02489nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001600251300000900267490000700276520160400283653003201887653001001919653003001929653001201959653004001971100002002011700002102031700002002052700001802072700002402090700002302114856008602137 2022 eng d a1756-330500aLight sheet fluorescence microscopy for the investigation of blood-sucking arthropods dyed via artificial membrane feeding0 aLight sheet fluorescence microscopy for the investigation of blo cFeb-12-2022 a8 pp0 v153 a

Physical methods to control pest arthropods are increasing in importance, but detailed knowledge of the effects of some of these methods on the target organisms is lacking. The aim of this study was to use light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) in anatomical studies of blood-sucking arthropods in vivo to assess the suitability of this method to investigate the morphological structures of arthropods and changes in these structures over time, using the human louse Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) as sample organism. Plasma treatment was used as an example of a procedure employed to control arthropods. The lice were prepared using an artificial membrane feeding method involving the ingestion of human blood alone and human blood with an added fluorescent dye in vitro. It was shown that such staining leads to a notable enhancement of the imaging contrast with respect to unstained whole lice and internal organs that can normally not be viewed by transmission microscopy but which become visible by this approach. Some lice were subjected to plasma treatment to inflict damage to the organisms, which were then compared to untreated lice. Using LSFM, a change in morphology due to plasma treatment was observed.These results demonstrate that fluorescence staining coupled with LSFM represents a powerful and straightforward method enabling the investigation of the morphology—including anatomy—of blood-sucking lice and other arthropods. Graphical Abstract

10aArtificial membrane feeding10ablood10aHaematophagous arthropods10aIn vivo10aLight sheet fluorescence microscopy1 aten_Bosch, Lars1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aCandeo, Alessia1 aBassi, Andrea1 aValentini, Gianluca1 aGerhard, Christoph uhttps://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05157-203274nas a2200325 4500008004100000022002500041245008200066210007500148260001600223300001200239490000700251520228700258653001402545653001202559653001102571100002502582700002502607700002002632700002402652700001902676700002802695700002702723700002602750700002202776700002102798700001902819700002602838700003202864856005202896 2022 eng d a0377-9777, 1308-252300aBaş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler0 aBaş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tav cJan-01-2022 a748-7610 v793 a

Baş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler

Baş biti enfestasyonları, en gelişmiş olanlar da dâhil olmak üzere çoğu ülkede halk sağlığını ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalansını azaltmak amacıyla baş biti kontrolünde farklı otoritelerin, kurumların, endüstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamayı ve bilgilendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sağlık yetkililerini, bu tür enfestasyonların doğru şekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedikülositler, tıbbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici ürünlerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla daha etkili yöntemler izlemeye teşvik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedikülositler ve tıbbi cihazlar, kullanım talimatlarında doğrulanabilir açıklamalara sahip olmalı ayrıca aktif bileşenlere ve formüle ürünlere karşı bitlerin direnç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek için periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yaygınlığının salgın düzeyine ulaştığı iddiaları ortaya atıldığında, gerçek yaygınlık düzeyinin kanıtlanması amacıyla çocuklar periyodik aralıklarla objektif olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Sağlık hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli için düzenlenen sürekli eğitimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, önlenmesi ve kontrolü konusundaki yanlış bilgilerin düzeltilmesi sağlanabilir. Ebeveynler, çocuklarını baş biti açısından düzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerektiğinde tedavi etmelidir. Sağlık yetkilileri, vakaları ve yaygınlığı azaltmada bir araç olarak kullanılan ancak bilimsel gerekçesi olmadığı gibi çocukların sağlığı ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan “sirkeye geçit yok- no-nit politikası” tarzında çocukları okuldan uzaklaştırmaya dayalı politika ve uygulamaların ortadan kaldırılması için mücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

 

10aBaş biti10akontrol10atedavi1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aPollack, Richard, J.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBarker, Stephen, C.1 aGordon, S., C.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aTaylan-Ozkan, Aysegul1 aChosidow, Olivier1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aIbarra, Joanna1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aStichele, Robert, H. Vander uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.7887200903nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210007100171260001600242300000800258490000700266520029100273100002000564700002100584700002100605700001900626700002000645856004400665 2020 eng d a1660-460100aErratum: ten Bosch et al. Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb—A Physical Approach for Pediculosis Treatment0 aErratum ten Bosch et al Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb—A  cJan-09-2020 a4500 v173 a

Due to an error during production and a corrupted data set, Section 3 [...]

