05307nas a2200289 4500008004100000022002500041245009200066210006900158260001600227300001200243490000600255520441300261653004004674653002204714653001704736653002104753653002604774653001804800653002104818653002204839653001804861653001504879653001504894653002004909100001804929856007004947 2023 eng d a2312-4504, 1997-321700aCHECKLIST OF BIRD CHEWING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) OF THE VORONEZH REGION. SUBORDER ISCHNOCERA0 aCHECKLIST OF BIRD CHEWING LICE MALLOPHAGA OF THE VORONEZH REGION cOct-03-2023 a79–920 v53 a

PaPER in Russian : Фауна пухоедов (Mallophaga) птиц Воронежской области. Подотряд Ischnocera

Инвентаризация коллекционного материала, собранного в 1981–2021 гг. в Воронежской области, позволила выявить 45 видов пухоедов из 20 родов и 2 семейств подотряда Ischnocera, паразитирующих на птицах. Впервые для региона указано 22 вида Ischnocera: Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838), B. chrysomytris (Blagoveshtchensky, 1940), B. straminea (Denny, 1842), Philopterus troglodytis Fedorenko, 1986, Ph. turdi (Denny, 1842), Ph. atratus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. excisus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. ocellatus (Scopoli, 1763), Cuclotogaster heterogrammicus (Nitzsch, 1866), Cummingsiella aurea
Hopkins, 1949, Rhynonirmus helvolus (Burmeister, 1838), Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli, 1763), Capraiella subcuspidata (Burmeister, 1838), Degeeriella regalis (Giebel, 1866), Columbicola claviformis (Denny, 1842), C. bacillus (Giebel, 1866), Strigiphilus cursor (Burmeister, 1838), Coloceras liviae (Tendeiro, 1974), Campanulotes bidentatus (Scopoli, 1763), C. drosti Eichler, 1950, C. compar (Burmeister, 1838), Goniocotes microthorax (Stephens, 1829). Некоторые виды пухоедов обнаружены как на типичных, так и на случайных хозяевах (B. borini – на домовом и полевом воробьях, B. varia – на граче, C. uncinosus – на галке, Ph. montani – на домовом воробье, C. unicinosus – на серой вороне и галке). Связи некоторых видов птиц с нетипичными видами пухоедов чаще отмечались в городской среде при высокой численности и концентрации хозяев в подходящих для гнездования стациях. С учетом исследованных ранее пухоедов из подотряда Amblycera, а также Ischnocera – паразитов млекопитающих фауна пухоедов Воронежской области на сегодняшний день насчитывает 80 видов из 35 родов.

К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: пухоеды; Mallophaga; Ischnocera; Воронежская область; эктопаразиты

An inventory of the material collected in 1981–2021 from birds in the Voronezh Region revealed 45 chewing-lice species from 20 genera belonging to two families of the suborder Ischnocera. Twenty-two species of Ischnocera were detected in the region for the first time: Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838), B. chrysomytris (Blagoveshtchensky, 1940), B. straminea (Denny, 1842), Philopterus troglodytis Fedorenko, 1986, Ph. turdi (Denny, 1842), Ph. atratus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. excisus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. ocellatus (Scopoli, 1763), Cuclotogaster heterogrammicus (Nitzsch, 1866), Cummingsiella aurea Hopkins, 1949, Rhynonirmus helvolus (Burmeister, 1838), Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli, 1763), Capraiella subcuspidata (Burmeister, 1838), Degeeriella regalis (Giebel, 1866), Columbicola claviformis (Denny, 1842), C. bacillus (Giebel, 1866),
Strigiphilus cursor (Burmeister, 1838), Coloceras liviae (Tendeiro, 1974), C. bidentatus (Scopoli, 1763), C. drosti Eichler, 1950, Campanulotes compar (Burmeister, 1838), Goniocotes microthorax (Stephens, 1829). Besides typical hosts, some species of
chewing lice were found on occasional ones (B. borini – on house sparrow and Eurasian tree sparrow, B. varia – on rook, C. uncinosus – on western jackdaw, Ph. montani – on house sparrow, C. unicinosus – on hooded crow and western jackdaw). Associations of some bird species with occasional chewing lice species were usually observed in urban environments with a high abundance and concentration of hosts. Together with previously listed species of the suborder Amblycera and mammal-parasitic Ischnocera, the total checklist of chewing lice of the Voronezh Region currently comprises 80 species from 35 genera.

