02369nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245007800054210006900132260001600201300001400217490000700231520176100238653001201999653001702011653001902028653001102047100001902058700002002077856006602097 2012 eng d a1198743X00aTaxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the post-genomic era0 aTaxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the postgen cJan-04-2012 a324 - 3310 v183 a

Recent studies of molecular and genomic data from the parasitic lice of birds and mammals, as well as their mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria, are changing the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of these organisms. Phylogenetic studies of lice suggest that verte- brate parasitism arose multiple times from free-living book and bark lice. Molecular clocks show that the major families of lice arose in the late Mesozoic and radiated in the early Cenozoic, following the radiation of mammals and birds. The recent release of the human louse genome has provided new opportunities for research. The genome is being used to find new genetic markers for phylogenetics and population genetics, to understand the complex evolutionary relationships of mitochondrial genes, and to study genome evolution. Genomes are informing us not only about lice, but also about their obligate endosymbiotic bacteria. In contrast to lice and their hosts, lice and their endosymbionts do not share common evolutionary histories, suggesting that endosymbionts are either replaced over time or that there are multiple independent origins of symbiosis in lice. Molecular phylogenetics and whole genome sequencing have recently provided the first insights into the phylogenetic placement and metabolic characteristics of these distantly related bacteria. Comparative genomics between distantly related louse symbionts can provide insights into conserved metabolic functions and can help to explain how distantly related species are fulfilling their role as mutualistic symbionts. In lice and their endosymbionts, molecular data and gen- ome sequencing are driving our understanding of evolutionary relationships and classification, and will for the foreseeable future.

10aInsecta10aLiposcelidae10aProteobacteria10aRiesia1 aBoyd, Bret, M.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1198743X1461442701018nas a2200193 4500008004100000245016500041210006900206260001200275300001400287490000700301520034400308653001600652653001400668653001200682653001500694100002500709700002100734856006900755 1988 eng d00aHead lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura, Pediculidae) from hair combs excavated in Israel and Dated from the 1st- century BC to the 8th-century AD0 aHead lice iPediculus humanus capitisi Anoplura Pediculidae from  c11/1988 a545 - 5470 v253 a

Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, and their eggs were discovered on 12 out of 24 hair combs recovered during archaeological digs in the Judean and Negev Deserts of Isreal. The finds were dated from the first century B.C. to the eighth century A.D. These are the earliest dates reported for head lice on personal combs.

10aarchaeology10adelousing10aInsecta10amorphology1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aZias, Joseph, E. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38241.pdf