Original article published in nt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(1), 19., see https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/1/19 or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/94552

1 aten_Bosch, Lars1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aSiebert, Dominik1 aMrotzek, Julia1 aViöl, Wolfgang uhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/45003176nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260001200210300001200222490000700234520216300241653002702404653002502431653001802456100002502474700002502499700002002524700002402544700001902568700002802587700002702615700002602642700002202668700002102690700001902711700002602730700003202756856006202788 2021 eng d a0011-905900aInternational recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations0 aInternational recommendations for an effective control of head l c08-2020 a272-2800 v603 a

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse‐ and nit‐removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the ‘no‐nit’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuoğlu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Baş biti enfestasyonlarının etkin kontrolü için uluslararası tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen&plng=tur&un=THDBD-78872&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

10ahead louse infestation10ahead louse treatment10aPediculicides1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aPollack, Richard, J.1 aReed, David, L.1 aBarker, Stephen, C.1 aGordon, S., C.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aTaylan-Ozkan, Aysegul1 aChosidow, Olivier1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aIbarra, Joanna1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aStichele, Robert, H. Vander uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.1509603016nas a2200265 4500008004100000245009000041210007100131260001600202300001000218490000700228520224700235653001402482653000902496653001402505653001602519653002302535653001602558653003302574100002002607700002102627700002102648700001902669700002002688856004202708 2019 eng d00aCold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb—A Physical Approach for Pediculosis Treatment0 aCold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb—A Physical Approach for Pe c21-Dec-2018 a19 pp0 v163 a

Abstract: Pediculosis, that is the infestation of humans with Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice), poses a worldwide problem that is as old as mankind itself. Over the centuries, man has developed a variety of remedies, all of which have ultimately culminated in the use of chemical agents. Some of these remedies are known to produce successful results. A large portion of the effective remedies used to kill lice and their eggs contain insecticides, but there is an increasing number of reports of head lice populations revealing an increased resistance. This study presents an alternative treatment approach, the efficacy of which is based on physical effects. Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas have successfully shown their formidably wide application range within the field of plasma medicine. This study presents a plasma device in its current stage of development that is engineered as a consumer product to enable an alternative physical and insecticide-free option for the treatment of pediculosis. An efficacy study concerning different developmental stages of P. humanus humanus is presented. P. humanus humanus was chosen as a substitute test organism for P. humanus capitis due to possible laboratory rearing and high anatomic similarity. The study shows how a single stroke of the plasma device over a hair strand (approximately 22 cm in length with a weight of 1.5 g) led to mortality rates of 68.3% (50.0; 79.7) (95% CI) in the juvenile test group, a mortality rate of approx. 67.7% (54.9; 78.8) (95% CI) in the female test group, and approx. 46.7% (28.3; 65.7) (95% CI) in the male test group. When single eggs were introduced directly into the plasma for approx. 1 s, younger eggs (0–2 d) showed a higher mortality of 66.7% (42.7; 82.7) than the older (4–6 d) eggs, with 16.7% (5.6; 34.7) (CI). Furthermore, the results of a risk assessment of the device are described. The article concludes with necessary handling instructions as well as further developmental steps, derived from the results of the efficacy and the risk assessment study.

Erratum to the article published in 2020 see: https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95582 or https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/450

10abody lice10aCAPP10ahead lice10aPediculosis10aphysical treatment10aplasma comb10aplasma-based pest management1 aten_Bosch, Lars1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aSiebert, Dominik1 aMrotzek, Julia1 aViöl, Wolfgang uhttp://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/1/1906093nas a2200397 4500008004100000245020900041210007100250260007300321300001100394520480900405653001305214653001205227653001605239653001805255653001405273653001405287653001305301653001905314653001505333653001005348653001105358653001005369653001305379100001805392700002105410700002105431700002105452700001805473700001505491700002005506700001805526700002105544700001905565700002305584856008805607 2003 eng d00aMögliche Auswirkungen von Klimaveränderungen auf die Ausbreitung von primär humanmedizinisch relevanten Krankheitserregern über tierische Vektoren sowie auf die wichtigen Humanparasiten in Deutschland0 aMögliche Auswirkungen von Klimaveränderungen auf die Ausbreitung aBonnbInstitut für Medizinische Parasitologie der Universität Bonn a386 pp3 a