10aAnaticola crassicornis crassicornis10aAquila nipalensis10aChewing lice10aColoeus monedula10aCorvonirmus uncinosus10aCorvus cornix10aDelichon urbicum10aDendrocopos major10aectoparasites10aIschnocera10aMallophaga10aVoronezh Region1 aGaponov, S.P. uhttp://journals.krc.karelia.ru/index.php/biogeo/article/view/174008568nas a2200193 4500008004100000022002500041245008600066210006900152260001600221300001000237490000600247520795300253653001708206653002808223653001508251653002008266100001808286856007008304 2023 eng d a2312-4504, 1997-321700aCHECKLIST OF CHEWING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) OF THE VORONEZH REGION. SUBORDER AMBLYCERA0 aCHECKLIST OF CHEWING LICE MALLOPHAGA OF THE VORONEZH REGION SUBO cFeb-22-2023 a37-500 v13 a

Paper in Russian. Title: ФАУНА ПУХОЕДОВ (MALLOPHAGA) ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ. ПОДОТРЯД AMBLYCERA

Целью исследования являлось составление аннотированного списка видов пухоедов (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga, Amblycera) Воронежской области. Инвентаризация коллекционного материала, собранного в 1976–2021 гг., позволила выявить 30 видов
пухоедов из подотряда Amblycera. Они принадлежат к двум семействам и 12 родам. Впервые для Воронежской области указано 16 видов: Meromenopon incisum (Giebel, 1874), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758), Austromenopon icterum (Burmeister, 1838), Menacanthus alaudae (Schrank, 1776), M. pici (Denny, 1842), Colpocephalum fregili Denny, 1842, C. turbinatum Plaget, 1880, Myrsidea cucullaris (Nitzsch, 1818), M. isostoma (Nitzsch, 1866), M. indivisa (Nitzsch, 1866), M. troglodyti (Denny, 1842), Bonomiella columbae Emerson, 1957, B. concii Eichler, 1947, Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880), H. modesta (Ansari, 1951), Ricinus serratus Durrant, 1906. По числу видов наиболее богато представлены роды Menacanthus (7 видов) и Myrsidea (6 видов). Обнаруженные в Воронежской области виды пухоедов оказались связанными со своими типичными хозяевами. Несколько видов Amblycera (Menacanthus agilis,
M. gonophaeus, Colpocephalum turbinatum) зарегистрированы на случайных хозяевах (гостепаразитизм) в условиях урбоэкосистем.

К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: пухоеды; Mallophaga; Amblycera; паразито-хозяинные связи; Воронежская область

Abstract:

An updated checklist of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga, Amblycera) of the Voronezh Region was compiled based on an inventory of the entomological material collected in 1976-2021. It contains 30 species of chewing lice of the suborder Amblycera.
They belong to two families and 12 genera. Among them, 16 species, – Meromenopon incisum (Giebel, 1874), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758), Austromenopon icterum (Burmeister, 1838), Menacanthus alaudae (Schrank, 1776), M. pici (Denny, 1842),
Colpocephalum fregili Denny, 1842, C. turbinatum Plaget, 1880, Myrsidea cucullaris (Nitzsch, 1818), M. isostoma (Nitzsch, 1866), M. indivisa (Nitzsch, 1866), M. troglodyti (Denny, 1842), Bonomiella columbae Emerson, 1957, B. concii Eichler, 1947, Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880), H. modesta (Ansari, 1951), Ricinus serratus Durrant, 1906 – are registered in the Voronezh Region for the first time. Genera Menacanthus and Myrsidea comprise the highest number of species. Most chewing lice species were associated with
their typical host-species. However, in urban ecosystems of the region, several Amblycera species (Menacanthus agilis, M.  gonophaeus, Colpocephalum turbinatum) were retrieved from occasional host species

