02172nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260001600215300001000231490000700241520156000248100002401808700002801832700003201860700002001892856007801912 2023 eng d a1932-620300aNuclear genetic diversity of head lice sheds light on human dispersal around the world0 aNuclear genetic diversity of head lice sheds light on human disp cNov-08-2023 a30 pp0 v183 a

The human louse, Pediculus humanus, is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has coevolved with humans for millennia. Given the intimate relationship between this parasite and the human host, the study of human lice has the potential to shed light on aspects of human evolution that are difficult to interpret using other biological evidence. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation in 274 human lice from 25 geographic sites around the world by using nuclear microsatellite loci and female-inherited mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nuclear genetic diversity analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic clusters I and II, which are subdivided into subclusters: Ia-Ib and IIa-IIb, respectively. Among these samples, we observed the presence of the two most common louse mitochondrial haplogroups: A and B that were found in both nuclear Clusters I and II. Evidence of nuclear admixture was uncommon (12%) and was predominate in the New World potentially mirroring the history of colonization in the Americas. These findings were supported by novel DIYABC simulations that were built using both host and parasite data to define parameters and models suggesting that admixture between cI and cII was very recent. This pattern could also be the result of a reproductive barrier between these two nuclear genetic clusters. In addition to providing new evolutionary knowledge about this human parasite, our study could guide the development of new analyses in other host-parasite systems.

1 aAscunce, Marina, S.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aGonzález-Oliver, Angélica1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.029340903274nas a2200325 4500008004100000022002500041245008200066210007500148260001600223300001200239490000700251520228700258653001402545653001202559653001102571100002502582700002502607700002002632700002402652700001902676700002802695700002702723700002602750700002202776700002102798700001902819700002602838700003202864856005202896 2022 eng d a0377-9777, 1308-252300aBaş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler0 aBaş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tav cJan-01-2022 a748-7610 v793 a

Baş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler

Baş biti enfestasyonları, en gelişmiş olanlar da dâhil olmak üzere çoğu ülkede halk sağlığını ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalansını azaltmak amacıyla baş biti kontrolünde farklı otoritelerin, kurumların, endüstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamayı ve bilgilendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sağlık yetkililerini, bu tür enfestasyonların doğru şekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedikülositler, tıbbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici ürünlerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla daha etkili yöntemler izlemeye teşvik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedikülositler ve tıbbi cihazlar, kullanım talimatlarında doğrulanabilir açıklamalara sahip olmalı ayrıca aktif bileşenlere ve formüle ürünlere karşı bitlerin direnç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek için periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yaygınlığının salgın düzeyine ulaştığı iddiaları ortaya atıldığında, gerçek yaygınlık düzeyinin kanıtlanması amacıyla çocuklar periyodik aralıklarla objektif olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Sağlık hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli için düzenlenen sürekli eğitimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, önlenmesi ve kontrolü konusundaki yanlış bilgilerin düzeltilmesi sağlanabilir. Ebeveynler, çocuklarını baş biti açısından düzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerektiğinde tedavi etmelidir. Sağlık yetkilileri, vakaları ve yaygınlığı azaltmada bir araç olarak kullanılan ancak bilimsel gerekçesi olmadığı gibi çocukların sağlığı ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan “sirkeye geçit yok- no-nit politikası” tarzında çocukları okuldan uzaklaştırmaya dayalı politika ve uygulamaların ortadan kaldırılması için mücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

 

10aBaş biti10akontrol10atedavi1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aPollack, Richard, J.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBarker, Stephen, C.1 aGordon, S., C.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aTaylan-Ozkan, Aysegul1 aChosidow, Olivier1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aIbarra, Joanna1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aStichele, Robert, H. Vander uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.7887202217nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225490000600241520147400247653001301721653001301734653001701747653001801764653002401782653001801806653001701824100002101841700002101862700002301883700002001906856003701926 2016 eng d a2167-835900aEffects of 16S rDNA sampling on estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice0 aEffects of 16S rDNA sampling on estimates of the number of endos cJul-19-20160 v43 a

Phylogenetic trees can reveal the origins of endosymbiotic lineages of bacteria and detect patterns of co-evolution with their hosts. Although taxon sampling can greatly affect phylogenetic and co-evolutionary inference, most hypotheses of endosymbiont relationships are based on few available bacterial sequences. Here we examined how different sampling strategies ofGammaproteobacteriasequences affect estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in parasitic sucking lice (Insecta: Phthirapatera: Anoplura). We estimated the number of louse endosymbiont lineages using both newly obtained and previously sequenced 16S rDNA bacterial sequences and more than 42,000 16S rDNA sequences from otherGammaproteobacteria. We also performed parametric and nonparametric bootstrapping experiments to examine the effects of phylogenetic error and uncertainty on these estimates. Sampling of 16S rDNA sequences affects the estimates of endosymbiont diversity in sucking lice until we reach a threshold of genetic diversity, the size of which depends on the sampling strategy. Sampling by maximizing the diversity of 16S rDNA sequences is more efficient than randomly sampling available 16S rDNA sequences. Although simulation results validate estimates of multiple endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice, the bootstrap results suggest that the precise number of endosymbiont origins is still uncertain.

10a16S rDNA10aAnoplura10aEndosymbiont10aEndosymbiosis10aGammaproteobacteria10aPhylogenetics10asucking lice1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aBurleigh, Gordon1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://peerj.com/articles/2187/03306nas a2200241 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260001400186300001000200490000700210520256400217653001802781653001902799653001902818653001902837653001902856100002302875700002702898700002102925700002202946700002002968856007602988 2010 eng d00aEvolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aEvolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice Phthiraptera Anop cSept 2010 a15 pp0 v103 a

Background

Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate, permanent ectoparasites of eutherian mammals, parasitizing members of 12 of the 29 recognized mammalian orders and approximately 20% of all mammalian species. These host specific, blood-sucking insects are morphologically adapted for life on mammals: they are wingless, dorso-ventrally flattened, possess tibio-tarsal claws for clinging to host hair, and have piercing mouthparts for feeding. Although there are more than 540 described species of Anoplura and despite the potential economical and medical implications of sucking louse infestations, this study represents the first attempt to examine higher-level anopluran relationships using molecular data. In this study, we use molecular data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of 65 sucking louse taxa with phylogenetic analyses and compare the results to findings based on morphological data. We also estimate divergence times among anopluran taxa and compare our results to host (mammal) relationships.