Kurzfassung (2.7 Läuse (Phthiraptera) page 83-84)
Wiederkehrende und neue Infektionskrankheiten, die von Vektoren übertragen werden, scheinen vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Umweltveränderungen weltweit zum Problem zu werden. Deutschland schien davon nicht betroffen. Um sicher zu stellen, dass nicht etwa mangelnde Information wegen fehlender Fachleute diesen Eindruck erzeugte, sollte in diesem Bericht alle tatsächlich oder vermuteten vektorassoziierten Krankheiten und Vektoren erfasst werden. Hierzu wurde im Rahmen des Arbeitskreises Medizinische Arachno- Entomologie eine Arbeitsgruppe gebildet, deren Mitglieder sich u.a. bereits durch praktische Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet der Stech- mücken, Sandmücken, Zecken sowie der von ihnen übertragenen Krankheiten ausgezeichnet haben.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine große Zahl von Pathogenen bereits in Deutschland vorhanden ist und auch, dass für andere geeignete Vektoren zur Verfügung stehen, so dass bei Einschleppung durch Reservoirwirte oder erkrankte Reisende autochthone Fälle zu erwarten sind.
Die Beziehung zwischen Vektor, Wirt und Pathogen stellt ein außerordentlich komplexes System dar, in dem vor allem der Vektor und die Entwicklung der Pathogene im Vektor umweltabhängig sind und auch vom Klima beein- flusst werden. Zahlreiche Vektoren und Pathogene scheinen, bedingt durch die vergangene Wärmeperiode eine Ausweitungstendenz nach Norden zu haben. Das gilt z. B. für Zecken und die von ihnen übertragenen Krankheiten wie FSME und Borreliose. Aber auch Sandmücken und Leishmaniosen hätte man in Deutschland nicht vermutet. Die Studie macht sehr deutlich, dass wissenschaftliche Daten, die diesen Trend als gesichert erscheinen ließen, aber noch weitgehend fehlen. Unter solchen Voraussetzungen kann man Ausbrüche von Krankheiten, Endemien oder gar Epidemien nicht voraussagen. In der Europäischen Union (European Network for Research in Global Change, ENRICH) wurde das Thema "Climate and Vektor Borne Diseases" ebenfalls diskutiert und empfohlen, den Umfang und die Verbreitung vektorassoziierter Erkrankungen auf europäischer Ebene zu registrieren u.a. mit dem Ziel einer Kartierung der Vektoren und der "hot spots" der Erreger- Übertragung.

English title: Possible effects of climatic changes on the distribution of arthropode (vector)- borne infectious diseases and human parasites in Germany

Abstract: (Chapter 2.7 Louse (Phthiraptera) page 83 - 84)

Emerging and reemerging vector- borne diseases, seem especially in respect to climatic changes, to become a world-wide problem. Until recently Germany seemed not to be affected.To be sure that not insufficient information due to missing experts led to this impression, this report is supposed to give a detailed description of all actuel and assumed vector-borne diseases and their vectors. Therefore a group of experts in the field of arachno- entomology got together. The members of the group were selected among other criterias due to their practical experiences with special groups of insects and ticks as well as the diseases they transmit.

It was shown that a great number of pathogens already exist in Germany and that suitable vectors for other pathogens have been found, which means that when pathogens are imported by reservoir hosts or infected travelers autochthonous cases are to be expected.