10aChewing lice10ahost-parasite relations10aMallophaga10aVoronezh Region1 aGaponov, S.P. uhttp://journals.krc.karelia.ru/index.php/biogeo/article/view/169901773nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260001500240300001200255490000700267520111200274100002401386700002301410700001901433700002501452700002501477856007701502 2014 eng d a0908-885700aNo evidence for long-term effects of reproductive effort on parasite prevalence in great titsParus major0 aNo evidence for longterm effects of reproductive effort on paras cMarch-2014 a179-1860 v453 a

Allocation of resources between the life history traits reproduction and parasite defence are expected because both are energetically costly. Experimental evidence for such allocation has been found in short-term effects of reproduction on parasite prevalence or immune function. However, there is increasing evidence for long-term negative effects of reproductive effort on individuals. This study investigates whether long-term effects of reproductive effort on parasite prevalence exist. Brood sizes of great tits Parus major were experimentally altered in one breeding season and in the subsequent breeding season the prevalence of three parasites types (blood parasites, ticks and fleas) on the surviving parents were investigated. We detected no long-term effects of brood size manipulation on the prevalence of parasites in the next year and therefore provide no evidence for inter-seasonal effects of reproductive effort on parasite prevalence. The post hoc level of statistical power was reasonable for effects on blood parasite and flea prevalence, but low for effects on tick prevalence.

1 ade Jong, Margje, E.1 aFokkema, Rienk, W.1 aUbels, Richard1 avan der Velde, Marco1 aTinbergen, Joost, M. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2013.00199.x02263nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245011200055210006900167260001600236300000900252490000800261520124400269653001601513653003401529653003501563653003101598653004001629653003701669653003401706653004001740653004001780100002601820700001701846700001701863700002001880856007301900 2022 eng d a2118-977300aNew species of Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818 (Ischnocera: Philopteridae), with notes on Cypseloecus Conci, 19410 aNew species of Philopterus Nitzsch 1818 Ischnocera Philopteridae cFeb-04-2022 a1-520 v7903 a

We describe and illustrate eight new species of chewing lice in the genus Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818, parasitic on hosts in the bird families Cardinalidae, Chloropseidae, Hirundinidae, Icteridae, Motacillidae, Paridae, and Vangidae from China, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, and the USA. They are: Philopterus coriaceus sp. nov. from Molothrus oryzivorus oryzivorus (Gmelin, 1788); P. hebes sp. nov. from Chloropsis aurifrons inornata Kloss, 1918 and C. cochinchinensis kinneari Hall & Deignan, 1956; P. micropunctatus sp. nov. from Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907; P. afropari sp. nov. from Melaniparus cinerascens cinerascens (Vieillot, 1818); P. pseudhirundo sp. nov. from Pseudhirundo griseopyga Sundevall, 1850; P. sinensis sp. nov. from Hemipus picatus capitalis (Horsfield, 1840); P. stansburyensis sp. nov. from Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson, 1827); and P. trepostephanus sp. nov. from Tephrodornis virgatus fretensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 and T. v. mekongensis Meyer de Schauensee, 1946. Philopterus hebes sp. nov. constitutes the first record of the genus Philopterus from the Chloropseidae. We also provide some notes on the morphology and status of Cypseloecus Conci, 1941.