Results

This study represents the first phylogenetic hypothesis of sucking louse relationships using molecular data and we find significant conflict between phylogenies constructed using molecular and morphological data. We also find that multiple families and genera of sucking lice are not monophyletic and that extensive taxonomic revision will be necessary for this group. Based on our divergence dating analyses, sucking lice diversified in the late Cretaceous, approximately 77 Ma, and soon after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (ca. 65 Ma) these lice proliferated rapidly to parasitize multiple mammalian orders and families.

Conclusions

The diversification time of sucking lice approximately 77 Ma is in agreement with mammalian evolutionary history: all modern mammal orders are hypothesized to have diverged by 75 Ma thus providing suitable habitat for the colonization and radiation of sucking lice. Despite the concordant timing of diversification events early in the association between anoplurans and mammals, there is substantial conflict between the host and parasite phylogenies. This conflict is likely the result of a complex history of host switching and extinction events that occurred throughout the evolutionary association between sucking lice and their mammalian hosts. It is unlikely that there are any ectoparasite groups (including lice) that tracked the early and rapid radiation of eutherian mammals.

10achewing louse10aCodon position10ahost switching10aMammalian host10aTaxon sampling1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aSmith, Vincent, Stuart1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-29203176nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260001200210300001200222490000700234520216300241653002702404653002502431653001802456100002502474700002502499700002002524700002402544700001902568700002802587700002702615700002602642700002202668700002102690700001902711700002602730700003202756856006202788 2021 eng d a0011-905900aInternational recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations0 aInternational recommendations for an effective control of head l c08-2020 a272-2800 v603 a

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse‐ and nit‐removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the ‘no‐nit’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuoğlu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Baş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen&plng=tur&un=THDBD-78872&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

10ahead louse infestation10ahead louse treatment10aPediculicides1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aPollack, Richard, J.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBarker, Stephen, C.1 aGordon, S., C.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aTaylan-Ozkan, Aysegul1 aChosidow, Olivier1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aIbarra, Joanna1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aStichele, Robert, H. Vander uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.1509602684nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260001200254300001100266490000600277520204600283100002402329700001802353700001402371700001302385700001902398700002002417856005302437 2013 eng d00aNuclear Genetic Diversity in Human Lice (Pediculus humanus) Reveals Continental Differences and High Inbreeding among Worldwide Populations0 aNuclear Genetic Diversity in Human Lice Pediculus humanus Reveal c02-2015 ae576190 v83 a

Understanding the evolution of parasites is important to both basic and applied evolutionary biology. Knowledge of the genetic structure of parasite populations is critical for our ability to predict how an infection can spread through a host population and for the design of effective control methods. However, very little is known about the genetic structure of most human parasites, including the human louse (Pediculus humanus). This species is composed of two ecotypes: the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer), and the clothing (body) louse (Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus). Hundreds of millions of head louse infestations affect children every year, and this number is on the rise, in part because of increased resistance to insecticides. Clothing lice affect mostly homeless and refugee-camp populations and although they are less prevalent than head lice, the medical consequences are more severe because they vector deadly bacterial pathogens. In this study we present the first assessment of the genetic structure of human louse populations by analyzing the nuclear genetic variation at 15 newly developed microsatellite loci in 93 human lice from 11 sites in four world regions. Both ecotypes showed heterozygote deficits relative to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and high inbreeding values, an expected pattern given their parasitic life history. Bayesian clustering analyses assigned lice to four distinct genetic clusters that were geographically structured. The low levels of gene flow among louse populations suggested that the evolution of insecticide resistance in lice would most likely be affected by local selection pressures, underscoring the importance of tailoring control strategies to population-specific genetic makeup and evolutionary history. Our panel of microsatellite markers provides powerful data to investigate not only ecological and evolutionary processes in lice, but also those in their human hosts because of the long-term coevolutionary association between lice and humans.

1 aAscunce, Marina, S.1 aToups, M., A.1 aKassu, G.1 aFane, J.1 aScholl, Katlyn1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005761902900nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260001200215300000900227490000600236520224900242100001502491700001902506700002902525700002102554700002002575700002702595700001902622856005302641 2010 eng d00aGenotyping of Human Lice Suggests Multiple Emergences of Body Lice from Local Head Louse Populations0 aGenotyping of Human Lice Suggests Multiple Emergences of Body Li c03-2010 ae6410 v43 a

Background: Genetic analyses of human lice have shown that the current taxonomic classification of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) does not reflect their phylogenetic organization. Three phylotypes of head lice A, B and C exist but body lice have been observed only in phylotype A. Head and body lice have different behaviours and only the latter have been involved in outbreaks of infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, trench fever and louse borne recurrent fever. Recent studies suggest that body lice arose several times from head louse populations.

Methods and Findings: By introducing a new genotyping technique, sequencing variable intergenic spacers which were selected from louse genomic sequence, we were able to evaluate the genotypic distribution of 207 human lice. Sequence variation of two intergenic spacers, S2 and S5, discriminated the 207 lice into 148 genotypes and sequence variation of another two intergenic spacers, PM1 and PM2, discriminated 174 lice into 77 genotypes. Concatenation of the four intergenic spacers discriminated a panel of 97 lice into 96 genotypes. These intergenic spacer sequence types were relatively specific geographically, and enabled us to identify two clusters in France, one cluster in Central Africa (where a large body louse outbreak has been observed) and one cluster in Russia. Interestingly, head and body lice were not genetically differentiated.

Conclusions: We propose a hypothesis for the emergence of body lice, and suggest that humans with both low hygiene and head louse infestations provide an opportunity for head louse variants, able to ingest a larger blood meal (a required characteristic of body lice), to colonize clothing. If this hypothesis is ultimately supported, it would help to explain why poor human hygiene often coincides with outbreaks of body lice. Additionally, if head lice act as a reservoir for body lice, and that any social degradation in human populations may allow the formation of new populations of body lice, then head louse populations are potentially a greater threat to humans than previously assumed.

