02608nas a2200277 4500008004100000022002500041245015000066210006900216260001600285300000900301520168300310653003501993653001602028653001802044653001802062653002502080653002002105100001702125700001602142700001402158700001902172700002602191700002202217700001602239856007502255 2023 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aMitochondrial genome sequence comparisons indicate that the elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis (Piaget, 1869) contains cryptic species0 aMitochondrial genome sequence comparisons indicate that the elep cOct-18-2023 a6 pp3 a

The parvorder Rhynchopthirina contains three currently recognised species of lice that parasitize elephants (both African savanna elephant Loxodonta africana and Asian elephant Elephas maximus), desert warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and Red River hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), respectively. The Asian elephant lice and the African savanna elephant lice are currently treated as the same species, Haematomyzus elephantis (Piaget, 1869), based on morphology despite the fact that their hosts diverged 8.4 million years ago. In the current study, we sequenced 23 mitochondrial (mt) genes of African savanna elephant lice collected in South Africa and analysed the sequence divergence between African savanna elephant lice and previously sequenced Asian elephant lice. Sequence comparisons revealed >23% divergence for the 23 mt genes as a whole and ~17% divergence for cox1 gene between African savanna and Asian elephant lice, which were far higher than the divergence expected within a species. Furthermore, the mt gene sequence divergences between these lice are 3.76–4.6 times higher than that between their hosts, the African savanna and Asian elephants, which are expected for the co‐divergence and co‐evolution between lice and their elephant hosts. We conclude that (1) H. elephantis (Piaget, 1869) contains cryptic species and (2) African savanna and Asian elephant lice are different species genetically that may have co‐diverged and co‐evolved with their hosts.

10aco-divergence and co-evolution10aDNA barcode10aectoparasites10aelephant lice10aMitochondrial genome10aRhynchopthirina1 aKelly, Sarah1 aDong, Yalun1 aWang, Wei1 aMatthee, Sonja1 aWentzel, Jeanette, M.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aShao, Renfu uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mve.1269902048nas a2200265 4500008004100000022002500041245016000066210006900226260001600295300001200311490000700323520114400330653002701474653001701501653001601518653001501534653003401549100002601583700002201609700001701631700002501648700001701673700001801690856007401708 2022 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aFirst report of classical knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, L1014F, in human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aFirst report of classical knockdown resistance ikdri mutation L1 cJul-13-2022 a209-2120 v373 a

There are at least three known knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations reported globally in the human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) that are associated with reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids. However, the prevalence of kdr mutation in head lice is not known in the Indian subcontinent. To identify kdr mutations in the Indian head lice population, the genomic region of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene encompassing IIS1‐2 linker to IIS6 segments was PCR‐amplified and sequenced from P. humanus capitis samples collected from different geographic localities of India. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of four kdr mutations: M827I, T929I, L932F and L1014F. The presence of a classical kdr mutation L1014F, the most widely reported mutation across insect‐taxa associated with the kdr‐trait, is being reported for the first time in P. humanus capitis.

10aInsecticide resistance10akdr mutation10aPediculosis10aPyrethroid10avoltage-gated sodium channel.1 aMallick, Prashant, K.1 aSindhania, Ankita1 aGupta, Toshi1 aSingh, Dhirendra, P.1 aSaini, Seema1 aSingh, O., P. uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.1259602408nas a2200205 4500008004100000022002500041245018800066210006900254260001600323300001200339490000700351520165500358100001702013700002002030700001902050700002002069700001902089700002002108856007402128 2022 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aBioactive phytocompounds against specific target proteins of Borrelia recurrentis responsible for louse‐borne relapsing fever: Genomics and structural bioinformatics evidence0 aBioactive phytocompounds against specific target proteins of iBo cNov-15-2022 a213-2180 v373 a

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) with high untreated mortality caused by spirochete Borrelia recurrentis is predominantly endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and has re-emerged in parts of Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America due to population migrations. Despite subtractive evolution of lice-borne pathogenic Borrelia spp. from tick-borne species, there has been no comprehensive report on conservation of protein targets across tick and lice-borne pathogenic Borrelia nor exploration of phytocompounds that are toxic to tick against lice. From the 19 available whole genomes including B. recurrentis, B. burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. parkeri and B. miyamotoi, conservation of seven drug targets (>80% domain identity) viz. 30 S ribosomal subunit proteins (RSP) S3, S7, S8, S14, S19, penicillin-binding protein-2 and 50 S RSP L16 were deciphered through multiple sequence alignments. Twelve phytocompounds (hydroxy-tyrosol, baicalein, cis-2-decanoic acid, morin, oenin, rosemarinic acid, kaempferol, piceatannol, rottlerin, luteolin, fisetin and monolaurin) previously explored against Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi when targeted against LBRF-causing B. recurrentis protein targets revealed high multi-target affinity (2%-20% higher than conventional antibiotics) through molecular docking. However, based on high binding affinity against all target proteins, stable coarse-grained dynamics (fluctuations <1 Å) and safe pharmacological profile, luteolin was prioritized. The study encourages experimental evaluation of the potent phytocompounds and similar protocols for investigating other emerging vector-borne diseases.

1 aBasu, Soumya1 aDebroy, Reetika1 aKumar, Hithesh1 aSingh, Harpreet1 aRamaiah, Sudha1 aAnbarasu, Anand uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.1262302602nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245017400055210006900229260001600298300001000314490000700324520172100331653002602052653003402078100001402112700001602126700002502142700001902167700001602186700001302202700001202215700001502227700002402242856007002266 2014 eng d a0269-283X00aSecond-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (∼15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice0 aSecondgeneration sequencing of entire mitochondrial codingregion cAug-01-2014 a40-500 v283 a

The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (∼310 kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (∼15.4 kb), entire cox1 (∼1.5 kb), partial cox1 (∼700 bp) and partial cytb (∼600 bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (∼15.4 kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (∼1.5 kb) and partial gene sequences (∼600 to ∼700 bp). For example, 19 branches had > 95% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (∼15.4 kb) whereas the tree from 700 bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support > 95%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (∼600 bp) and partial cox1 (∼486 bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.