10anew species10aPhilopterus afropari sp. nov.10aPhilopterus coriaceus sp. nov.10aPhilopterus hebes sp. nov.10aPhilopterus micropunctatus sp. nov.10aPhilopterus pseudhirundo sp. nov10aPhilopterus sinensis sp. nov.10aPhilopterus stansburyensis sp. nov.10aPhilopterus trepostephanus sp. nov.1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aNajer, Tomas1 aZou, Fasheng1 aBush, Sarah, E. uhttps://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/164103449nas a2200205 4500008004100000245020900041210006900250300001200319490000700331520252700338653001002865653001102875653003002886653001702916653002802933653001302961653001302974100001802987856023803005 2020 eng d00aNotes on the descriptions of some Philopterus species (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae s. l.) of Reed warblers (Acrocephalidae), Kinglets (Regulidae) and Tits (Paridae): a response0 aNotes on the descriptions of some iPhilopterusi species Insecta  a153-1670 v393 a

In their study on "New records of Philopterus …" Najer et al. (2020) complain that they could not make certain taxonomic decisions with sufficient certainty due to a lack of comparative material. They emphatically claim that they were deprived of access to type materials needed for this purpose. This is not true, and tends toward an infringement of ethical standards. In the critical review of their findings presented here, among other things, it is established and justified: 1. The female of Philopterus acrocephalus Carriker, 1949, collected from Acrocephalus l. luscinius † on Guam Island (Marianas, Pacific) is most likely a straggler from another songbird species. 2. To synonymise all Philopterus forms (3 spp.) described so far from Acro-cephalus with Philopterus acrocephalus is impossible. 3. The detailed "redescription of P. acrocephalus" based on material from Acrocephalus melanopogon most likely refers to another, unnamed species. 4. An exact re-description of the holotype of P. acrocephalus is imperative. 5. Instead of declaring Philopterus reguli Denny, 1842 an "invalid name" (but the name is legitimate), it is actually a nomen dubium. 6. The only preserved Philopterus individual (originally of several) in the historical collection of H. Denny, which is said to come from Regulus regulus, but according to Najer et al. (2020) is definitely not conspecific with P. reguli 154 Denny, is most likely the result of an "error". 7. A neo-type is designated for "Philopterus (Docophorus) regu-li Denny, 1842" ex Regulus r. regulus. 8. Philopterus gustafssoni Najer et al., 2020 ex Regulus r. regulus is considered a junior subjective synonym of Philopterus reguli Denny, 1842. 9. The presence of more than one macrochaete on each side of the pronotum connects P. reguli with the Philopterus forms living on some tits (Paridae), to form the reguli species group. After reading the comments of NajEr et al. (2020), it is difficult to avoid the impression that, in addition to disregarding ethical conventions, they did not rise to the taxonomic and nomenclatural challenges of their topic.

This is a response to Najer et al (2020) New records of Philopterus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Acrocephalidae and Locustellidae, with description of one new species from Regulidae, European Journal of Taxonomy 632: 1-37. https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/911 or http://phthiraptera.info/node/94995

10abirds10aethics10ahost-parasite association10anomenclature10aPhilopterus gustafssoni10aresponse10ataxonomy1 aMey, Eberhard uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/347388567_Notes_on_the_descriptions_of_some_Philopterus_species_Insecta_Phthiraptera_Ischnocera_Philopteridae_s_l_of_Reed_warblers_Acrocephalidae_Kinglets_Regulidae_and_Tits_Paridae_a_response01361nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005800041210005600099520077800155100002400933700002400957700001800981700002300999700002001022700002201042700001801064856010901082 2015 eng d00aInfestazione da phthiraptera nell’avifauna italiana0 aInfestazione da phthiraptera nell avifauna italiana3 a

Poster

The present work intend to expose the results of a 9 year long parasitological survey on wild avian fauna. The main goal is to update the checklist of the Italian fauna for the Phthiraptera order with the first signalement of Myrsidea quadrimaculata in Italy. Moreover in this publication we try to explain the differences found in prevalence from species specific and generalist parasites. In the meta-population studied it seems that generalist lice have a greater chance to colonize a single species. Some example are presented as a validation of this theory (Streptopelia decaocto and Parus major) and the example of Turdus merula as a exception to this paradigm. Lastly we show the poor parasitological situation of Erithacus rubecula in Italy.