1 aLi, Wenjun1 aOrtiz, Gabriel1 aFournier, Pierre-Edouard1 aGimenez, Gregory1 aReed, David, L.1 aPittendrigh, Barry, R.1 aRaoult, Didier uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.000064102193nas a2200265 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001400190300001400204490000800218520139800226653001501624653002001639653001501659653002201674653001401696100002401710700001301734700001401747700002801761700002701789700003201816700002001848856005901868 2013 eng d00aMitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across the Americas0 aMitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across t cJuly-2013 a118 - 1290 v1523 a

Anthropological studies suggest that the genetic makeup of human populations in the Americas is the result of diverse processes including the initial colonization of the continent by the first people plus post‐1492 European migrations. Because of the recent nature of some of these events, understanding the geographical origin of American human diversity is challenging. However, human parasites have faster evolutionary rates and larger population sizes allowing them to maintain greater levels of genetic diversity than their hosts. Thus, we can use human parasites to provide insights into some aspects of human evolution that may be unclear from direct evidence. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 450 head lice in the Americas. Haplotypes clustered into two well‐supported haplogroups, known as A and B. Haplogroup frequencies differ significantly among North, Central and South America. Within each haplogroup, we found evidence of demographic expansions around 16,000 and 20,000 years ago, which correspond broadly with those estimated for Native Americans. The parallel timing of demographic expansions of human lice and Native Americans plus the contrasting pattern between the distribution of haplogroups A and B through the Americas suggests that human lice can provide additional evidence about the human colonization of the New World

10ahuman lice10ahuman parasites10amigrations10amitochondrial dna10anew world1 aAscunce, Marina, S.1 aFane, J.1 aKassu, G.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aGonzález-Oliver, Angélica1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.2233602305nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143520159100212653001301803653001401816653001801830100001301848700002401861700001401885700002801899700002701927700003201954700002001986856009302006 2014 eng d00aMitochondrial Diversity of Human Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Across the Americas0 aMitochondrial Diversity of Human Head Lice iPediculus humanus ca3 a

A poster presentation of mitochondrial diversity of human head lice across Americas. 

Background

•Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are permanent and obligate ectoparasites of eutherian mammals. These highly specialized blood-sucking insects live in close association with their hosts where they complete their entire life cycle. This relationship has led to coevolution in which parasite diversification parallels that of the host (Figure 3 of poster).

• The human head louse has coevolved with humans over millions of years (Figure 1, Figure 2 of poster). Therefore, louse molecular data is valuable for studying the evolutionary history of lice and their human hosts.

•Human head lice are genetically diverse and have 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial (mtDNA) clades, named A, B, and C.

•Clothing lice (clade A) has been known to carry three bacterial pathogens. Genotypic louse data would be valuable to determine which clades of head lice have the potential to be carriers in order to combat resistance to pediculcides.

•Previous studies suggest that the three head louse clades have different evolutionary histories. Clade A appears to be uniquely linked to its Homo sapiens host (modern humans). Clade B, however, appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Europe (possibly H. neanderthalensis) and later switched to modern H. sapiens. Clade C appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Asia (possibly H. erectus) or Africa.

10aAmericas10ahead lice10amitochondrial1 aFane, J.1 aAscunce, Marina, S.1 aKassu, G.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aGonzález-Oliver, Angélica1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2017/03/fane_head-lice.pdf01803nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260001200247300001600259490000700275520107700282100002301359700002101382700002101403700002201424700001701446700001901463700001901482700002001501856005201521 2008 eng d a0022-339500aGeographic Distributions and Origins of Human Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Based on Mitochondrial Data0 aGeographic Distributions and Origins of Human Head Lice iPedicul c12-2008 a1275 - 12810 v943 a

Human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are subdivided into 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial clades (Clades A, B, and C), each having unique geographical distributions. Determining the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of these mitochondrial clades can elucidate the evolutionary history of the lice as well as their human hosts. Previous data suggest that lice belonging to mitochondrial Clade B may have originated in North America or Asia; however, geographic sampling and sample sizes have been limited. With newly collected lice, we calculate the relative frequency, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity of louse mitochondrial clades to determine the geographic origin of lice belonging to Clade B. In agreement with previous studies, genetic diversity data support a North American origin of Clade B lice. It is likely that lice belonging to this mitochondrial clade recently migrated to other geographic localities, e.g., Europe and Australia, and, if not already present, may disperse further to occupy all geographic regions.

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aLong, Lauren, M.1 aCarter, Tamar, E.1 aBarrow, Lisa1 aSuren, Ganbold1 aRaoult, Didier1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/GE-1618.101625nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001400221300001200235490000700247520093900254653002001193653003001213653000901243100001801252700002001270700002301290700002001313856007401333 2011 eng d a0737-403800aOrigin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa0 aOrigin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomic cSpet 2011 a29 - 320 v283 a

Clothing use is an important modern behavior that contributed to the successful expansion of humans into higher latitudes and cold climates. Previous research suggests that clothing use originated anywhere between 40,000 and 3 Ma, though there is little direct archaeological, fossil, or genetic evidence to support more specific estimates. Since clothing lice evolved from head louse ancestors once humans adopted clothing, dating the emergence of clothing lice may provide more specific estimates of the origin of clothing use. Here, we use a Bayesian coalescent modeling approach to estimate that clothing lice diverged from head louse ancestors at least by 83,000 and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago. Our analysis suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa and reinforces a broad trend of modern human developments in Africa during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.

10aHuman evolution10aisolation with migration.10alice1 aToups, M., A.1 aKitchen, Andrea1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molbev/msq23402589nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260001600222300001600238490000700254520168400261653001501945653002901960653001701989653001302006653001202019100001902031700002102050700002302071700002402094700002702118700001802145700002202163700002302185700002002208856005902228 2017 eng d a0737-403800aPrimates, Lice and Bacteria: Speciation and Genome Evolution in the Symbionts of Hominid Lice0 aPrimates Lice and Bacteria Speciation and Genome Evolution in th cDec-30-2017 a1743 - 17570 v343 a

Insects with restricted diets rely on symbiotic bacteria to provide essential metabolites missing in their diet. The blood- sucking lice are obligate, host-specific parasites of mammals and are themselves host to symbiotic bacteria. In human lice, these bacterial symbionts supply the lice with B-vitamins. Here, we sequenced the genomes of symbiotic and heritable bacterial of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and monkey lice and used phylogenomics to investigate their evolutionary relationships. We find that these symbionts have a phylogenetic history reflecting the louse phylogeny, a finding contrary to previous reports of symbiont replacement. Examination of the highly reduced symbiont genomes (0.53–0.57 Mb) reveals much of the genomes are dedicated to vitamin synthesis. This is unchanged in the smallest symbiont genome and one that appears to have been reorganized. Specifically, symbionts from human lice, chimpanzee lice, and gorilla lice carry a small plasmid that encodes synthesis of vitamin B5, a vitamin critical to the bacteria-louse symbiosis. This plasmid is absent in an old world monkey louse symbiont, where this pathway is on its primary chromosome. This suggests the unique genomic configuration brought about by the plasmid is not essential for symbiosis, but once obtained, it has persisted for up to 25 My. We also find evidence that human, chimpanzee, and gorilla louse endosymbionts have lost a pathway for synthesis of vitamin B1, whereas the monkey louse symbiont has retained this pathway. It is unclear whether these changes are adaptive, but they may point to evolutionary responses of louse symbionts to shifts in primate biology.