10aevolutionary genetics10amitochon- drial coding-region1 aXiong, H.1 aCampelo, D.1 aPollack, Richard, J.1 aRaoult, Didier1 aShao, Renfu1 aAlem, M.1 aAli, J.1 aBilcha, K.1 aBarker, Stephen, C. uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.1207602767nas a2200265 4500008004100000022002500041245011100066210006900177260001600246300000900262520192000271653002902191653001802220653001402238653002202252100002102274700002202295700002102317700001702338700001902355700001902374700001902393700001502412856007402427 2022 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aChewing lice of passerine birds in reed beds in Slovakia, with a special focus on Panurus biarmicus0 aChewing lice of passerine birds in reed beds in Slovakia with a  cDec-15-2022 a8 pp3 a

A total of 1185 passerine birds representing five species were examined for chewing lice in reed beds in southwestern Slovakia in spring (April) 2008, 2009 and 2016. Additional collecting focused only on chewing lice from Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Panuridae) was carried out in spring (April), summer (July) and autumn (October) 2019. A total of 283 (24%) birds were parasitized by 10 species of chewing lice of four genera: Penenirmus, Menacanthus, Philopterus, and Brueelia. Most birds showed only very light (1–10 lice/host; 74%) to light infestations (11–20 lice/host; 16%). The authors found significantly higher prevalences and mean abundances of chewing lice on residents/short-distance migrants, that is, P. biarmicus, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck, 1823) (Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae), than on long-distance migratory birds, that is, Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae), Locustella luscinioides (Savi, 1824) (Passeriformes: Locustellidae). No significant difference was found in the total mean intensity of chewing lice between these two groups of birds. Ischnoceran lice were more prevalent and abundant than amblyceran lice on residents and short-distance migrants, whereas the opposite was found on bird species that migrate long distances. A total of 146 (58%, n = 251) P. biarmicus were parasitized by 1490 chewing lice. Males of P. biarmicus showed higher prevalence and mean abundance than females with gradually descending values of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity from spring to autumn. The knowledge of the occurrence and population dynamics of lice on wild passerine birds can be useful in endangered species conservation programs and can also be applied to captive passerine birds, which may be analogous to resident birds in this sense

10aAcrocephalus melanopogon10aectoparasites10aMigration10aSexual dimorphism1 aSychra, Oldřich1 aOslejskova, Lucie1 aSkoupá, Žaneta1 aNajer, Tomas1 aLiterák, Ivan1 aPapoušek, Ivo1 aTrnka, Alfréd1 aČapek, M. uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.1263102735nas a2200265 4500008004100000022002500041245008900066210006900155260001600224300001200240490000700252520195700259653001802216653001002234653001002244653001802254653001702272653001002289100001602299700002202315700002302337700001702360700001902377856007302396 2009 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aEctoparasites (sucking lice, fleas and ticks) of small mammals in southeastern Kenya0 aEctoparasites sucking lice fleas and ticks of small mammals in s cDec-01-2009 a387-3920 v233 a

During 1998–2000, at least 14 species (n = 309) of small mammals were live-trapped and examined for ectoparasites in moist forests of the Taita and Shimba Hills and drier savannah habitats of Nguruman, southeastern Kenya. Ectoparasites were recorded from 11  species of mammals. Five species of sucking lice [Hoplopleura inexpectans Johnson, H. intermedia Kellogg & Ferris, Polyplax  reclinata (Nitzsch), P. waterstoni Bedford and Schizophthirus graphiuri Ferris], six species of fleas (Ctenophthalmus leptodactylous Hubbard, Dinopsyllus grypurus Jordan & Rothschild, D. lypusus Jordan & Rothschild, Hypsophthalmus campestris Jordan & Rothschild, Listropsylla basilewskyi Smit and Xiphiopsylla lippa Jordan) and at least six species of ticks (Amblyomma sp.,  Haemaphysalis sp., Ixodes sp., I. alluaudi Neumann, I. cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, I. muniensis Arthur & Burrow and Rhipicephalus sp.) were recorded from these hosts. Four of the five species of sucking lice were host specific whereas P. reclinata was recorded  from two different species of white-toothed shrews, Crocidura spp. Although fleas and ticks were less host specific, C. leptodactylous, D. grypurus and I. cumulatimpunctatus were only recorded from the murid rodent Praomys delectorum (Thomas), Amblyomma sp.  was only recorded from the nesomyid rodent Beamys hindei Thomas, Rhipicephalus sp. was only recorded from the murid Lemniscomys striatus (L.) and I. muniensis was only recorded from the dormouse Graphiurus microtis (Noack). More species of ectoparasites and significantly greater infestation prevalences were recorded from small mammals in moist habitats compared with those from the savannah habitat. At least one of the fleas recorded, D. lypusus, is a known vector of Yersinia pestis Lehmann & Neumann, the causative agent of plague, which is present in the region.

Attachment is author manuscript

10aectoparasites10afleas10aKenya10aSmall mammals10asucking lice10aticks1 aOguge, N.O.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aKeirans, James, E.1 aBalami, H.D.1 aSchwan, T., G. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00820.x02109nas a2200229 4500008004100000022002500041245010000066210006900166260001400235300001200249490000700261520139800268653001201666653001501678653001501693653002201708653001301730100003101743700002701774700002001801856005801821 2021 eng d a0269-283X, 1365-291500aSensory features of the human louse antenna: new contributions and comparisons between ecotypes0 aSensory features of the human louse antenna new contributions an cJune 2021 a219-2240 v353 a

Body and head lice are known to be exclusive ectoparasites of human hosts. Current genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that both louse types represent ecotypes of the same species. They exhibit morphological and physiological differences that probably arose from living in different biotopes. Sensory traits represent suitable candidates to be affected by environmental heterogeneity. Therefore, through scanning electron microscope studies, this study analysed and compared the sensory structures of both ecotypes' antennae. Seven types of sensory structures were identified in both ecotypes: bristles, tuft organs, pore organs, single pore and three morphotypes of sensilla basiconica. Notably, the single pore and the morphotypes of sensilla basiconica were described for the first time in the body louse antenna. This study's comparative analysis mainly revealed size differences across the sensory structures of the ecotypes. Bristles of the flagellomere 2 of the body louse antenna were longer than the head louse bristles. In addition, the pore organs of the head louse antenna presented a higher diameter than those of the body louse. The possible relevance of size differences regarding the biotopes exploited by the body louse and the head louse is discussed. Yet, physiological studies may help to fully understand the phenotypical differences of both ecotypes.

10aantenna10abody louse10aHead louse10aPediculus humanus10asensilla1 aOrtega-Insaurralde, Isabel1 aPicollo, María, Inés1 aBarrozo, R., B. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.1248501886nas a2200217 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191260001200260300001200272490000700284520117900291653001801470653001701488653001301505653001201518653001101530653002401541100002201565700002301587856005801610 2010 eng d00aDeterminants of ectoparasite assemblage structure on rodent hosts from South American marshlands: the effect of host species, locality and season0 aDeterminants of ectoparasite assemblage structure on rodent host c09-2010 a284-2920 v243 a

The relative effects of host species identity, locality and season on ectoparasite assemblages (relative abundances and species richness) harboured by four cricetid rodent hosts (Akodon azarae, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oxymycterus rufus and Scapteromys aquaticus) were assessed across six closely located sites in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Relative abundances of ectoparasites (14 species including gamasid mites, an ixodid tick, a trombiculid mite, lice and fleas), as well as total ectoparasite abundance and species richness, were determined mainly by host species and to a lesser extent by locality (despite the small spatial scale of the study), whereas seasonal effect was weak, albeit significant. The abundances of some ectoparasites were determined solely by host, whereas those of other ectoparasites (sometimes belonging to the same higher taxon) were also affected by locality and/or season. In gamasids, there was a significant effect of locality for some species, but not for others. In fleas and lice, the effect of locality was similar in different species, suggesting that this effect is related to the characteristic life history strategy.