The relationship between vector host and pathogen is a rather complex system in which especially the vector and the development of the pathogen in the vector are dependent upon their environment and climate. Numerous vectors and pathogens seem to display due to the recent warm periods an expansion tendency towards the north. < This is for example the case for ticks and diseases transmitted by these vectors, such as TBE and Lyme disease. Also sandflies and leishmaniasis one would have not expected in Germany. On the other hand this project made it apparent that scientific data which seemed to emphasize that trend still appears to be missing to a large extend. Under such given criteria one cannot predict the outbreak of diseases, endemics or even epidemics.
In the European Union (European Network for Ressearch in Global Change, ENRICH) the topic "Climate and Vector Borne Diseases" was already discussed and recomended to register the extent and spread of vector-borne diseases on a europen basis and among other goals to map vectors and "hot spots" of pathogen transmission.

10abacteria10aClimate10aenvironment10aglobal change10amosquitos10aparasites10aPathogen10areservoir host10asand flies10aticks10avector10avirus10azoonoses1 aMaier, W., A.1 aGrunewald, Jörg1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aHartelt, Kathrin1 aKampen, Helge1 aKimmig, P.1 aNaucke, Torsten1 aOehme, Reiner1 aVollmer, Andreas1 aSchöler, Arne1 aSchmitt, Christine uhttps://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/2291.pdf04059nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004200041210004000083260010000123520360000223100002103823700001803844856007503862 2006 eng d00aKopflausbefall: Welche Mittel wirken?0 aKopflausbefall Welche Mittel wirken aBerlin, GermanybBundesinstitut für Risikobewertung Pressestelle Thielallee 88-92 14195 Berlin3 a

Kopflausbefall ist ein weltweites Problem. Besonders betroffen sind Kinder und zwar insbe- sondere dann, wenn sie Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen besuchen. Ein Zusammenhang zwi- schen dem Kopflausbefall und der Zugehörigkeit zu einer sozialen Schicht besteht nicht. In Deutschland sind gemäß § 34 (6) Inefktionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) Leiter von Gemeinschafts- einrichtungen zur Meldung von Kopflausbefall an das zuständige Gesundheitsamt verpflich- tet. Gesetzlich ist aber keine zentrale Sammlung dieser Meldungen im Robert Koch-Institut vorgesehen. Daraus und aus der hohen „Dunkelziffer“ resultiert ein sehr lückenhaftes Bild über die tatsächliche Inzidenz von Kopflausbefall in Deutschland.


Zur Kopflausbekämpfung werden in Deutschland zahlreiche Produkte angeboten. Es handelt sich dabei im wesentlichen um Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Auch einige kosmetische Haarpflegemittel sollen vor Kopflausbefall schützen. Aber nicht alle Mittel wirken gleich gut. In den Gebrauchsinformationen fehlen Hinweise auf die Folgen einer Unterdosierung und einer Unterschreitung der notwendigen Einwirkzeit. Beide können dazu führen, dass Kopf- läuse die Behandlung überleben. Wiederholungsbehandlungen werden von einigen Arznei- mittelherstellern nur dann empfohlen, wenn einige Tage nach der Erstbehandlung noch le- bende Läuse gefunden werden. Einzeln nachschlüpfende Larven zu finden, erweist sich in der Praxis aber oft als schwer.


Das Umweltbundesamt prüft im Rahmen der Wirksamkeits- und Anwendungsprüfungen von Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln gemäß §18 Infektionsschutzgesetz Kopflausmittel auf ihre Wirksamkeit. Mittel, die den Kopflausbefall bei sachgerechter Anwendung tilgen, sind in der Liste der geprüften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfahren zur Bekämpfung von Gliedertieren nach §18 Infektionsschutzgesetz („Entwesungsmittelliste“) aufgeführt.


Der gegen Kopfläuse hochwirksame Wirkstoff Lindan darf ab 2008 gemäß einer EU- Regelung nicht mehr eingesetzt werden. Die anderen Arzneimittel zur Kopflausbekämpfung enthalten Pyrethroide (Pyrethrum, Bioallethrin, Permethrin – Neuaufnahme 2006). Pyrethrum ist hoch und schnell wirksam gegen alle Entwicklungsstadien der Läuse und zerfällt relativ schnell. Bioallethrin ist ebenso hoch und schnell wirksam. Permethrin führt zu einer irrever- siblen Schädigung der Läuse, die aber relativ langsam sterben. Die Wirkung hält zwar über mindestens 11 Tage an, lässt aber schon nach wenigen Tagen nach und damit zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem noch Larven nachschlüpfen können. Auch ein Medizinprodukt auf der Ba- sis von Kokosnussölderivaten wurde geprüft und wird 2006 in die Entwesungsmittelliste auf- genommen. Es zeigte unter Laborbedingungen eine auffallend schnell abtötende Wirkung auf alle Läusestadien. Um dies zu erreichen, müssen die Haare mit dem Mittel sehr gut durchtränkt werden.