10aCa. Riesia10aendosymbiont replacement10apantothenate10aplasmid.10athiamin1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aNguyen, Nam-phuong1 aVachaspati, Pranjal1 aQuicksall, Zachary, S.1 aWarnow, Tandy1 aMugisha, Lawrence1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/7/1743/309842003087nas a2200217 4500008004100000245018800041210006900229260001600298300001600314490000600330520230100336653002502637653001402662653001902676653002502695100001902720700002102739700003102760700002002791856005802811 2014 eng d00aGenome Sequence of Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi, Endosymbiont of Chimpanzee Lice, and Genomic Comparison of Recently Acquired Endosymbionts from Human and Chimpanzee Lice0 aGenome Sequence of iCandidatusi Riesia pediculischaeffi Endosymb cFeb-15-2014 a2189 - 21950 v43 a

The obligate-heritable endosymbionts of insects possess some of the smallest known bacterial genomes. This is likely due to loss of genomic material during symbiosis. The mode and rate of this erosion may change over evolutionary time; faster in newly formed associations and slower in long-established ones. The endosymbionts of human and anthropoid primate lice present a unique opportunity to study genome erosion in newly established (or young) symbionts. This is because we have a detailed phylogenetic history of these endosymbionts with divergence dates for closely related species. This allows for genome evolution to be studied in detail and rates of change to be estimated in a phylogenetic framework. Here we sequenced the genome of the chimpanzee louse endosymbiont (Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi) and compared it to the closely related genome of the human body louse endosymbiont. From this comparison we found evidence for recent genome erosion leading to gene loss in these endosymbionts. While gene loss was detected, it was not significantly higher than in older endosymbionts from aphids and ants. Additionally, we searched for genes associated with B-vitamin synthesis in the two louse endosymbiont genomes because these endosymbionts are believed to synthesize essential B-vitamins absent in the louse's diet. All of the expected genes were present, except those involved in thiamin synthesis. We failed to find genes encoding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis of thiamin or any exogenous means of salvaging thiamin, suggesting there is an undescribed mechanism for the salvage of thiamin. Finally, genes encoding for the pantothenate de novo biosynthesis pathway were located on a plasmid in both taxa along with a heat shock protein. Movement of these genes onto a plasmid may be functionally and evolutionarily significant, potentially increasing production and guarding against the deleterious effects of mutation. These data add to a growing resource of obligate endosymbiont genomes and to our understanding of the rate and mode of genome erosion in obligate animal-associated bacteria. Ultimately sequencing additional louse p-endosymbiont genomes will provide a model system for studying genome evolution in obligate host associated bacteria.

10agamma-proteobacteria10aGene loss10agenome erosion10aprimary-endosymbiont1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 ade Crécy-Lagard, Valérie1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://g3journal.org/lookup/doi/10.1534/g3.114.01256702369nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245007800054210006900132260001600201300001400217490000700231520176100238653001201999653001702011653001902028653001102047100001902058700002002077856006602097 2012 eng d a1198743X00aTaxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the post-genomic era0 aTaxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the postgen cJan-04-2012 a324 - 3310 v183 a

Recent studies of molecular and genomic data from the parasitic lice of birds and mammals, as well as their mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria, are changing the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of these organisms. Phylogenetic studies of lice suggest that verte- brate parasitism arose multiple times from free-living book and bark lice. Molecular clocks show that the major families of lice arose in the late Mesozoic and radiated in the early Cenozoic, following the radiation of mammals and birds. The recent release of the human louse genome has provided new opportunities for research. The genome is being used to find new genetic markers for phylogenetics and population genetics, to understand the complex evolutionary relationships of mitochondrial genes, and to study genome evolution. Genomes are informing us not only about lice, but also about their obligate endosymbiotic bacteria. In contrast to lice and their hosts, lice and their endosymbionts do not share common evolutionary histories, suggesting that endosymbionts are either replaced over time or that there are multiple independent origins of symbiosis in lice. Molecular phylogenetics and whole genome sequencing have recently provided the first insights into the phylogenetic placement and metabolic characteristics of these distantly related bacteria. Comparative genomics between distantly related louse symbionts can provide insights into conserved metabolic functions and can help to explain how distantly related species are fulfilling their role as mutualistic symbionts. In lice and their endosymbionts, molecular data and gen- ome sequencing are driving our understanding of evolutionary relationships and classification, and will for the foreseeable future.

10aInsecta10aLiposcelidae10aProteobacteria10aRiesia1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1198743X1461442703205nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005800113260001600171300001200187490000700199520223300206653006002439100002102499700001902520700002302539700002402562700001802586700002102604700002502625700002002650700002202670700002202692700002702714700003002741700002002771700002302791856007702814 2017 eng d a1063-515700aPhylogenomics from Whole Genome Sequences Using aTRAM0 aPhylogenomics from Whole Genome Sequences Using aTRAM cJan-01-2019 a786-7980 v663 a

Abstract.—Novel sequencing technologies are rapidly expanding the size of data sets that can be applied to phylogenetic studies. Currently the most commonly used phylogenomic approaches involve some form of genome reduction. While these approaches make assembling phylogenomic data sets more economical for organisms with large genomes, they reduce the genomic coverage and thereby the long-term utility of the data. Currently, for organisms with moderate to small genomes (<1000 Mbp) it is feasible to sequence the entire genome at modest coverage (10−30×). Computational challenges for handling these large data sets can be alleviated by assembling targeted reads, rather than assembling the entire genome, to produce a phylogenomic data matrix. Here we demonstrate the use of automated Target Restricted Assembly Method (aTRAM) to assemble 1107 single-copy ortholog genes from whole genome sequencing of sucking lice (Anoplura) and out-groups. We developed a pipeline to extract exon sequences from the aTRAM assemblies by annotating them with respect to the original target protein. We aligned these protein sequences with the inferred amino acids and then performed phylogenetic analyses on both the concatenated matrix of genes and on each gene separately in a coalescent analysis. Finally, we tested the limits of successful assembly in aTRAM by assembling 100 genes from close- to distantly related taxa at high to low levels of coverage.
Both the concatenated analysis and the coalescent-based analysis produced the same tree topology, which was consistent with previously published results and resolved weakly supported nodes. These results demonstrate that this approach is successful at developing phylogenomic data sets from raw genome sequencing reads. Further, we found that with coverages above 5−10×, aTRAM was successful at assembling 80–90% of the contigs for both close and distantly related taxa. As sequencing costs continue to decline, we expect full genome sequencing will become more feasible for a wider array of organisms, and aTRAM will enable mining of these genomic data sets for an extensive variety of applications, including phylogenomics.