10aectoparasites10ahost species10alocality10arodents10aseason10aspecies composition1 aLareschi, Marcela1 aKrasnov, Boris, R. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00880.x01201nas a2200241 4500008004100000020003800041245002400079210002200103250000800125260006000133300001300193520048500206653001700691653000900708653002500717653002300742653001700765653002600782100002200808700002100830700002200851856008600873 2019 eng d a3-9780128140444, p-9780128140437 00aLice (Phthiraptera)0 aLice Phthiraptera a3rd aCambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesbAcademic Press a79 - 1063 a

The taxonomy, morphology, life history, and medical and veterinary importance of parasitic sucking lice and chewing lice are discussed. Important lice that parasitize humans, pets, and livestock animals are documented. Louse-borne diseases, including epidemic typhus, trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever, and swinepox, are detailed. The chapter concludes with an overview of methods used to prevent and control louse infestations and associated louse-borne diseases

10aChewing lice10alice10aLouse-borne diseases10aMedical importance10asucking lice10aveterinary importance1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aMullen, Gary, R.1 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128140437000078?via%3Dihub02471nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260001200219300001400231490000700245520173700252653001101989653001002000653002102010653001002031653002902041100002402070700002002094700003202114700002202146856007302168 2013 eng d00aArthropod parasites of the red-bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus introduced into Argentina0 aArthropod parasites of the redbellied squirrel iCallosciurus ery c06-2013 a203 - 2080 v273 a

The introduction of an exotic species usually modifies parasite–host dynamics by the import of new parasites or the exotic species' acquiral of local parasites. The loss of parasites may determine the outcome of an invasion if the introduced species is liberated from co‐evolved parasites in its range of invasion. In addition, an introduced species may pose sanitary risks to humans and other mammals if it serves as a reservoir of pathogens or carries arthropod vectors. The red‐bellied squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), was introduced into Argentina in 1970, since when several foci of invasion have been closely associated with humans. Investigation of the parasitological fauna of C. erythraeus in Argentina will generate new information about novel parasite–host dynamics and may provide new insight into the reasons for the successful invasion of this species. The objective of this study was to describe the arthropod parasites of C. erythraeus in Argentina in comparison with previous studies of parasites of this species in its native habitat and in the ranges of its invasion. Occasional host–parasite associations with local arthropod parasites not previously described for C. erythraeus are reported; these include the mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Ewing) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and Ornithonyssus cf. bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae), the flea Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus Jordan (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) and the botfly Cuterebra Clark (Diptera: Oestridae: Cuterebrinae). Cheyletus sp. mites (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) were also found. The low prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite species may influence invasion dynamics.

10abotfly10afleas10aInvasive species10amites10aparasite–host dynamics1 aGozzi, Ana, Cecilia1 aGuichón, Laura1 aBenitez, Veronica, Victoria1 aLareschi, Marcela uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01052.x01999nas a2200145 4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260001200264300001400276490000700290520144600297100001701743700002001760856007301780 2012 eng d00aHousing and dustbathing effects on northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and chicken body lice (Menacanthus stramineus) on hens0 aHousing and dustbathing effects on northern fowl mites iOrnithon c09-2012 a323 - 3330 v263 a

Hen housing (cage or cage-free) did not impact overall abundances of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), or chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Cage-free hens received a dustbox with sand plus diatomaceous earth (DE), kaolin clay or sulphur. Weekly use varied from none to 100% of hens; 73% of hens used the dustbox at least once. Ectoparasite populations on dustbathing hens (users) were compared with those on non-user cage-free and caged hens. All materials reduced ectoparasites on user hens by 80-100% after 1 week of dustbox use. Diatomaceous earth and kaolin failed to reduce ectoparasites on non-user hens, and ectoparasites on user hens recovered after dustbox removal. A sulphur dustbox eliminated mites from all hens (including non-users) within 2-4 weeks. Residual sulphur controlled mites until the end of the experiment (up to 9 weeks), even after the dustbox was removed. Louse populations on hens using the sulphur dustbox were reduced in 1-2 weeks. Residual sulphur effects were less evident in lice, but the use of a sulphur dustbox by a higher proportion of hens extended louse control to all hens. This is the first experimental study to show that bird dustbathing in naturally and widely available dust materials (particularly kaolin) can suppress ectoparasites and thus the behaviour is probably adaptive.

1 aMartin, C.D.1 aMullens, B., A. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00997.x02199nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210007100193260001500264300001400279490000700293520120100300653001901501653004801520653004601568653002701614653001401641653001701655653001601672653001101688100002601699700001501725700001401740700001701754700001701771700001701788700001701805856006301822 2019 eng d a0269-283X00aChewing lice from high‐altitude and migrating birds in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of two new species of Guimaraesiella0 aChewing lice from high‐altitude and migrating birds in Yunnan Ch cApril 2019 a407 - 4190 v333 a

In total, 366 birds representing 55 species in 24 families and eight orders, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) in two high-altitude localities in Yunnan Province, China. In Ailaoshan, almost all of the birds examined were resident passeriforms, of which 36% were parasitized by chewing lice. In Jinshanyakou, most birds were on migration, and included both passerine and non-passerine birds. Of the passerine birds caught in Jinshanyakou, only one bird (0.7%) was parasitized by chewing lice. The prevalence of Myrsidea and Brueelia-complex lice on birds caught in Ailaoshan was higher than in previous reports. Of the chewing lice identifiable to species level, three represent new records for China: Actornithophilus hoplopteri (Mjöberg, 1910), Maculinirmus ljosalfar Gustafsson & Bush, 2017 and Quadraceps sinensis Timmermann, 1954. In total, 17 new host records are included, of which we describe two as new species in the Brueelia-complex: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ailaoshanensis sp. nov. ex Schoeniparus dubius dubius (Hume, 1874) and G. (C.) montisodalis sp. nov. ex Fulvetta manipurensis tonkinensis Delacour & Jabouille, 1930.

