02291nas a2200253   4500008004100000020003300041022001400074245005200088210005200140260003800192300001200230490000700242520158200249653001401831653001401845653001701859653000801876653001001884653001301894653002101907100002001928700002201948856006701970       2021                        eng d  a9783030522322, 9783030522339  a0275-012000aDeep Origin of Parasitic Disease in Vertebrates0 aDeep Origin of Parasitic Disease in Vertebrates  bSpringer International Publishing  a317-3580 v503 a<p>Parasitism is considered one of the most successful modes of life, as evidenced by its convergent appearance in numerous lineages and its sheer abundance among extant biodiversity. Ecotropism may be the foundation for that co-divergence. Given an ecologic niche (and hosts represent one such niche), organisms tend to advantage themselves. As environments change and organisms become extinct, organisms new to that host or to that environment find a way to utilize the new or newly available habitat.</p>
<p>Greater and more facile access to nutrients and greater reproductive and growth opportunity (e.g., secondary mobility) may well have been the stimulus for the transition from saprophytic to parasitic lifestyles and for climbing the phylogenetic ladder from invertebrates to vertebrates. Ease of transition [given the short generation time of parasites (relative to that of the host) allowing development of a mutation amenable to the new host] and opportunity coincided. The response of hosts to new invaders (the parasites) initiated a process (still ongoing today) wherein the parasite continues to evolve in its efforts to negate the effects of the host to neutralize or eliminate it, a co-divergent process. The discrepancy between life experiences (e.g., generation time) of parasites and that of their hosts provides ample opportunity for a parasite to explore and acclimate to changes in availability and biology [e.g., defense mechanisms developed by their current host (s)] and also to adapt to new opportunities created by availability of new hosts.</p>
10aBone cyst10aCoprolite10aEchinococcus10aegg10amummy10aparasite10aVertebral groove1 aWatson, Valerie1 aRothschild, Bruce  uhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-52233-9_10