10aaTRAM; gene assembly; genome sequencing; phylogenomics.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aNguyen, Nam-phuong1 aVachaspati, Pranjal1 aWarnow, Tandy1 aHuang, Daisie, I1 aGrady, Patrick, G.S.1 aBell, Kayce, C.1 aCronk, Quentin, C1 aMugisha, Lawrence1 aPittendrigh, Barry, R.1 aLeonardi, María, Soledad1 aReed, David, L.1 aJohnson, Kevin, P. uhttps://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/sysbio/syw10502357nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245013200055210006900187260001400256300001600270490000700286520141100293653001801704653001501722653000901737653001201746653002301758100001901781700002101800700001801821700002001839700002201859700002301881700002001904700002301924856012001947 2016 eng d a0099-224000aTwo Bacterial Genera, Sodalis and Rickettsia, Associated with the Seal Louse Proechinophthirus fluctus (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aTwo Bacterial Genera Sodalis and Rickettsia Associated with the  cJune 2016 a3185 - 31970 v823 a

Roughly 10% to 15% of insect species host heritable symbiotic bacteria known as endosymbionts. The lice parasitizing mammals rely on endosymbionts to provide essential vitamins absent in their blood meals. Here, we describe two bacterial associates from a louse, Proechinophthirus fluctus, which is an obligate ectoparasite of a marine mammal. One of these is a heritable endosymbi- ont that is not closely related to endosymbionts of other mammalian lice. Rather, it is more closely related to endosymbionts of the genus Sodalis associated with spittlebugs and feather-chewing bird lice. Localization and vertical transmission of this endo- symbiont are also more similar to those of bird lice than to those of other mammalian lice. The endosymbiont genome appears to be degrading in symbiosis; however, it is considerably larger than the genomes of other mammalian louse endosymbionts. These patterns suggest the possibility that this Sodalis endosymbiont might be recently acquired, replacing a now-extinct, an- cient endosymbiont. From the same lice, we also identified an abundant bacterium belonging to the genus Rickettsia that is closely related to Rickettsia ricketsii, a human pathogen vectored by ticks. No obvious masses of the Rickettsia bacterium were observed in louse tissues, nor did we find any evidence of vertical transmission, so the nature of its association remains unclear.

10aendosymbionts10aRickettsia10aseal10aSodalis10asymbiotic bacteria1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aKoga, Ryuichi1 aFukatsu, Takema1 aSweet, Andrew, D.1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aReed, David, L.1 aGoodrich-Blair, H. uhttp://aem.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/AEM.00282-16https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1128/AEM.00282-1600702nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001800041022002600059245006000085210005600145260004200201300001400243100002000257700002100277700001800298700001900316700002400335700001800359700002300377700002800400856005600428 2015 eng d a9781107037656 aOnline: 978113979474900aThe study of primate evolution from a lousy perspective0 astudy of primate evolution from a lousy perspective aCambridgebCambridge University Press a202 - 2141 aReed, David, L.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aToups, M., A.1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aAscunce, Marina, S.1 aMorand, Serge1 aKrasnov, Boris, R.1 aLittlewood, Timothy, J. uhttp://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO978113979474902004nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260001600194490000800210520120700218653001601425653001301441653002401454653002401478653001401502100002301516700002101539700001701560700002201577700002001599700001801619700002701637856007401664 2014 eng d a0962-845200aRates of genomic divergence in humans, chimpanzees and their lice0 aRates of genomic divergence in humans chimpanzees and their lice cJan-08-20140 v2813 a

The rate of DNA mutation and divergence is highly variable across the tree of life. However, the reasons underlying this variation are not well understood. Comparing the rates of genetic changes between hosts and parasite lineages that diverged at the same time is one way to begin to understand differences in genetic mutation and substitution rates. Such studies have indicated that the rate of genetic divergence in parasites is often faster than that of their hosts when comparing single genes. However, the variation in this relative rate of molecular evolution across different genes in the genome is unknown. We compared the rate of DNA sequence divergence between humans, chim- panzees and their ectoparasitic lice for 1534 protein-coding genes across their genomes. The rate of DNA substitution in these orthologous genes was on average 14 times faster for lice than for humans and chimpanzees. In addition, these rates were positively correlated across genes. Because this correlation only occurred for substitutions that changed the amino acid, this pattern is probably produced by similar functional constraints across the same genes in humans, chimpanzees and their ectoparasites.

10acoevolution10agenomics10ahosts and parasites10amolecular evolution10aPediculus1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aOlds, B., P.1 aMugisha, Lawrence1 aReed, David, L.1 aPaige, K., N.1 aPittendrigh, Barry, R. uhttp://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.217402385nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001200230300001400242490000700256520175000263100001902013700002102032700002602053700002302079700002002102856006902122 2012 eng d a0022-339500aVariable Microsatellite Loci for Population Genetic Analysis of Old World Monkey Lice (Pedicinus sp.)0 aVariable Microsatellite Loci for Population Genetic Analysis of  c10/2012 a930 - 9370 v983 a

Parasitic lice have been valuable informants of their host's evolutionary history because they complete their entire life cycle on the host and move between hosts primarily through direct host-to-host contact. Therefore, lice are confined to their hosts both in ecological and evolutionary time. Lice on great apes have been studied to examine details of their host's evolutionary history; however, species of Pedicinus, which parasitize the Old World monkeys, are less well known. We sampled lice from 2 groups of red colobus (Procolobus spp.) in Kibale National Park in Uganda and from red colobus and black and white colobus (Procolobus polycomos) in Taï National Park in Côte d'Ivoire. We used next-generation sequencing data analysis and the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) genome to search for microsatellites for population genetic studies of Pedicinus lice. The 96 primer sets for microsatellite loci designed from the human body louse genome failed to amplify microsatellites in Pedicinus sp., perhaps due to the fast rate of evolution in parasitic lice. Of 63 microsatellites identified by next-generation sequencing data analysis of Pedicinus sp., 12 were variable among populations and 9 were variable within a single population. Our results suggest that these loci will be useful across the genus Pedicinus. We found that the lice in Uganda are not structured according to their hosts' social group; rather, 2 non-interbreeding populations of lice were found on both groups of red colobus. Because direct host-to-host contact is usually required for lice to move among hosts, these lice could be useful for identification and study of behavioral interactions between primate species.