10aGuimaraesiella10aGuimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ailaoshanensis10aGuimaraesiella (Cicchinella) montisodalis10aMaculinirmus ljosalfar10anew hosts10anew location10anew species10aYunnan1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aLei, Lujia1 aLuo, Kang1 aChu, Xingzhi1 aZhao, Xiucai1 aZhang, Qiang1 aZou, Fasheng uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mve.1237801759nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245013400054210006900188260001800257300001400275490000700289520098300296653002001279653002201299653001901321653001701340653001401357100002801371700002501399700002701424856007801451 2008 eng d a0269283X00aOvicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis0 aOvicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against perme cDecember 2008 a335 - 3390 v223 a

The improper use of pediculicides containing permethrin has led to the development of resistance. Thus, new alternatives for control are needed. Plant‐derived insecticides are attractive alternatives to common chemical insecticides because most of them are environmentally friendly and non‐toxic to mammals. The toxic activity of 23 monoterpenoids belonging to several chemical classes was tested against the eggs of permethrin‐resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Significant differences in ovicidal action were observed among the tested substances. The most effective chemicals were hydrocarbons and ethers, followed by ketones, alcohols, phenols and esters. A linear relationship between egg mortality and knockdown time (KT50) on adults by the tested components revealed that most of the components were effective on both egg and adult stages. The monoterpenoids described herein are good candidates as effective

10aadult head lice10afumigant activity10ahead lice eggs10aMonoterpenes10atoxicity.1 aToloza, Ariel, Ceferino1 aVassena, Claudia, V.1 aPicollo, María, Inés uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x01988nas a2200217 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260001600195300001400211490000700225520130700232653001601539653003201555653002501587653002601612100002401638700001701662700002001679700001301699856005801712 2018 eng d00aThe unusual reproductive system of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus)0 aunusual reproductive system of head and body lice iPediculus hum cJan-06-2018 a226 - 2340 v323 a

Insectreproductionisextremelyvariable,buttheimplicationsofalternative genetic systems are often overlooked in studies on the evolution of insecticide resistance. Both ecotypes of Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head and body lice, are human ectoparasites, the control of which is challenged by the recent spread of resistance alleles. The present study conclusively establishes for the first time that both head and body lice reproduce through paternal genome elimination (PGE), an unusual genetic system in which males transmit only their maternally derived chromosomes. Here, we investigate inheritance patterns of parental genomes using a genotyping approach across families of both ecotypes and show that heterozygous males exclusively or preferentially pass on one allele only, whereas females transmit both in a Mendelian fashion. We do however observe occasional transmission of paternal chromosomes through males, representing the first known case of PGE in which whole-genome meiotic drive is incomplete. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of this finding for the evolution of resistance and invite the development of new theoretical models of how this knowledge might contribute to increasing the success of pediculicide-based management schemes.

10ahuman louse10apaternal genome elimination10apseudo- haplodiplody10aresistance evolution.1 aDe La Filia, A., G.1 aAndrewes, S.1 aClark, Marshall1 aRoss, L. uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5947629/02349nas a2200217 4500008004100000245013900041210006900180300001200249490000700261520166700268653001201935653001701947653001401964653001701978653000901995653001702004100001402021700001402035700001302049856006902062 2016 eng d00aResidual and ovicidal efficacy of essential oil-based formulations in vitro against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus0 aResidual and ovicidal efficacy of essential oilbased formulation a78 - 840 v303 a

Essential oils have shown good experimental potential as novel veterinary ectoparasiticides. However, if they are to be used as veterinary products, they must be available in formulations that are suitable for practical application against specific ectoparasites. Here, the efficacies of formulations containing 5% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oil, in combination with two emulsifiers [a surfactant, 5% (w/v) N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (SLS), and a soluble polymer, 5% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)], with or without 10% coconut oil, were tested in contact bioassays against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). Residual activity was quantified in open and closed containers; ovicidal efficacy was also examined. Exposure to either of 5% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oils with SLS or PVP resulted in louse mortality of 100%, but when coconut oil was included as an excipient, significantly lower efficacy was recorded. However, the formulations became significantly less effective after 2 h in open containers and 40 h in closed containers. The results confirm that the residual activity of essential oils is relatively transitory and the addition of 10% coconut oil does not prolong the period of insecticidal activity by slowing essential oil evaporation. Too short a period of residual activity is likely to be a significant impediment to the effective practical use of essential oils. However, unlike many synthetic pediculicides, the essential oils tested here were highly ovicidal, which suggests that prolonged residual activity may not be essential to kill newly hatched nymphs after treatment.

10aControl10aectoparasite10aLivestock10aparasiticide10apest10aPhytotherapy1 aSands, B.1 aEllse, L.1 aWall, R. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94354.pdf01846nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260001600188300001400204490000700218520124000225100002201465700002201487700002201509700002601531700001901557700002301576856005301599 2016 eng d00aPatterns of cryptic host specificity in duck lice based on molecular data0 aPatterns of cryptic host specificity in duck lice based on molec cJan-06-2016 a200 - 2080 v303 a

Documenting patterns of host specificity in parasites relies on the adequate definition of parasite species. In many cases, parasites have simplified morphology, making species delimitation based on traditional morphological characters difficult. Molecular data can help in assessing whether widespread parasites harbour cryptic species and, alternatively, in guiding further taxonomic revision in cases in which there is morphological variation. The duck louse genus Anaticola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), based on current taxonomy, contains both host-specific and widespread species. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of samples from this genus were used to document patterns of host specificity. The comparison of these patterns with morphological variations in Anaticola revealed a general correspondence between the groups identified by DNA sequences and morphology, respectively. These results suggest that a more thorough taxonomic review of this genus is needed. In general, the groups identified on the basis of molecular data were associated with particular groups of waterfowl (e.g. dabbling ducks, sea ducks, geese) or specific biogeographic regions (e.g. North America, South America, Australia, Eurasia).

1 aESCALANTE, G., C.1 aSweet, Andrew, D.1 aMCCRACKEN, K., G.1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aWilson, R., E.1 aJohnson, Kevin, P. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.2016.30.issue-201995nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196300001400265490000700279520134100286653000901627653001801636653001401654653001501668100001401683700002501697700001601722856005101738 2013 eng d a1365-291500aEctoparasites in urban stray cats in Jerusalem, Israel: differences in infestation patterns of fleas, ticks and permanent ectoparasites.0 aEctoparasites in urban stray cats in Jerusalem Israel difference a314 - 3180 v283 a

In a period cross-sectional study performed to examine ectoparasites on 340 stray cats in Jerusalem, Israel, 186 (54.7%) were infested with the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), 49 (14.4%) with the cat louse, Felicola subrostratus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae), 41 (12.0%) with the ear mite, Otodectes cynotis (Astigmata: Psoroptidae), three (0.9%) with the fur mite, Cheyletiella blakei (Trobidiformes: Cheyletidae), two (0.6%) with the itch mite Notoedres cati (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae), and 25 (7.3%) with ticks of the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae), Rhipicephalus turanicus or Haemaphysalis adleri (Ixodida: Ixodidae). A higher number of flea infestations was observed in apparently sick cats (P < 0.05) and in cats aged < 6 months (P < 0.05). The proportion of flea-infested cats (P < 0.01), as well as the number of fleas per infested cat (P < 0.01), was higher in autumn than in other seasons. By contrast with findings in cats with flea infestations, rates of infestation with ticks were higher amongst cats with clinical signs (P < 0.01) and cats aged ≥ 6 months (P < 0.05). The high rates of ectoparasite infestation in the cats studied constitute a risk for the spread of vector-borne infections of zoonotic and veterinary importance.