1 aGiacomelli, Stefano1 aBianchi, Alessandro1 aBertoletti, I1 aNicastro, Mariella1 aFerrari, Nicola1 aGallazzi, Daniele1 aGrilli, Guido uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/277306677_Infestazione_da_Phthiraptera_nell%27avifauna_italiana02349nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245020100055210007000256260001500326300001400341490000700355520155300362653002101915653001601936653001401952100002601966700001701992700002002009700001702029856008502046 2018 eng d a1230-282100aTen new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from nuthatches (Aves: Passeriformes: Sittidae), tits and chickadees (Paridae), and goldcrests (Regulidae)0 aTen new species of iBrueeliai Kéler 1936 Phthiraptera Ischnocera c04-07-2018 a527 - 5570 v633 a

Ten new species of chewing lice in the genus Brueelia Kéler, 1936, are described from hosts in the families Paridae, Reguli- dae, and Sittidae. They are: Brueelia johnsoni n. sp. from Poecile sclateri eidos (Peters, 1927); Brueelia juniperi n. sp. from Baeolophus ridgwayi ridgwayi (Richmond, 1902); Brueelia kabulica n. sp. from Sitta tephronota tephronota Sharpe, 1872; Brueelia mpumalangensis n. sp. from Melaniparus niger niger (Vieillot, 1818); Brueelia nazae n. sp. from Parus cinereus caschmirensis Hartert, 1905; Brueelia oxyrhyncha n. sp. from Sitta nagaensis nagaensis Godwin-Austen, 1874; Brueelia picea n. sp. from Parus major excelsus Buvry, 1857; Brueelia ragusica n. sp. from Sitta neumayer neumayer Michahelles, 1830; Brueelia regulicida n. sp. from Regulus calendula grinnelli Palmer, 1897; Brueelia sittacola n. sp. from Sitta carolinensis car- olinensis Latham, 1790. Brueelia regulicida is the first Brueelia-complex louse to be described from the host family Reguli- dae. Collectively, the Brueelia of parid, regulid, and sittid hosts show two peculiar patterns. Firstly, lice on closely related hosts appear to be distantly related. Secondly, lice on most hosts in these families appear to be more closely related to lice on other host families than to each other. This contradicts the traditional view that Brueelia-complex lice on closely related hosts are them- selves closely related. Potentially, the tendency of the hosts to participate in mixed-species feeding flocks may explain some of these patterns.

