01866nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260001200226300001400238490000700252520123700259100002801496700002801524700002501552700002501577700001801602856005201620 2008 eng d a0022-339500aPatterns of Parasite Abundance and Distribution in Island Populations of Galápagos Endemic Birds0 aPatterns of Parasite Abundance and Distribution in Island Popula c06-2008 a584 - 5900 v943 a

Parasite life-history characteristics, the environment, and host defenses determine variation in parasite population parameters across space and time. Parasite abundance and distribution have received little attention despite their pervasive effects on host populations and community dynamics. We used analyses of variance to estimate the variability of intensity, prevalence, and abundance of 4 species of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infecting Gala ́pagos doves and Gala ́pagos hawks and 1 haemosporidian parasite (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) infecting the doves across island populations throughout their entire geographic ranges. Population parameters of parasites with direct life cycles varied less within than among parasite species, and intensity and abundance did not differ significantly across islands. Prevalence explained a proportion of the variance (34%), similar to infection intensity (33%) and parasite abundance (37%). We detected a strong parasite species-by-island interaction, suggesting that parasite population dynamics is independent among islands. Prevalence (up to 100%) and infection intensity (parasitemias up to 12.7%) of Haemoproteus sp. parasites varied little across island populations.

1 aSantiago-Alarcon, Diego1 aWhiteman, Noah, Kerness1 aParker, Patricia, G.1 aRicklefs, Robert, E.1 aValkiunas, G. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/GE-1351.102511nas a2200229 4500008004100000020005800041245005400099210005200153260008400205300001400289520175000303653001202053653002802065653001702093653001802110653001902128653001302147100002802160700001702188700002502205856005102230 2017 eng d a978-3-319-65908-4 (print), 978-3-319-65909-1 (e-book)00aNew host-parasite relationships by host-switching0 aNew hostparasite relationships by hostswitching aGewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, SwitzerlandbSpringer International Publishing AG a157 - 1773 a

Host-switching is a natural phenomenon that many parasite species undergo as part of their life cycle; some are highly specialized, but others can read- ily change hosts to what is available in the community. Rapid environmental changes can open opportunities for host-switches that sometimes turn into important human and wildlife diseases. Island ecosystems contain large numbers of immunologically naive endemic species. The Galápagos Islands still have all their avian endemics extant; however, the ongoing introduction of animals to the archipelago could prompt extinctions of some endemics. In our first example, we tell the story of avian haemosporidian research in the Galápagos, which started with a small number of species, including conservation efforts to safeguard the little known endemic Galápagos dove (Zenaida galapagoensis); the work has since expanded to include almost all Galapagos endemics. Our second example will focus on Galápagos pen- guins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and Flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) infected by microfilariae (larvae of nematode worms). These two seabird species live in small populations mainly on the rocky coasts of Fernandina and Isabela Islands; they can experience devastating losses during El Niño periods due to food shortages. Fortunately, our studies show that despite high prevalence rates of these parasites, little or no health effect has been detected to date in these three avian endemics. Further monitoring and pathogen research is necessary, however, to rule out conservation concerns related to health effects due to the arrival of additional pathogens, or outbreaks of existing pathogens brought on by environmental change.

10aDiptera10aGalapagos endemic birds10aHaemosporida10ahemiparasites10ahost-switching10aNematoda1 aSantiago-Alarcon, Diego1 aMerkel, Jane1 aParker, Patricia, G. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/9433702438nas a2200301 4500008004100000245014500041210006900186260000900255300001600264490000700280520142300287653001201710653001801722653001901740653001201759653001401771653001801785653003301803653002801836653001401864653003701878653004501915100002801960700002801988700002302016700002502039856007202064 2004 eng d00aDifferences in straggling rates between genera of dove lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) reinforce population genetic and cophylogenetic patterns0 aDifferences in straggling rates between genera of dove lice Inse c2004 a1113 - 11190 v343 a

Differences in dispersal abilities have been implicated for causing disparate evolutionary patterns between Columbicola and Physconelloides lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, no study has documented straggling (when lice are found on atypical hosts) rates within these lineages. We used the fact that the Galapagos Hawk, Buteo galapagoensis (Gould) (Falconiformes) feeds on the Galapagos Dove Zenaida galapagoensis Gould (Columbiformes) within an ecologically simplified setting. The Galapagos Dove is the only typical host of Columbicola macrourae (Wilson) and Physconelloides galapagensis (Kellogg and Huwana) in Galapagos. We quantitatively sampled and found these lice on both bird species. A DNA barcoding approach confirmed that stragglers were derived from Galapagos doves. We also collected a Bovicola sp. louse, likely originating from a goat (Capra hircus). On hawks, C. macrourae was significantly more prevalent than P. galapagensis. On doves, the two lice were equally prevalent and abundant. Differences in prevalence on hawks was a function of differences in straggling rate between lice, and not a reflection of their relative representation within the dove population. This provides further evidence that differences in dispersal abilities may drive differences in the degree of cospeciation in Columbicola and Phyconelloides lice, which have become model systems in evolutionary biology.

10aanimals10aBase Sequence10aBird parasites10aEcuador10aEvolution10ahost parasite10aLice/classification/genetics10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPhylogeny10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.1 aWhiteman, Noah, Kerness1 aSantiago-Alarcon, Diego1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aParker, Patricia, G. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/5618.pdf