10aCats10aectoparasites10aJerusalem10aPrevalence1 aSalant, H1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aBaneth, Gad uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/6894401740nas a2200253 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001200216490000700228520098300235653001201218653001201230653001301242653003001255653001801285653001401303100001801317700001401335700001401349700001301363700001901376856009101395 2015 eng d00aEvidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria0 aEvidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and cJan-03-2015 a94 - 980 v293 a

Pediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty-six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi-spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry.

10aclade A10aclade B10aGenotype10aPediculus humanus capitis10arecombination10asympatry.1 aBOUTELLIS, A.1 aBITAM, I.1 aFEKIR, K.1 aMANA, N.1 aRaoult, Didier uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.2015.29.issue-1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.1205800608nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179300001200248490000700260100002500267700002100292700002300313700002300336700001800359856007300377 1997 eng d00aImmunization of rabbits with faecal extract of Pediculus humanus, the human body louse: effects on louse development and reproduction0 aImmunization of rabbits with faecal extract of Pediculus humanus a315-3180 v111 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aBen-Yakir, David1 aOchanda, James, O.1 aMiller, Jacqueline1 aGalun, Rachel uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38690.pdf00421nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003900041210003700080260003800117300001400155100002700169700002200196856008100218 2001 eng d00aPiolhos (Sugadores e Mastigadores)0 aPiolhos Sugadores e Mastigadores aSão Paulo, BrasilbAtheneuc2001 a183 - 2381 aLinardi, Pedro, Marcos1 aMarcondes, C., B. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/piolhos-sugadores-e-mastigadores02347nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245008000055210006900135260001800204300001400222490000600236520141400242653001201656653001201668653002301680653001101703653001101714653001901725653001601744653001401760653001501774653001401789653003701803653001001840100002301850700001701873700002201890700002201912856008701934 1989 eng d a0269-283X00aPermethrin-impregnated bednets reduce nuisance arthropods in Gambian houses0 aPermethrinimpregnated bednets reduce nuisance arthropods in Gamb aENGLANDc1989 a377 - 3830 v33 a

The prevalence of bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus L.), chicken ticks (Argas persicus Oken) and headlice (Pediculus capitis De Geer) was surveyed in a rural area of The Gambia. At the beginning of the study 37.5% of children's beds were infested with bedbugs and 3.9% with chicken ticks, whilst the prevalence rate of pediculosis in children under 10 years old was 28.8%. Both bedbugs and headlice were clustered within compounds. Headlice prevalence increased with hair length and they were more common on girls than boys. Following this cross-sectional survey all bednets in the sixteen hamlets were either dipped in permethrin or a placebo. About 4 months later it was found that bedbugs and chicken ticks had disappeared from homes in which the bednets had been impregnated with permethrin. There was no reduction in hamlets with placebo-treated bednets. The rate of acquiring headlice between the two surveys was reduced by 91.1% in children who slept under insecticide-treated bednets compared with children with placebo-treated bednets. There were also significantly fewer day-flying and crawling insects, except earwigs, in homes of children who slept under insecticide-treated bednets compared with those with placebo-treated nets. These additional benefits of permethrin-treated bednets should contribute to their widespread acceptance and utilization by the community for personal protection.

10aanimals10abedbugs10aBedding and Linens10aGambia10ahumans10aInsect Control10ainsecticide10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aPyrethrum10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aticks1 aLindsay, Steve, W.1 aSnow, R., W.1 aArmstrong, J., R.1 aGreenwood, B., M. uhttps://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00244.x01176nas a2200301 4500008004100000245003400041210003400075260000900109300001400118490000600132520045500138653001200593653002200605653001100627653001100638653001200649653001900661653001000680653001100690653001000701653000900711653001700720653001000737100001800747700002000765700001700785856007200802 1993 eng d00aLice of farm animals in Libya0 aLice of farm animals in Libya c1993 a138 - 1400 v73 aThis first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.10aanimals10aAnimals, Domestic10aCamels10acattle10achicken10aclassification10agoats10ahorses10aLibya10alice10aParasitology10asheep1 aGabaj, M., M.1 aBeesley, W., N.1 aAwan, M., A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/lice-farm-animals-libya01831nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260001800233300001200251490000600263520083000269653001201099653001401111653001101125653002701136653001901163653000901182653001401191653003701205653002301242100001801265700002001283700001901303700001801322700001801340700001901358856014001377 1995 eng d a0269-283X00aPyrethroid resistance in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis0 aPyrethroid resistance in Australian field populations of the she aENGLANDc1995 a59 - 650 v93 aSynthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance has developed in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis. Laboratory bioassays were used to measure the susceptibility of lice to cypermethrin and the other registered SPs. Results of these bioassays indicated resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin and alphacypermethrin. So far, high-level resistance has been diagnosed in only a few strains. The toxicological responses of these strains were clearly separated from those of the majority of louse strains tested. Furthermore, these strains had survived immersion in commercial SP dips. The level of resistance described in some strains was sufficient to cause pour-on products to fail despite the fact that the LC50s of these strains fell within the normal range of field responses.10aanimals10aAustralia10acattle10aInsecticide resistance10aLethal Dose 5010alice10aPyrethrum10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aSheep/parasitology1 aLevot, G., W.1 aJohnson, P., W.1 aHughes, P., B.1 aPowis, K., J.1 aBoray, J., C.1 aDawson, K., L. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/pyrethroid-resistance-australian-field-populations-sheep-body-louse-bovicola-damalinia-ovis02552nas a2200229 4500008004100000020001400041245010300055210006900158260001800227300001400245490000600259520184400265653001202109653001502121653001902136653000902155653002302164100002102187700001602208700001902224856007902243 1995 eng d a0269-283X00aEvaluation of non-conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep0 aEvaluation of nonconventional treatments for control of the biti aENGLANDc1995 a407 - 4120 v93 a

A variety of non-conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards. In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7-66.3% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9-35.3% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32-35 days post-treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3-99.6% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse-infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0-100% was achieved over the period of the trial. It is concluded that most of the non-conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost-effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40-50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.

10aanimals10aevaluation10aInsect Control10alice10aSheep/parasitology1 aHeath, A., C. G.1 aLampkin, N.1 aJowett, J., H. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00014.x02435nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188260001800257300001400275490000700289520147300296653001201769653002401781653002101805653004601826653001501872653002301887653003701910653001001947653003201957653002001989100002102009700001702030700002102047856007702068 1998 eng d a0269-283X00aSerum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, on experimentally infested sheep0 aSerum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sh aENGLANDc1998 a276 - 2830 v123 a

The sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) feeds superficially on the skin of sheep but appears to stimulate an immune response. In this study we examined the association between louse infestation and serum and skin surface antibodies. Louse numbers were monitored on experimentally infested Polypay and Columbia ewes for two years and on their lambs in the second year. Serum and skin wash samples were tested for antibodies to soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of skin wash extracts on B. ovis were examined in vitro. The titre of anti-B. ovis antibodies in the serum did not differ significantly between infested and naive ewes. However, there was an increase in serum antibody titre which coincided with periods of high louse density in ewes with high louse counts. Infested lambs had higher serum antibody levels than naive lambs. Substantial cross reactivity was evident among extracts of the different insects. Densities of lice on the ewes during population decline were negatively related to the titre of skin surface antibodies. Skin washings collected from sheep during B. ovis population decline reduced the number of louse progeny when incorporated into louse diet. These results indicate that B. ovis stimulates an immune response in sheep and suggest that compounds on the skin surface may play a role in the regulation of louse populations.