10aBrueelia-complex10anew species10aRegulidae1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aChu, Xingzhi1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aZou, Fasheng uhttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ap.2018.63.issue-3/ap-2018-0063/ap-2018-0063.xml00544nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260000900195300001400204490000700218100002200225700001700247700001600264856011800280 1994 eng d00aEctoparasite affects choice and use of roost sites in the Great Tit, Parus major0 aEctoparasite affects choice and use of roost sites in the Great  c1994 a895 - 8980 v471 aChriste, Philippe1 aOppliger, A.1 aRichner, H. uhttps://www.academia.edu/21008606/Ectoparasite_affects_choice_and_use_of_roost_sites_in_the_great_tit_Parus_major00401nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005900041210005300100260000900153300000800162490000600170100003400176856006900210 1900 eng d00aThe chickadee (Parus atricapillus) in eastern Nebraska0 achickadee Parus atricapillus in eastern Nebraska c1900 a1380 v41 aCarriker, Melbourne Armstrong uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41536.pdf00536nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260000900211300001200220490000900232653000900241653000800250100002200258700002600280856007200306 1985 eng d00aA new species of the genus Philopterus (Mallophaga, Philopteridae) from Parus cinetus of Yakutia0 anew species of the genus Philopterus Mallophaga Philopteridae fr c1985 a22 - 230 v198510amtax10aPHP1 aFedorenko, I., A.1 aVasjukova, Tamara, T. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4145.pdf01882nas a2200253 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260000900185300001400194490000800208520115600216653001001372653001601382653000901398653001401407653001701421653001001438653001001448653001501458653001001473653001301483100001801496856011401514 1996 eng d00aEctoparasites, fitness, and social behaviour of yellow-bellied marmots0 aEctoparasites fitness and social behaviour of yellowbellied marm c1996 a686 - 6940 v1023 aParasites can cause a loss of fitness for their hosts, potentially influencing social behaviour patterns of the host that promote or hinder parasite transmission. I studied yellow- bellied marmots (Marmoto flaviventris) and their ectoparasites to determine if ectoparasites reduce the fitness of marmots and to test whether ectoparasite loads differ according to social behaviour. Three taxa of ectoparasites were identified, fleas (Oropsylla stanfordi), lice (Linognathoides marmotae), and mites (family Dermanyssidae). nigh ectoparasite loads were related to slower growth, lower overwinter survival, and reduced reproduction, suggesting that ectoparasites are a fitness cost for marmots. Ectoparasite loads were not higher in colonial than in noncolonial marmots, nor in polygynous than in monogamous adult males. There was a trend, however, toward higher ectoparasite lords in marmots that were dispersing rather than philopatric. Further, ectoparasite loads differed among groups of marmots that nested or hibernated communally, indicating that spatial scale is important in understanding the relationships between parasites and social behaviour.10acliff10acoloniality10acost10adispersal10aDog Diseases10agroup10aNatal10aparasitism10aParus10aswallows1 avan Vuren, D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/ectoparasites-fitness-and-social-behaviour-yellow-bellied-marmots01185nas a2200193 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001400205490000700219520061400226653001500840653000900855653000800864653001100872653001300883100002300896856007200919 1981 eng d00aNew species of biting lice (Mallophaga) of the genera Penenirmus and Rostrinirmus0 aNew species of biting lice Mallophaga of the genera Penenirmus a c1981 a161 - 1680 v283 a

Descriptions are given of the following seven new species of biting lice (Mallophaga) collected off passerines in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria (type hosts given in parentheses): Penenirmus barusi sp.n. (Phoenicurus ochruros), P. kuxi sp.n. (Locustella luscinioides), P. pikulai sp.n. (Sylvia nisoria), Rostrinirmus carpodaci sp.n. (Carpodacus erythrinus), R. hudeci sp.n. (Parus major), R. pflegeri sp.n. (Acrocephalus palustris) and R. tulackovae sp.n. (Locustella fluviatilis). The genus Pleurinirmus Zlotorzycka, 1964 has been demonstrated to be a synonym of Penenirmus Clay et Meinertzhagen, 1938.

10aIschnocera10amtax10aPHP10aSurvey10ataxonomy1 aBalát, František uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2318.pdf01214nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160260000900229300001200238490000600250520068600256653000900942653000800951100001800959856007900977 1988 eng d00aZur taxonomie der auf meisen (Paridae) parasitierenden Docophorulus - arten (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Philopteridae)0 aZur taxonomie der auf meisen Paridae parasitierenden Docophorulu c1988 a71 - 770 v13 a

To the taxomony of Docophorulus species (Insceta, Phthiraptera, Philopteridae) parasitising tits (Paridae). Only three species of Docophorulus from tits have been described. They belong to the pallescens - species group newly established here. To it D. h. hercynicus n. sp., ex Parus c. caeruleus and D. hercynicus peripariphilus peripariphilusn. sp. ex Parus a. aterare orded. Further, D. thuringiacus n. sp. ex Parus m. major is described and illustrated. Besides D. thuringiacus ssp. ex Parus cristatus it represent an other [sic] species group. It hasn't been surely realised yet whether there also is the North American D. rutteri in Europe on Parus montanus ssp.

10amtax10aPHP1 aMey, Eberhard uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0477.pdf