03429nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260001600226300000900242490000700251520253100258653001702789653001702806653001002823653000902833653001002842653001802852100002002870700003202890700001802922700002402940700001902964700002102983700002103004700002203025700002303047856004503070 2022 eng d a2079-773700aDrivers of the Ectoparasite Community and Co-Infection Patterns in Rural and Urban Burrowing Owls0 aDrivers of the Ectoparasite Community and CoInfection Patterns i cJul-29-2022 a11410 v113 a

Simple Summary: We analyzed the ectoparasite community of a monomorphic and non-social bird, the burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia, breeding in rural and urban habitats. Such community was composed by two lice, one mite and one flea species. Rural individuals had more fleas and less mites than urban ones. Adult birds harbored less ectoparasites than young ones and females
harbored more lice than males. The presence of lice was positively related to the presence of fleas. On the contrary, the presence of mites was negatively related to the presence of fleas and lice. The study of parasite communities in urban and rural populations of the same species can shed light on how urban stressor factors impact the physiology of wildlife inhabiting cities and, therefore, the host-parasite relationships.

Abstract: Urbanization creates new ecological conditions that can affect biodiversity at all levels, including the diversity and prevalence of parasites of species that may occupy these environments. However, few studies have compared bird–ectoparasite interactions between urban and rural individuals. Here, we analyze the ectoparasite community and co-infection patterns of urban and rural burrowing owls, Athene cunicularia, to assess the influence of host traits (i.e., sex, age, and weight), and environmental factors (i.e., number of conspecifics per nest, habitat type and aridity) on its composition. Ectoparasites of burrowing owls included two lice, one flea, and one mite. The overall prevalence for mites, lice and fleas was 1.75%, 8.76% and 3.50%, respectively. A clear pattern of co-infection was detected between mites and fleas and, to less extent, between mites and lice. Adult owls harbored fewer ectoparasites than nestlings, and adult females harbored more lice than males. Our results also show that mite and flea numbers were higher when more conspecifics cohabited the same burrow, while lice showed the opposite pattern. Rural individuals showed higher flea parasitism and lower mite parasitism than urban birds. Moreover, mite numbers were negatively correlated with aridity and host weight. Although the ectoparasitic load of burrowing owls appears to be influenced by individual age, sex, number of conspecifics per nest, and habitat characteristics, the pattern of co-infection found among ectoparasites could also be mediated by unexplored factors such as host immune response, which deserves further research.

10aco-infection10aectoparasite10afleas10alice10amites10aUrban ecology1 aSáez, Ángeles1 aLópez-Montoya, Antonio, J.1 aLuna, Álvaro1 aRomero-Vidal, Pedro1 aPalma, Antonio1 aTella, José, L.1 aCarrete, Martina1 aLiébanas, Gracia1 aPérez, Jesús, M. uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/8/1141