10aanimals10aAntibodies/analysis10aBiological Assay10aLice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary10aMallophaga10apopulation density10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10asheep10aSheep Diseases/parasitology10aSkin/immunology1 aJames, Peter, J.1 aMoon, R., D.1 aRagsdale, D., W. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x01288nas a2200253 4500008004100000020001400041245008900055210006900144260000900213300001400222490000700236520054500243653001200788653002100800653001800821653001600839653001400855653001400869653003700883100002100920700002100941700001800962856005400980 2000 eng d a0269-283X00aSusceptibility of British head lice, Pediculus capitis, to imidacloprid and fipronil0 aSusceptibility of British head lice Pediculus capitis to imidacl c2000 a105 - 1070 v143 a

The head louse, Pediculus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) has developed resistance to organochlorines, the organophosphate malathion and to pyrethroids in the U.K. Therefore, headlice from Bristol school children were bioassayed against two new insecticides, fipronil and imidacloprid. Pediculus capitis was fully susceptible to imidacloprid, but it required a relatively high dose and acted slowly. Fipronil acted faster at lower dose, but seemed to be affected by cross-resistance in a small proportion of P. capitis.

10aanimals10aBiological Assay10aDose-Response10ainsecticide10aPediculus10aPyrazoles10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aDowns, A., M. R.1 aStafford, K., A.1 aColes, G., C. uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/1255774102405nas a2200349 4500008004100000020001400041245006300055210006100118260001800179300001400197490000700211520144000218653001201658653002001670653001101690653001101701653002501712653001501737653000901752653001401761653001701775653003701792653001201829653001101841100002101852700001501873700001801888700001601906700001501922700002401937856009401961 2000 eng d a0269-283X00aIsoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis0 aIsoenzymes of human lice Pediculus humanus and P capitis aEnglandc2000 a419 - 4250 v143 a

Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali & Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.

10aanimals10aelectrophoresis10aFrance10ahumans10aIsoenzymes/chemistry10aMadagascar10aMali10aPediculus10apolymorphism10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aSenegal10aU.S.A.1 aAmevigbe, M., D.1 aFerrer, A.1 aChamporie, S.1 aMonteny, N.1 aDeunff, J.1 aRichard-Lenoble, D. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00260.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed01369nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245006800055210006700123260001800190300001400208490000700222520047300229653001500702653001000717653001200727653001000739653002100749653001300770653001100783653003500794653002300829653001400852653001500866653001200881653003700893100002800930700002400958856007300982 2004 eng d a0269-283X00aInfestation of people with lice in Kathmandu and Pokhara, Nepal0 aInfestation of people with lice in Kathmandu and Pokhara Nepal aEnglandc2004 a212 - 2130 v183 a

The prevalence of infestation with head lice and body lice, Pediculus spp. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and pubic (crab) lice Pthirus pubis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae), was recorded from 484 people in Nepal. The prevalence of head lice varied from 16% in a sample of people aged 10-39 years of age, to 59% in street children. Simultaneous infestations with head and body lice (double infestations) varied from 18% in slum children to 59% in street children.

10aadolescent10aadult10aanimals10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahomeless10ahumans10aLice Infestations/epidemiology10aNepal/epidemiology10aPediculus10aPrevalence10aPthirus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aPoudel, Shree, Kanta S.1 aBarker, Stephen, C. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44717.pdf02846nas a2200337 4500008004100000020001400041245016200055210006900217260001800286300001400304490000700318520167200325653002101997653001202018653001302030653002802043653001202071653005602083653001502139653003702154653001702191653001202208653001002220653005502230100002202285700001602307700001502323700001502338700001402353856014102367 2004 eng d a0269-283X00aPrevalence, risk factors and economic importance of infestations with Sarcoptes scabiei and Haematopinus suis in sows of pig breeding farms in Hesse, Germany0 aPrevalence risk factors and economic importance of infestations  aEnglandc2004 a361 - 3670 v183 aA cross-sectional survey was performed in 110 randomly selected pig-breeding farms of southern Hesse, Germany to estimate the prevalence of ectoparasite infestations and to find possible risk factors. Ear scrapings of, if available, 10 sows per farm were examined for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis (De Geer) (Acaridida: Sarcoptidae) by the potassium hydroxide digestion method, and a total of 2754 sows was inspected for skin lesions and infestations with Haematopinus suis (L.) (Anoplurida: Haematopinidae). Data on farm profiles and sows were collected by a questionnaire. In total, 19.1% and 2.5% of the sows were found to be infested with S. scabiei or H. suis, respectively. The percentage of mite or louse infestation was significantly higher in sows showing pruritus than in those without skin lesions. Both ectoparasite infestations were related neither to the age of sows nor their reproduction status, nor to the time interval to last ectoparasite treatment. Using farms as the unit of analysis, the estimated prevalence of mange mite and louse infestations was 45.4% and 14.5%, respectively. There was no significant association between the presence of S. scabiei and H. suis in the farms. Risk factors for S. scabiei infestation were mixed housing of dry and nursing sows in the same unit (vs. separate housing) and straw bedding (vs. strawless). For louse infestation, only mechanical cleaning of stable units (vs. additional use of disinfection methods) and pasturing of gilts and dry sows were identified as risk factors. The economic loss by S. scabiei infestation in the study population was assessed at euro 4200 per affected farm and year on average.10aAnimal Husbandry10aanimals10aAnoplura10aCross-Sectional Studies10aGermany10aLice Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary10aPrevalence10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10arisk factors10aScabies10aSwine10aSwine Diseases/economics/epidemiology/parasitology1 aDamriyasa, I., M.1 aFailing, K.1 aVolmer, R.1 aZahner, H.1 aBauer, C. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/prevalence-risk-factors-and-economic-importance-infestations-sarcoptes-scabiei-and-haematopi00659nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152260000900221300001200230490000700242653001200249653001100261653000800272653001600280653001500296100002100311700002300332700002500355856007300380 1999 eng d00aPyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel: implications for control0 aPyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus cap c1999 a89 - 960 v1310aControl10aIsrael10apdf10aPediculosis10aresistance1 aHemingway, Janet1 aMiller, Jacqueline1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44491.pdf02046nas a2200229 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260000900197300001200206490000700218520132600225100002101551700002301572700002401595700001901619700001901638700002101657700002201678700002201700700001801722856007601740 2004 eng d00aEctoparasites of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to Japan0 aEctoparasites of the Pallas squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus int c2004 a61 - 630 v183 a

Abstract. The squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to Japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. Although they live mainly in forests, Pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. During 2001–2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of Pallas squirrels in Japan. From 105 C. erythraeus captured in Kamakura District of Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu Island, three types of ectoparasite were found: 52 specimens of the sucking louse Neohaematopinus callosciuri Johnson (Anoplura: Haematopinidae), 26 fleas Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) anisus Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and four nymphs of the tick Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) on 22, 13 and one squirrels, respectively. Evidently in Japan C. erythraeus carries relatively few ectoparasite species; this may be a contributory factor to their invasive success. Further investigations are needed to assess risks of zoonotic transmission of plague or murine typhus by C. anisus, of louse‐borne typhus by N. callosciuri and of tularaemia and especially Japanese spotted fever (Rickettsia japonica) by H. flava.

