, and Elliott, 1901) n.comb. is proposed for Filaria bibulbosa Annett, Dutton, and Elliott, 1901. The 11 species in Eulimdana and their host groups are listed. Adult worms of the three new species occurred in subcutaneous tissues of the neck and connective tissues around the trachea and oesophagus. Microfilariae of E. juventarum and E. asperum occurred in skin, and skin-inhabiting microfilariae may be common in charadriiform birds. Microfilariae of E. asperum were also found in blood, but less frequently than in skin. Microfilariae of E. pseudolari were found in blood but probably occur in both blood and skin; skin was not examined. Prevalence of infection will be underestimated if hosts are examined only for microfilariae as sterile infections (those with only male or only female worms) are common. Adult worms in patent infections (those with mocrifilariae) apparently are short-lived and then completely resorbed by the host. In late patency infections, therefore, skin-inhabiting microfilariae occur in the absence of adult worms. Patent infections probably produce a protective immunity. Amblyceran lice probably transmit species of Eulimdana in the Charadriiformes.

1 aBartlett, Cheryl, M.1 aAnderson, Roy, C.1 aBush, Albert, O. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47597.pdf02061nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014600041210006900187260000900256300001400265490000700279520154300286100002501829856007301854 1992 eng d00aNew, known and unidentified species of Eulimdana (Nematoda): additional information on biologically unusual filarioids of charadriiform birds0 aNew known and unidentified species of Eulimdana Nematoda additio c1992 a209 - 2300 v233 a

Eulimdana spp. were found in 13 of 32 species of charadriiform birds from North America and Iceland; 88 of 636 adult birds and seven of 72 juvenile birds harboured infections. Described are: E. andersoni n.sp. from Chlidonias niger; E. metcalforum n. sp. from Sterna hirundo; E. sonini n. sp. from Charadrius hiaticula; E. wongae n. sp. from Limosa fedoa; and E. bainae n. sp. from Numenius phaeopus. Eulimdana asperum Bartlett, Anderson, & Bush, 1989 is reported for the second time in its type-host, Phalaropus tricolor. The emerging pattern of one parasite species to one host species suggests that most Eulimdana species are strongly host specific. However, E. fiorencae Bartlett & Anderson, 1990 is reported for the first time in a second species of Calidris (C. alba) and may be the unidentified species found in C. bairdii, C. alpina and C. pusilla. Other unidentified species were found in Larus pipixcan, Arenaria interpres and Recurvirostra americana. A key to species-groups (three are proposed) and species of Eulimdana in charadriiforms is given. Two pieces of evidence support an earlier suggestion that infections are acquired by neo-natal charadriiforms: (1) the presence of E. wongae in a bird captured as a chick and examined after two months in captivity; and (2) a greater frequency of mixed sex infections with microfilariae in infected juvenile birds (four of seven) than in infected adult birds (five of 88). The latter also supports an earlier suggestion that post-reproductive worms are ephemeral

1 aBartlett, Cheryl, M. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47595.pdf02108nas a2200217 4500008004100000245017400041210006900215260000900284300001200293490000700305520138000312653001401692653000901706653001501715653001801730653001301748653002001761653001101781100002501792856007301817 1993 eng d00aLice (Amblycera and Ischnocera) as vectors of Eulimdana spp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Charadriform birds and the necessity of short reproductive periods in adult worms0 aLice Amblycera and Ischnocera as vectors of Eulimdana spp Nemato c1993 a85 - 910 v793 a

Lice transmit species of Eulimdana. Larvae of Eulimdana wongae are described from Austromenopon limosae and Actornithophilus limosae (Amblycera) and Carduiceps clayae (Ischnocera) collected on a marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa). Larvae of Eulimdana bainae are described from Austromenopon phaeopodis (Amblycera) and Lunaceps numenii phaeopi (Ischnocera) from a whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus). Adults of species of Eulimdana in charadriiform birds and Pelecitus fulicaeatrae in coots produce microfilariae for a short period only and then die and are resorbed (species of Eulimdana), a phenomenon called ephemerality, or become reproductively senescent but remain alive (P. fulicaeatrae). Microfilariae inhabit the skin and presumably survive for a prolonged period. The short period of production of microfilariae may be related to the fact that transmission is by permanent ectoparasites (lice) constantly exposed to microfilariae in the skin and the dangers of lice acquiring lethal numbers of microfilariae. Ephemerality may have evolved in species in which adults occupy sites where, when they die, they are harmlessly resorbed (e.g., species of Eulimdana in the neck). Reproductive senescence may have evolved in species that occupy sites where, if they were to die, they might provoke a life threatening inflammation (e.g., P. fulicaeatrae near joints in the legs).

10aAmblycera10aaves10aIschnocera10amicrofilariae10aNematoda10askin inhabiting10avector1 aBartlett, Cheryl, M. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37077.pdf