Auch wenn Hersteller dies nicht ausdrücklich empfehlen, sollte die Anwendung 8-10 Tage nach der Erstbehandlung wiederholt werden. Dies hat besonders vor dem Hintergrund dro- hender Resistenzentwicklungen gegen Pyrethroide nachhaltige Bedeutung. Entscheidend für den Erfolg einer Kopflausbekämpfung ist die Wahl eines hochwirksamen Mittels und dessen konsequente Anwendung bis zur Tilgung des Kopflausbefalls.

1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aKlasen, Jutta uhttps://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/kopflausbefall_welche_mittel_wirken.pdf01344nas a2200145 4500008004100000022004900041245007200090210007000162300001100232520080600243100001701049700002101066700001801087856009301105 2010 eng d a2190-1120 ??rint?? ???? 2190-11?7 ??nternet?00aArzneimittel und Medizinprodukte zur Bekämpfung von Kopflausbefall0 aArzneimittel und Medizinprodukte zur Bekämpfung von Kopflausbefa a9 - 113 a

English title: Medicinal products and medical devices for the control of head lice infestations

Abstract: Infestation caused by the human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is one of the most im- portant infestations of childhood, especially after the detection of head lice strains that are resistant to one or more of the insecticides used in recent decades. Medicinal products as well as medical devices are available on the market for the control of head lice infestations. The efficacy of the different products varies and is not proven for many medical devices. For the effectiveness of treatment, the correct use of each product accor- ding to the label claim and according to the common principles of head louse control are decisive.

1 aKuhn, Carola1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aKlasen, Jutta uhttps://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/515/publikationen/umid0210.pdf02378nas a2200229 4500008004100000245006400041210005900105260007400164300001200238490000700250520165500257653002501912653002501937653001801962653001401980653001401994653001602008653002602024100002102050700001902071856005802090 2010 eng d00aLäuse – Biologie, medizinische Bedeutung und Bekämpfung0 aLäuse Biologie medizinische Bedeutung und Bekämpfung aLinz, AustriabBiologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen a191-2120 v303 a

 

English title: Lice – Biology, medical importance and control.

Abstract: All species of Phthiraptera are strongly stenoxenous ectoparasites on birds and mammals. They spend their entire life cycle on the host. Many species are of veterinary importance, but only three are ec- toparasites of humans – the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, the clothing louse Pediculus humanus humanus and the crab louse Pthirus pubis. The clothing louse is important as the main vector of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Bartonella quintana. Its preferred habitat is clothing. Long-term survival of the clothing louse is only possible when infested clothes are worn for long pe- riods of time in the absence of sufficient disinsection measures such as washing or storage. The head louse infests scalp hair. It is wide- spread the world over, among all social groups and especially among children. The crab louse Pthirus pubis is mainly found in pubic hair. It is usually transmitted by close bodily contact, such as during sexual intercourse, and occurs more rarely.
Head and crab lice, as well as animal lice, can be eradicated only by efficient and repeated lice control measures that include re- peated applications of pediculicid medications having a high anti-lice efficacy. To treat human lice, various pediculicids are avail- able with classical and alternative modes of action. Additional steps to effectively control lice and to guard against lice-borne dis- eases are information, attention, early diagnosis, contact tracing and hygienic measures.