1 aShinozaki, Yasuo1 aShiibashi, Takashi1 aYoshizawa, Kazunori1 aMurata, Koichi1 aKimura, Junpei1 aMaruyama, Soichi1 aHayama, Yoshikazu1 aYoshida, Hironobu1 aNogami, Sadao uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0475.x00434nas a2200145 4500008004100000245002400041210002200065250000800087260004800095300001200143100002200155700002100177700002200198856006800220 2002 eng d00aLice (Phthiraptera)0 aLice Phthiraptera a1st aSan Diego, CaliforniabAcademic Pressc2002 a45 - 651 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aMullen, Gary, R.1 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/lice-phthiraptera-000355nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078260000900115300001400124490000600138100002000144856006900164 1989 eng d00aEctoparasites of the Irish stoat0 aEctoparasites of the Irish stoat c1989 a213 - 2180 v31 aSleeman, D., P. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43539.pdf02286nas a2200265 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260000900200300001200209490000700221520154100228653001901769653000901788653001701797653001701814653001301831653001501844653001001859653000901869100002001878700001601898700001801914700001601932856007201948 2003 eng d00aEctoparasite ticks and chewing lice of red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, in Spain0 aEctoparasite ticks and chewing lice of redlegged partridge Alect c2003 a33 - 370 v173 a

During the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 shooting seasons, 212 wild red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa (Galliformes: Phaisanide) were captured in 18 Spanish provinces and examined for chewing lice and ticks. Three tick species and six species of chewing lice were found. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini & Fanzago, Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch and Ixodes frontalis Panzer were found at the lowest prevalence (1.4% overall tick prevalence). The louse (Mallophaga) species, Goniodes dispar Burmeister (Goniodidae) (52.8%) and Cuclotogaster obscurior Hopkins (Philopteridae) (28.8%) were the most prevalent, while Goniocotes obscurus Giebel (Philopteridae) (10.8%), Menopon pallens Clay (Menoponidae) (7.5%) and Menacanthus lyali Rodriguez et al. (Menoponidae) (3.3%) were found at medium to low prevalence. Columbicola columbae columbae Linnaeus (Philopteridae) was found at the lowest prevalence (0.5%). The intensity of C. obscurior and overall intensity of all lice species were directly related to the environmental mean temperature and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), whereas intensity of G. dispar was directly related to NDVI only. The intensity of G. dispar, C. obscurior, all louse intensity, and louse species richness were higher in male than female birds. Intensity of each louse species, all louse intensity and louse species richness were inversely associated with the nutritional index. No relationship was observed between bird age and louse intensity or species richness.

10aAlectoris rufa10abird10aChewing lice10aectoparasite10aixodidae10aMallophaga10aSpain10aTick1 aCalvete, Carlos1 aEstrada, R.1 aLucientes, J.1 aEstrada, A. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4752.pdf00423nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260000900183300000800192490000700200100002200207856007200229 2001 eng d00aBook Review: Les Poux (Insecta, Anoplura) de la Region Afrotropicale0 aBook Review Les Poux Insecta Anoplura de la Region Afrotropicale c2001 a2240 v151 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3257.pdf02125nas a2200421 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260000900191300001200200490000700212520104500219653001001264653001301274653001401287653000901301653001401310653001101324653001201335653001001347653001701357653001501374653001801389653001001407653001101417653000801428653002201436653001201458653001001470653001501480653001201495100002301507700002501530700002101555700001801576700001801594700001801612856007301630 1996 eng d00aCharacterization of body louse midgut proteins recognized by resistant hosts0 aCharacterization of body louse midgut proteins recognized by res c1996 a35 - 380 v103 a

The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS- PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kda and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F- 1, F-2, F-3, and F-4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F-1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.

10aadult10aantigens10aarthropod10abody10aBoophilus10acattle10aControl10ahuman10aimmunization10aimmunogens10aimmunological10alouse10amidgut10apdf10aPediculus humanus10aprotein10aticks10avaccinated10avaccine1 aOchanda, James, O.1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aBen-Yakir, David1 aOkuru, J., K.1 aOduol, V., O.1 aGalun, Rachel uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38618.pdf01049nas a2200361 4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260000900264300001400273490000700287653000900294653001500303653001200318653001100330653000900341653001700350653000900367653001000376653001700386653001900403653001600422653000800438653001600446653002200462653001400484653001200498100002500510700002100535700001700556700002300573700001800596856007300614 1996 eng d00aImmunogenic proteins in the body and faecal material of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, and their homology to antigens of other lice species0 aImmunogenic proteins in the body and faecal material of the huma c1996 a105 - 1070 v1010ablot10abody louse10acapitis10acattle10agoat10aHaematopinus10ahead10ahuman10aimmunization10aimmunoaffinity10aLinognathus10apdf10aPediculosis10aPediculus humanus10astenopsis10aWestern1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aBen-Yakir, David1 aGunzberg, S.1 aOchanda, James, O.1 aGalun, Rachel uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38615.pdf02566nas a2200481 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260000900184300001400193490000600207520136300213653000901576653001201585653001301597653001201610653000801622653001201630653000901642653001201651653001601663653001101679653001201690653001001702653001001712653001401722653002201736653000801758653001601766653001401782653001501796653001401811653001501825653001001840653001201850100002501862700002101887700002301908700002501931700001801956700002301974700001801997856006902015 1995 eng d00aPermethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel0 aPermethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from I c1995 a427 - 4320 v93 a

Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1% of the children; or another 22.8% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1% v 4%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.