1 aScholl, Katlyn1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aLeendertz, Fabian, H.1 aChapman, Colin, A.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68774.pdf02642nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260000900233300001400242490000700256520214100263100002302404700002002427856004902447 2009 eng d00aMultigene analysis of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aMultigene analysis of phylogenetic relationships and divergence  c2009 a376 - 3900 v503 a

Cospeciation between hosts and parasites offers a unique opportunity to use information from parasites to infer events in host evolutionary history. Although lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are known to cospeciate with their hosts and have frequently served as important markers to infer host evolutionary history, most molecular studies are based on only one or two markers. Resulting phylogenies may, therefore, represent gene histories (rather than species histories), and analyses of multiple molecular markers are needed to increase confidence in the results of phylogenetic analyses. Herein, we phylogenetically examine nine molecular markers in primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) and we use these markers to estimate divergence times among louse lineages. Individual and combined analyses of these nine markers are, for the most part, congruent, supporting relationships hypothesized in previous studies. Only one marker, the nuclear protein-coding gene Histone 3, has a significantly different tree topology compared to the other markers. The disparate evolutionary history of this marker, however, has no significant effect on topology or nodal support in the combined phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, phylogenetic results from the combined data set likely represent a solid hypothesis of species relationships. Additionally, we find that simultaneous use of multiple markers and calibration points provides the most reliable estimates of louse divergence times, in agreement with previous studies estimating divergences among species. Estimates of phylogenies and divergence times also allow us to verify the results of [Reed, D.L., Light, J.E., Allen, J.M., Kirchman, J.J., 2007. Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice. BMC Biol. 5, 7.]; there was probable contact between gorilla and archaic hominids roughly 3 Ma resulting in a host switch of Pthirus lice from gorillas to archaic hominids. Thus, these results provide further evidence that data from cospeciating organisms can yield important information about the evolutionary history of their hosts

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902708301938nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166260000900235300001400244490000700258520130500265100002301570700002001593700003201613700001601645700002201661856007301683 2007 eng d00aPhylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes supports species groups for Columbicola (Insecta: Phthiraptera)0 aPhylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes support c2007 a506 - 5180 v453 a

The dove louse genus Columbicola has become a model system for studying the interface between microevolutionary processes and macroevolutionary patterns. This genus of parasitic louse (Phthiraptera) contains 80 described species placed into 24 species groups. Samples of Columbicola representing 49 species from 78 species of hosts were obtained and sequenced for mitochondrial (COI and 12S) and nuclear (EF-1a) genes. We included multiple representatives from most host species for a total of 154 individual Columbicola, the largest molecular phylogenetic study of a genus of parasitic louse to date. These sequences revealed considerable divergence within several widespread species of lice, and in some cases these species were paraphyletic. These divergences correlated with host association, indicating the potential for cryptic species in several of these widespread louse species. Both parsimony and Bayesian maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of these sequences support monophyly for nearly all the non-monotypic species groups included in this study. These trees also revealed considerable structure with respect to biogeographic region and host clade association. These patterns indicated that switching of parasites between host clades is limited by biogeographic proximity.

1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aReed, David, L.1 aParker, Shaless, L. Hammond1 aKim, Dukgun1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47437.pdf01742nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006400041210006300105260000900168300001400177490000800191520109500199100001901294700002001313700003401333700002501367700002201392700001901414700002301433856008001456 2008 eng d00aMolecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies0 aMolecular Identification of Lice from PreColumbian Mummies c2008 a535 - 5430 v1973 a

Background. Three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. One lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type A). The other 2 (types B and C) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. It was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after European exploration and colonization (after Columbus).Methods. To determine which louse type or types were found in the Americas before European colonization, we used polymerase chain reaction in 2 laboratories to amplify DNA from 2 genes (Cytb and Cox1) belonging to 1000-year-old lice collected from Peruvian mummies. Results. Only the worldwide type (type A) was found. Therefore, this phylotype was worldwide before European colonization, as type A lice were common in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Conclusions. The findings of this study show that several phylotypes of head lice have coexisted for centuries in humans and support the claim that type A lice were present in the Americas before the time of Columbus.

1 aRaoult, Didier1 aReed, David, L.1 aDittmar de la Cruz, Katharina1 aKirchman, Jeremy, J.1 aRolain, Jean-Marc1 aGuillen, Sonia1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47390.pdf01889nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260000900181520143000190100002301620700001801643700002001661856007401681 2008 eng d00aWhat's in a name: The taxonomic status of human head and body lice0 aWhats in a name The taxonomic status of human head and body lice c20083 a

Human head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae: Pediculus) are pandemic, parasitizing countless school children worldwide due to the evolution of insecticide resistance, and human body (clothing) lice are responsible for the deaths of millions as a result of vectoring several deadly bacterial pathogens. Despite the obvious impact these lice have had on their human hosts, it is unclear whether head and body lice represent two morphological forms of a single species or two distinct species. To assess the taxonomic status of head and body lice, we provide a synthesis of publicly available molecular data in GenBank, and we compare phylogenetic and population genetic methods using the most diverse geographic and molecular sampling presently available. Our analyses find reticulated networks, gene flow, and a lack of reciprocal monophyly, all of which indicate that head and body lice do not represent genetically distinct evolutionary units. Based on these findings, as well as inconsistencies of morphological, behavioral, and ecological variability between head and body lice, we contend that no known species concept would recognize these louse morphotypes as separate species. We recommend recognizing head and body lice as morphotypes of a single species, Pediculus humanus, until compelling new data and analyses (preferably analyses of fast evolving nuclear markers in a coalescent framework) indicate otherwise

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aToups, M., A.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://www.jessicalight.org/uploads/7/6/1/4/76148563/lightmpe2008.pdf02199nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000900244300001600253490000700269520159600276100002101872700002001893700002301913700002001936856007301956 2007 eng d00aEvolutionary Relationships of "Candidatus Riesia spp.," Endosymbiotic Enterobacteriaceae Living within Hematophagous Primate Lice0 aEvolutionary Relationships of Candidatus Riesia spp Endosymbioti c2007 a1659 - 16640 v733 a

The primary endosymbiotic bacteria from three species of parasitic primate lice were characterized molecularly. We have confirmed the characterization of the primary endosymbiont (P-endosymbiont) of the human head/body louse Pediculus humanus and provide new characterizations of the P-endosymbionts from Pediculus schaeffi from chimpanzees and Pthirus pubis, the pubic louse of humans. The endosymbionts show an average percent sequence divergence of 11 to 15% from the most closely related known bacterium "Candidatus Arsenophonus insecticola." We propose that two additional species be added to the genus "Candidatus Riesia." The new species proposed within "Candidatus Riesia" have sequence divergences of 3.4% and 10 to 12% based on uncorrected pairwise differences. Our Bayesian analysis shows that the branching pattern for the primary endosymbionts was the same as that for their louse hosts, suggesting a long coevolutionary history between primate lice and their primary endosymbionts. We used a calibration of 5.6 million years to date the divergence between endosymbionts from human and chimpanzee lice and estimated an evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitution of 0.67% per million years, which is 15 to 30 times faster than previous estimates calculated for Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont in aphids. Given the evidence for cospeciation with primate lice and the evidence for fast evolutionary rates, this lineage of endosymbiotic bacteria can be evaluated as a fast-evolving marker of both louse and primate evolutionary histories.