10aBartonella quintana.10aBorrelia recurrentis10aclothing lice10acrab lice10ahead lice10aPediculosis10arickettsia prowazekii1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aAspöck, Horst uhttps://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0030_0191-0212.pdf02790nas a2200121 4500008004100000022004900041245006500090210006500155300001200220520234000232100002102572856007502593 2017 eng d a2190-1120 (Print), ISSN 2190-1147 (Internet)00aKopflausmittel mit Tilgungswirkung für den Infektionsschutz0 aKopflausmittel mit Tilgungswirkung für den Infektionsschutz a31 - 353 a

Zusammenfassung
Zur wirksamen Bekämpfung von Kopflausbefall mit Kopflausmitteln ist die Auswahl und Anwendung wirk- samer Kopflausmittel sowie deren Wirkungsüberprüfung mittels gründlichem Kämmverfahren erforderlich. Allerdings enthalten viele Gebrauchsanweisungen von Kopflausmitteln ungenaue Angaben zu den erfor- derlichen Dosierungen, teils sind auch Packungsgrößen zur Erfüllung von Vorgaben sehr klein. Dies kann zu großen Dosierungsunterschieden in der Praxis führen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Dosierungen wird bei Wirksamkeitsprüfungen von Kopflausmitteln für §18 Infektionsschutzgesetz am Umweltbundesamt (UBA) berücksichtigt. In der aktuellen Bekanntmachung der geprüften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfah- ren zur Bekämpfung von tierischen Schädlingen nach § 18 Infektionsschutzgesetz sind zwei Arzneimittel mit Pyrethroiden und zwei Medizinprodukte mit Dimeticonen in hohen Konzentrationen gelistet, für die eine Tilgungswirkung gegen juvenile und adulte Läuse bei unterschiedlichen Dosierungen ermittelt wurde.

English title: Products to eradicate head lice infestations according to the German Infection Protection Act

Abstract
Successful treatment of head lice infestation requires selection and application of effective products to control head lice as well as proving of their efficacy by thorough combing procedures. However, many instructions for use of head lice products include imprecise dosing declarations, and some package sizes are too small to meet the self-declared specifications. This may evoke great differences of dosing in praxi. The efficacy of head lice products in consideration of different dosages is tested at the German Environ- ment Agency (UBA) according to §18 of Infection Control Act. The official announcement of proven and accredited products and procedures for the treatment of public health pests specifies drugs and medi- cal devices that have been evaluated by the UBA. The recent issue lists two medical drugs containing pyrethroids and two medical devices containing high concentrated dimeticones. Their eradication effect against juvenile and adult lice was confirmed for different dosages.

1 aHabedank, Birgit uhttps://www.biozid.info/uploads/media/029-17_umid_01_2017-Habedank.pdf02195nas a2200373 4500008004100000020001400041245010200055210006900157260001800226300001100244490000700255520110400262653001601366653001201382653001801394653002301412653002201435653000801457653002001465653001001485653002801495653001401523653001501537653003701552653001301589653002701602653002101629100002001650700001901670700001501689700002101704700001901725856007701744 2004 eng d a0962-107500aCloning and characterization of a trypsin-encoding cDNA of the human body louse Pediculus humanus0 aCloning and characterization of a trypsinencoding cDNA of the hu aEnglandc2004 a9 - 180 v133 a

From a cDNA library of the whole insect, a trypsin gene of Pediculus humanus has been cloned and sequenced. The 908 bp clone has an open reading frame of 759 bp, which encodes a pre-proenzyme with 253 amino acid residues. A sixteen-residue N-terminal signal peptide is followed by a twelve-residue activation peptide with putative cleavage sites at Gly16 and Tyr28. The deduced amino acid sequence has several features typical of trypsin proteases and an overall identity of 35-43% with the trypsins of several haematophagous Diptera. The 1.0 kb genomic trypsin gene contains three introns of 102, 79 and 80 nucleotides following the codons for Gly16, Gln74 and Ala155, respectively. Only a single gene seems to be present. In Northern blot analysis, unfed first instar larvae have an identical or slightly lower level of trypsin mRNA than fed adult lice, and in adults 2-24 h after the bloodmeal this gene shows a constitutive expression. After in vitro transcription and translation, the activation peptide is cleaved by chymotrypsin, a so far unreported phenomenon in trypsin activation.