10abody10acapitis10aChildren10aControl10aDDT10aDiptera10ahead10ahumanus10ainsecticide10aIsrael10alindane10alocus10alouse10amechanism10amusca domestica l10apdf10aPediculosis10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aPyrethrum10aresistance10arinse10ashampoo1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aHemingway, Janet1 aMiller, Jacqueline1 aIoffe-Uspensky, Inna1 aKlaus, Sidney1 aBen-Ishai, Fiameta1 aGalun, Rachel uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40221.pdf02360nas a2200373 4500008004100000245015900041210006900200260000900269300001400278490000600292520126700298653001301565653001301578653001401591653001101605653001901616653001701635653001601652653001401668653001101682653000801693653003001701653001701731653002101748653001501769653001001784653001601794100002101810700002501831700001601856700002301872700001801895856007301913 1994 eng d00aImmunization of rabbits with a midgut extract of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus - the effect of induced resistance on the louse population0 aImmunization of rabbits with a midgut extract of the human body  c1994 a114 - 1180 v83 a

Resistance to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L, induced by feeding on rabbits immunized with an extract of louse gut was studied. The mortality of lice fed on immunized rabbits was 73%, significantly higher than that of lice fed on control rabbits (52%) (P < 0.01). The proportion of dead nymphs and female lice with ruptured guts was significantly higher in lice fed on immunized rabbits (P < 0.01). The size of the bloodmeal was 35% greater in female lice fed on control rabbits than on immunized rabbits. Lice fed on immunized rabbits laid 40% less eggs than those fed on the controls, they also demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of eggs per female over time (P < 0.01). 86% of the eggs laid by lice fed on immunized animals hatched, compared with 92% hatching of eggs laid by the lice fed on control animals (P < 0.01). With the exception of the first bloodmeal the percentage of hatched eggs which were laid between any two bloodmeals was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) in the lice fed on immunized rabbits than in the control group. The first nymphal stage of lice fed on immunized rabbits took an average of 5.2 days to moult to the second stage, compared with 4 days for those fed on control rabbits.

10aAnoplura10aantigens10aBoophilus10acattle10aHoplopleuridae10aimmunization10aInfestation10amicroplus10amidgut10apdf10aPediculus humanus humanus10aPhthiraptera10apolyplax serrata10aresistance10aticks10avaccination1 aBen-Yakir, David1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aManor, Orly1 aOchanda, James, O.1 aGalun, Rachel uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38454.pdf02749nas a2200313 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000900223300001000232490000600242520191200248653001202160653001702172653001002189653001402199653000902213653000902222653001002231653001202241653000802253653001202261653001302273653001002286653001702296653001102313100002202324700001702346856007202363 1991 eng d00aEctoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance0 aEctoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara Indonesia w c1991 a1 - 70 v53 a

Ectoparasite records are presented for four species of commensal murid rodents (Rattus rattus palelae Miller & Hollister, R.argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss), R.exulans (Peale) and Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse) in Sulawesi Utara, with particular reference to the potential for these arthropods to bite and transmit pathogens to humans. The flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), was most common on R.r.palelae and is capable of transmitting plague and other pathogens to humans although no current foci for these diseases are known in Sulawesi. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing and Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister) sucking lice parasitized all three Rattus species although H.pacifica was mainly associated with R.exulans and P.spinulosa with R.r.palelae. These lice do not bite humans but may be intramurid vectors of murine typhus and other zoonoses. The mites Laelaps echidnina Berlese and L.nuttalli Hirst were both collected; the latter was recorded from all four murid species, mainly R.exulans. The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst was rare. Only one chigger mite, Walchiella oudemansi (Walch), was retrieved from murids (from R.exulans) and a single Leptotrombidium deliense (Walch) chigger was taken from a human subject. Although L.deliense is a significant vector of scrub typhus, a disease known from Sulawesi, the L.deliense-R.argentiventer relationship frequently noted in the ecology of this rickettsial disease, was not evident in this survey. Other ectoparasites collected from murids were the ticks, Ixodes granulatus Supino (first record for Sulawesi), Haemaphysalis sp. and Dermacentor sp., the mites Myocoptes musculinus (Koch) and Listrophoroids cucullatus (Trouessart), acarids and a uropodid. Additional ectoparasites noted on humans were the tick Amblyoma babirussae (Schulze), the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei L. and the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer.

10adisease10aectoparasite10afleas10aIndonesia10alice10amice10amites10amuridae10arat10aScabies10asulawesi10aticks10atransmission10avector1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aPage, B., F. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2627.pdf01898nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260000900225300001400234490000700248520137900255100002201634700001701656856007901673 1999 eng d00aAbrocomaphthirus hoplai, a new genus and species of sucking louse from Chile and its relevance to zoogeography0 aAbrocomaphthirus hoplai a new genus and species of sucking louse c1999 a447 - 4520 v133 a

Both sexes of Abrocomaphthirus hoplai, new genus and new species (Anoplura: Polyplacidae), are described and illustrated. The endemic Chilean chinchilla rat Abrocoma bennetti Waterhouse (Rodentia: Abrocomidae) is the type host. The definition of the family Polyplacidae is amended to accommodate the new genus. Polyplax longa (Werneck), also referred to in the literature as Neohaematopinus longus Werneck, is reassigned to Abrocomaphthirus. The host of A. longus comb.n., is Abrocoma cinerea Thomas, another chinchilla rat, which inhabits parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. The erection of Abrocomaphthirus as a distinct genus has important zoogeographical and evolutionary implications. The tenuous anomaly of P. longa being the sole native representative of the genus Polyplax in South America, possibly with African affinities, is now refuted. Instead, partial colonization of the neotropics by native species of both Polyplax and Neohaematopinus appears to have been relatively recent and from North America. The phylogenetic affinities of Abrocomaphthirus are unknown, but it appears to be closely related to other, more ancient, native South American polyplacid louse genera, such as Cuyana, Eulinognathus, Galeophthirus, and Lagidiophthirus. Arguments are presented in support of an ancestral zoogeographical link to Africa for these louse genera.

1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aWebb, J., P. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1299.pdf01613nas a2200241 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191260000900260300001400269490000600283520086800289653001401157653001301171653000901184653001401193653001001207653001301217653001101230100001401241700002201255700002201277856007201299 1991 eng d00aThe louse Trinoton anserinum (Amblycera, Phthiraptera), an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Filarioidea, Nematoda), a heartworm of swans0 alouse Trinoton anserinum Amblycera Phthiraptera an intermediate  c1991 a101 - 1100 v53 a

The role of the louse Trinoton anserinum (F) as an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Wehr) was investigated in swans. 8.3% of healthy swans carried one to twelve lice per bird, dispersed contagiously. Injured and lead-poisoned swans were more heavily infected. The mouthparts appear designed to penetrate the hosts' skin; the mandibles are robust and asymmetric, and the maxillae have a serrated intercutting surface. 22% fed exclusively on blood and 33% on both blood and feather. All life-cycle stages fed upon blood and the barbs and barbules from down feathers; hooklets from contour feathers were only found in adults. 9% of lice were infected with developing nematode larvae in the head, thorax or abdomen. Lice labelled with Technetium 99 m moved towards the scapulas and the wings. Lice were found to be highly active and were mobile.

10aanserinum10aFilarial10ahost10aSarconema10aSwans10aTrinoton10avector1 aCohen, S.1 aGreenwood, M., T.1 aFowler, James, A. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0303.pdf