1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aBraig, Henk, R. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46874.pdf01310nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260000900201520084900210100002001059856012101079 2006 eng d00aOf lice and men: The use of host specific parasites to infer host evolutionary history0 aOf lice and men The use of host specific parasites to infer host c20063 a

Host specific parasites, such as lice, occasionally undergo long-term coevolution with their hosts. In these coevolving assemblages it is often possible to infer the evolutionary history of the host simply by observing the phylogeny of the parasite. For example, human lice diverged from chimp lice approximately 5-6 million years ago. Similarly, human lice show the telltale signs of a rapid population expansion out-of-Africa 100,000 years ago. More importantly, these host specific parasites might be able to inform us about portions of their host�s evolutionary history that is obscured in host DNA. Herein I present recent data from the study of primates and their ectoparasitic sucking lice, which shed light on events such as the origin of modernization in humans as well as recent events such as the peopling of the Americas.

1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/lice-and-men-use-host-specific-parasites-infer-host-evolutionary-history01958nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001600205490000700221520140800228100002301636700002101659700002001680700002001700856006801720 2007 eng d00aHost-symbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice0 aHostsymbiont interaction of the primary endosymbiont of human he c2007 a1058 - 10660 v213 a

The first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the -Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation, changes in length from 2–4 µm to more than 100 µm, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host’s immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.

1 aPerotti, Alejandra1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBraig, Henk, R. uhttps://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.06-6808com02780nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260000900207300000600216490000600222520222000228100002002448700002302468700002102491700002502512856007302537 2007 eng d00aPair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice0 aPair of lice lost or parasites regained the evolutionary history c2007 a70 v53 a

Background: The parasitic sucking lice of primates are known to have undergone at least 25 million years of coevolution with their hosts. For example, chimpanzee lice and human head/body lice last shared a common ancestor roughly six million years ago, a divergence that is contemporaneous with their hosts. In an assemblage where lice are often highly host specific, humans host two different genera of lice, one that is shared with chimpanzees and another that is shared with gorillas. In this study, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of primate lice and infer the historical events that explain the current distribution of these lice on their primate hosts.RESULTS: Phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analyses suggest that the louse genera Pediculus and Pthirus are each monophyletic, and are sister taxa to one another. The age of the most recent common ancestor of the two Pediculus species studied matches the age predicted by host divergence (ca. 6 million years), whereas the age of the ancestor of Pthirus does not. The two species of Pthirus (Pthirus gorillae and Pthirus pubis) last shared a common ancestor ca. 3-4 million years ago, which is considerably younger than the divergence between their hosts (gorillas and humans, respectively), of approximately 7 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS: Reconciliation analysis determines that there are two alternative explanations that account for the current distribution of anthropoid primate lice. The more parsimonious of the two solutions suggests that a Pthirus species switched from gorillas to humans. This analysis assumes that the divergence between Pediculus and Pthirus was contemporaneous with the split (i.e., a node of cospeciation) between gorillas and the lineage leading to chimpanzees and humans. Divergence date estimates, however, show that the nodes in the host and parasite trees are not contemporaneous. Rather, the shared coevolutionary history of the anthropoid primates and their lice contains a mixture of evolutionary events including cospeciation, parasite duplication, parasite extinction, and host switching. Based on these data, the coevolutionary history of primates and their lice has been anything but parsimonious.

1 aReed, David, L.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aKirchman, Jeremy, J. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46801.pdf00553nas a2200157 4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260003800153300001400191100002100205700002400226700002700250700002000277700002500297856007300322 2003 eng d00aCophylogeny between pocket gophers and chewing lice0 aCophylogeny between pocket gophers and chewing lice bUniversity of Chicago Pressc2003 a195 - 2201 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aDemastes, James, W.1 aSpradling, Theresa, A.1 aReed, David, L.1 aPage, Roderic, D. M. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46177.pdf00535nas a2200181 4500008004100000245005300041210005300094260000900147300000800156490000800164653001400172653001500186653001600201100002000217700002100237700002200258856007300280 2001 eng d00aRisk that websites could break code of anonymity0 aRisk that websites could break code of anonymity c2001 a3470 v41310aanonymity10amanuscript10apeer review1 aReed, David, L.1 aMoyer, Brett, R.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46114.pdf00585nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260000900197300001600206490000600222100002000228700002700248700002500275700002100300700002200321856007200343 2004 eng d00aGenetic analysis of lice supports direct contact between modern and archaic humans0 aGenetic analysis of lice supports direct contact between modern  c2004 a1972 - 19830 v21 aReed, David, L.1 aSmith, Vincent, Stuart1 aHammond, Shaless, L.1 aRogers, Alan, R.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8685.pdf00532nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005600041210005400097260000900151300000900160490000600169100002000175700002700195700002500222700002100247700002200268856007200290 2004 eng d00aDid we or didn't we? Louse genetic analysis say yes0 aDid we or didnt we Louse genetic analysis say yes c2004 ae3780 v21 aReed, David, L.1 aSmith, Vincent, Stuart1 aHammond, Shaless, L.1 aRogers, Alan, R.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8686.pdf01689nas a2200157 4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260000900254300001200263490000700275520111600282653001301398100002001411700002101431856007901452 2002 eng d00aPhylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with ectoparasitic chewing lice of pocket gophers: A culture-independent approach0 aPhylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with e c2002 a78 - 930 v443 a

This study identifies the bacteria associated with ectoparasitic chewing lice that live in the fur of pocket gophers. Samples of chewing lice were collected from pocket gopher hosts in Florida, Missouri, New Mexico, and Costa Rica. We used a molecular sampling method whereby total community DNA was extracted from samples of chewing lice, and PCR was used to selectively amplify small-subunit rRNA genes from bacteria. This culture-independent method yielded ca. 35 distinct lineages representing eight widely divergent groups within the domain Bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of two lineages (Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus) provides evidence that multiple species of each group are found in chewing lice. Phylogenetic analysis also demon-strated that diversication within chewing lice may be evident in both Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus. Some clones amplified from chewing louse hosts appeared to be distinct from known species of Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus. This diversication may be the result of the extreme isolation of populations of both chewing lice and their pocket gopher hosts.

