02131nas a2200157   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260000900218300001600227490000700243520159400250100001301844700001701857700002601874856007301900       1999                        eng d00aSexual selection for white tail spots in the barn swallow in relation to habitat choice by feather lice0 aSexual selection for white tail spots in the barn swallow in rel  c1999  a1201 - 12050 v583 aMany bird species have white spots in their tails or wing feathers, and such characters have been hypothesized to be either reliable signals (handicaps) or amplifiers that facilitate the message of a signal. In barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, the size of the white spots in the tail feathers is sexually dimorphic and positively correlated with feather length. We tested whether such spots act as handicaps or amplifiers. These white spots affect sexual selection in barn swallows, as shown by an experiment in which we randomly subjected males to (1) a considerable reduction of the size of all the spots by the use of a black permanent marker pen, (2) a small reduction of the size of the spots, or (3) no reduction. There was a positive association between spot size and the number of offspring produced per season. The white tail spots were preferred by feather-eating Mallophaga as a feeding site: holes made by Mallophaga were more abundant in the white spots than expected by chance. A habitat choice experiment with Mallophaga on barn swallow tail feathers revealed that they preferred white spots over black parts of the tail feathers. We therefore expected long-tailed male barn swallows to have more Mallophaga than short-tailed males. However, the opposite relationship was observed, indicating that long-tailed males may reliably signal their quality by the presence of large white tail spots without parasite damage. Thus white tail spots in barn swallows appear to be a reliable signal of phenotypic quality. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.1 aKose, M.1 aMänd, Raivo1 aMøller, Anders, Pape  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45045.pdf02060nas a2200181   4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000900244300001400253490000700267520142700274653001701701653001201718653003401730100001501764700002601779856007301805       1999                        eng d00aSexual selection, feather breakage and parasites: The importance of white spots on the tail of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)0 aSexual selection feather breakage and parasites The importance o  c1999  a430 - 4360 v453 aThe long outermost tail feathers of barn swallows Hirundo rustica have white spots that are larger in males than in females and in adults than in juveniles. Spot size increases with age among adults and is positively correlated with tail length. We tested the functional significance of these white spots by randomly assigning males to either of three groups during spring: (1) subjected to a considerable reduction in the size of all spots using a black permanent pen; (2) subjected to a small reduction in the size of all spots; or (3) a controlgroup with no reduction. Experimental treatment significantly aected the total number of ospring produced per season: breeding tended to be delayed and second broods were less frequent after a considerable reduction in the size of the males' tail feather spots. White parts of feathers lacking melanin were more often found to be the site of feather breakage than the melanised parts of similar width. Furthermore, white tail spots were the preferred feeding site of feather-eating Mallophaga and, since long-tailed males have fewer Mallophaga than short-tailed males, long-tailed males may pay a lower cost for their large white tail spots than short-tailed males. Hence, the cost of increased risk of feather breakage at white tail spots and the non-random distribution of feather lice among individuals will render tail spots a reliable signal of phenotypic quality.
10abarn swallow10amelanin10asecondary sex characteristics1 aKose, Mati1 aMøller, Anders, Pape  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42221.pdf01738nas a2200181   4500008004100000245006100041210005900102260000900161300001100170490000700181520120800188653000901396653000801405100002601413700002401439700002001463856007301483       1999                        eng d00aA preliminary study on Mallophaga in South African birds0 apreliminary study on Mallophaga in South African birds  c1999  a9 - 210 v683 a<p>Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus minor (Piag.) from Bubulcus ibis is recognized a valid subspecies. Pseudocolopocephalum doriabagla Ansari from Oriental Bubulcus ibis coromandus is regarded now as a junior synonym (syn. n.) of C. d. minor (Piag.). Austromenopon aegialitidis (Durr.) is recorded for the first time from the Afrotropical Region and from Stephanibyx coronatus. Actornithophilus hoplopteri (Mj&ouml;b.) and Cypseloecus excisus are recorded for the first time from Anitibyx armatus and Hirundo spilodera, respectively. An unknown louse of the subfamily Brueeliinae was collected from Spreo bicolor. Occurrence of the following lice species in the Afrotropical Region has been confirmed: Dennyus conarxi B&uuml;tt. from Tachymarptis melba, Colimenopon sp. from Urocolius indicus, Plegadiphilus threskiornis Bedl. from Threskiornis aethiopicus, Actornithophilus crinitus Clay from Stephanibyx coronatus, Saemundssonia africana Timm. from S. coronatus, Quadraceps kilimandjarensis (Kell.) from S. coronatus, Q. chorleyi Timm. from Antibyx armatus, Q. princeps Timm. from Rhinoptils aftricanus hartingi and Oedicnemiceps sp. from Burhinus capensis. Biometric data of parasites are presented.</p>
10amtax10aPHP1 aZłotorzycka, Jadwiga1 aModrzejewska, Maria1 aKopij, Grzegorz  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37852.pdf