10aAmino Acids10aanimals10aBase Sequence10aBlotting, Northern10aComparative Study10adna10aelectrophoresis10agenes10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPediculus10apolymerase10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10asequence10aTransition Temperature10aTrypsin/genetics1 aKollien, A., H.1 aWaniek, P., J.1 aPröls, F.1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aSchaub, G., A. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00453.x/epdf01245nas a2200205 4500008004100000245000900041210000900050260009800059300001400157490000600171520068500177653001800862653001400880653001400894653001600908100001800924700002100942700001900963856005700982 2002 eng d00aLice0 aLice aBluestone, ViennabBiologiezentrum und Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz. Denisiac2002 a497 - 5060 v63 a

In former times clothing lice were very important mainly as vectors of disease. As a consequence of the bionomics, mainly the egg deposition on clothing, they were abundant under ti- mes of war and social deprivation. Nowadays head lice and crab lice are more important. These lice species are independent of the social status and may be acquired even under very clean conditions.

Biggest hindrance to eradication seems to be entomophobia and parent's and children's concern following identification to be of social stigma. Eradication is possible with a combined effort of appropriate control measures using effective pedicu- licides and contact tracing.

10aclothing lice10acrab lice10ahead lice10aPediculosis1 aMaier, W., A.1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aAspöck, Horst uhttp://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0006_0497-0506.pdf00703nas a2200157 4500008004100000245016400041210006900205260000900274300001900283490003300302100002100335700001700356700001600373700001500389856014100404 2003 eng d00aMaintenance of Pediculus humanus corporis by feeding in vitro as an alternative model for the body louse feeding on rabbits - preliminary results of validation0 aMaintenance of Pediculus humanus corporis by feeding in vitro as c2003 aAbstracts: 1030 vLübeck-Travemünde, Germany1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aBartmann, T.1 aSchramm, K.1 aSchein, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/maintenance-pediculus-humanus-corporis-feeding-vitro-alternative-model-body-louse-feeding-ra00539nas a2200133 4500008004100000245017100041210006900212260000900281300000800290490000700298100002100305700001700326856006200343 2001 eng d00aEvaluation of nutrition media derived from human blood transfusion units DFP, EC and BC for the in vitro feeding of Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aEvaluation of nutrition media derived from human blood transfusi c2001 a1700 v181 aHabedank, Birgit1 aSchrader, G. uhttp://www.altex.ch/resources/altex_2001_3_170_Poster.pdf02267nas a2200253 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181260000900250300001400259520147900273653002401752653000901776653002101785653001501806653001801821100002101839700001701860700001701877700001501894700002101909700001601930700001801946856004901964 1999 eng d00aInvestigations on the in vitro feeding and in vitro breeding of the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aInvestigations on the in vitro feeding and in vitro breeding of  c1999 a241 - 2483 a

Abstract - The human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis - the main vector of both human spotted fever (rick- ettsiosis) and relapsing fever (borreliosis) - is maintained for insecticide efficacy tests and is commonly reared on rabbits as substitute hosts. A membrane feeding technique may offer a return to the natural nutrition medium of body lice - human blood - for feeding and reproducing these host specific human parasites. P. humanus corporis, derived from a rabbit adapted strain, were offered preserved human blood through a Parafilm M® membrane (American National Can, Chicago) at 38 °C. The superimposed blood, stemming from a blood bank, contained a CPD stabi- lizer. Subsequent to initial experiments on nutrition media and storage condition, P. humanus corporis were reared continuously for a nine-month period until adults of the 9th generation emerged. Lice regularly showed a feeding rate of more than 90% and a low mortality rate on day one after nutrition. Engorging time became shorter, from about 90 min (generation 1) to 15-30 min (generation 5), similar to the engorging time of P. humanus corporis on rabbits. To conclude, preliminary results indicate that in vitro feeding could be an alternative method of breeding the human body louse. Membrane feeding saves laboratory animals and is therefore considered to be a contribution to animal welfare. Further studies are required to optimize the composition of the nutrition medium.

10aalternative rearing10alice10amembrane feeding10aParafilm M10aporcine blood1 aHabedank, Birgit1 aSchrader, G.1 aScheurer, S.1 aSchein, E.1 aRobinson, W., H.1 aRettich, F.1 aRambo, G., W. uhttp://www.icup.org.uk/reports%5CICUP423.pdf