10abacteria1 aReed, David, L.1 aHafner, Mark, S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6678.pdf01812nas a2200313 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136260000900205300001400214490000700228520094600235653001701181653002301198653001701221653001401238653001401252653001101266653000901277653000901286653001401295653001301309653001701322653001101339653001601350653001901366100002001385700002101405856007201426 1997 eng d00aHost specificity of chewing lice on pocket gophers: a potential mechanism for cospeciation0 aHost specificity of chewing lice on pocket gophers a potential m c1997 a655 - 6600 v783 a

Pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) and their ectoparasitic chewing lice (Phthiraptera Trichodectidae) have congruent phylogenies and show evidence of cospeciation. We examined a potential mechanism that could generate the observed pattern of cospeciation by testing the ability of lice to survive and reproduce on hosts other than their own. Our tests were conducted at the subspecific, specific, and generic levels relative to the natural host. Although lice established successful colonies at each level, colonization of new hosts diminished with increasing phylogenetic distance from the natural host of each louse. We suggest that the pattern of cospeciation results primarily from lack of opportunity for lice to colonize new hosts. However, in rare cases where lice disperse to new hosts, survival may be difficult on hosts that are not closely related to the natural host, which would reinforce the pattern of cospeciation.

10aChewing lice10acladistic analysis10acospeciation10aEvolution10aGeomyidae10agopher10ahost10alice10amolecular10aparasite10aPhthiraptera10apocket10aspecificity10atrichodectidae1 aReed, David, L.1 aHafner, Mark, S. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3072.pdf01442nas a2200217 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173260000900242300001400251490000700265520074100272653001701013653001101030653001301041653001101054100002001065700002101085700002301106700002301129856007201152 2000 eng d00aSpatial partitioning of host habitat by chewing lice of the genera Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae)0 aSpatial partitioning of host habitat by chewing lice of the gene c2000 a951 - 9550 v863 a

Chewing lice, Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus, coexist on pocket gophers, Thomomys spp. We investigated the spatial distribution of the 2 genera on their hosts and explored possible mechanisms of resource partitioning by chewing lice. Chewing lice appear to partition available host resources spatially, with Geomydoecus occurring primarily on the lateral and dorsal regions of the host, and Thomomydoecus occurring primarily on the lateral and ventral regions. Although spatial partitioning of the host habitat is evident, it does not appear to be explained by hair diameter. Spatial partitioning of the host's body could be the result of some other factor, possibly temperature or humidity gradients of the host's body.

10acospeciation10agopher10aparasite10apocket1 aReed, David, L.1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aAllen, Shannon, K.1 aSmith, Melanie, B. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2262.pdf01746nas a2200337 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133260000900202300001500211490000700226520085200233653000901085653001401094653001401108653001101122653000901133653000901142653001601151653000901167653001301176653001701189653001401206653001101220653001301231653000901244653001901253100002001272700002101292700002301313856007201336 2000 eng d00aMammalian hair diameter as a possible mechanism for host specialization in chewing lice0 aMammalian hair diameter as a possible mechanism for host special c2000 a999 - 10070 v813 a

We examined the relationship between mammalian hair diameter and body mass at several taxonomic levels (interordinal, intrafamilial, intrageneric, and intraspecific) and showed a significant, positive allometric relationship between hair diameter and body size at all taxonomic levels examined. The allometric coefficient (alpha) ranged from 0.13 to 0.33. Within pocket gophers (Geomyidae), a significant positive relationship exists between hair diameter and rostral groove dimensions of their chewing lice, Geomydoecus, which use the rostral groove to grasp hairs of their host. Coupled with previous evidence of a strong allometric relationship between rostral groove width and louse body size, our findings suggest that hair diameter of the host is an important determinant of body size in chewing lice that parasitize pocket gophers.

10abody10aEvolution10aGeomyidae10agopher10ahair10ahost10aindependent10amass10aparasite10aPhthiraptera10aPhylogeny10apocket10arodentia10asize10atrichodectidae1 aReed, David, L.1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aAllen, Shannon, K. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2261.pdf02175nas a2200337 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260000900191300001400200490000700214520127200221653001301493653000901506653001601515653001601531653001601547653001401563653000901577653001601586653001701602653001401619653001301633653001401646653000901660653001101669100001801680700002101698700002501719700002001744856007301764 2000 eng d00aComparative body size relationships in pocket gophers and their chewing lice0 aComparative body size relationships in pocket gophers and their  c2000 a239 - 2490 v703 a

In this paper, we use the method of independent contrasts to study body size relationships between pocket gophers and their chewing lice, a host-parasite system in which both host and parasite pilylogenies are well studied. The evolution of body size of chewing lice appears to be dependent only on the body size of their hosts, which confirms the 1991 findings of Harvey and Keymer. We show that there is a positive relationship between body size and hair-shaft diameter in pocket gophers, and that there is also a positive relationship between body size and head-groove width in chewing lice. Finally, we show a positive relationship between gopher hair-shaft diameter and louse head-groove width. We postulate that changes in body size of chewing lice are driven by a mechanical relationship between the parasite's head-groove dimension and the diameter of the hairs of its host. Louse species living on larger host species may be larger simply because their hosts have thicker hairs, which requires that the lice have a wider head groove. Our study of gopher hair-shaft diameter and louse head-groove dimensions suggest that there is a 'lock-and-key' relationship between these two anatomical features. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.

10aanalysis10abody10acoevolution10acomparative10acovariation10aEvolution10ahost10aindependent10alife history10aNematodes10aparasite10aPhylogeny10asize10atraits1 aMorand, Serge1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aPage, Roderic, D. M.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37965.pdf00597nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179260004800248300000700296490001100303100002000314856014100334 1994 eng d00aPossible mechanism for cospeciation in pocket gophers and lice, and evidence of resource partitioning among coexisting genera of lice0 aPossible mechanism for cospeciation in pocket gophers and lice a aLouisianabLouisiana State Universityc1994 a740 vM.S.c.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/possible-mechanism-cospeciation-pocket-gophers-and-lice-and-evidence-resource-partitioning-a