00977nas a2200145 4500008004100000245002600041210002600067260000900093300001400102490000700116520057800123100002800701700002900729856007300758 2003 eng d00aPediculosis in Brazil0 aPediculosis in Brazil c2003 a579 - 5860 v103 aPediculosis is an illness that have had been known since the remotest times until the days of today, being considered a Public Health serious problem in all Americas. Lice are blood-sucking insects and specific parasites of human beings: Pediculus humanus capitis, head lice; Pediculus humanus corporis, body lice and Phthirus pubis,pubic lice. The article is going to show aspects tied to louse, suches: biology, distribution, clinical manifestation and diagnosis. Beyond, of some controls that have been used in Brazil, like: chemical, homemade and educational control. 1 aBarbosa, Júlio, Vianna1 aPinto, Zeneida, Teixeira uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47001.pdf02843nas a2200193 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148260000900217300001400226490000700240520216600247653001502413653001902428653002402447100003002471700002202501700002202523856010402545 2003 eng d00aThe problem of pediculosis capitis in school children of the metropolitan area of San Jose, Costa Rica0 aproblem of pediculosis capitis in school children of the metropo c2003 a177 - 1800 v583 a

El problema de la pediculosis capitis en escolares del área metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica. (paper in Spanish)

El problema de la pediculosis capitis fue estudiado en 7.312 niños procedentes de 28 escuelas del Area Metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica., mediante observación al ojo desnudo (NEO). De los casos presuntivos se tomó un muestra de cabello o de los supuestos parásitos. Este material fue aclarado y montado en medio Hoyer para su posterior observación microscópica. Se encontraron, 730 (10,0%) niños positivos al menos por una de las siguientes formas parasitarias: huevos eclosionados o no eclosionados, ninfas y adultos de P. humanus capitis. 590 (80,8%) de los positivos fueron niñas y 140 (19,2%) fueron niños. Las tasas de prevalencia observadas en las escuelas estudiadas mostraron valores entre el 3,2 y el 27,2%. Los datos obtenidos sugieren que la pediculosis capitis es uno de los problemas de salud pública más comunes en nuestros niños el cual puede interferir con los procesos de aprendizaje y el bienestar general de la población infantil.

Abstract in English

The problem of pediculosis capitis was studied in 28 schools of the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica. 7.312 children were evaluated by naked eye observation (NEO) and a sample of hair or presuntive parasite forms was collected in all the suspected cases of pediculosis capitis. This material was cleared and mounted in Hoyer’s medium for microscopic observation. 730 (10.0%) of the testedchildren were positive at least for one of the following parasite forms: hatched or non-hatched eggs, nymphs and adults. 590 (80.8%) of the positive children were girls and 140 (19.2%) were boys.The prevalence rates observed in the studied schools showed values between 3.2 and 27.2%. These data suggest that pediculosis capitis is one of the most common public health problems in our children, that can interfere with their learning processes and general welfare.

 

10aCosta Rica10aectoparásitos10aPediculosis capitis1 aCalderón-Arguedas, Olger1 aSolano, Mayra, E.1 aSánchez, Claudio uhttps://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0717-77122003000300017&lng=en&nrm=iso02498nas a2200253 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181260000900250300001400259490000700273520154300280653001401823653001201837653001601849653001401865653001501879100002501894700003301919700002801952700002201980700002902002700002702031856018602058 2003 eng d00aPrevalence and levels of Permethrin resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina0 aPrevalence and levels of Permethrin resistance in Pediculus huma c2003 a447 - 4500 v403 a

Permethrin has been used extensively for control of Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer(Anoplura: Pediculidae) in Argentina since 1990, resulting in the development of resistance to this and other pyrethroids. This resistance was Þrst detected in some Þeld populations in 1997. A survey for resistance in Buenos Aires in 2001 revealed signifcant resistance levels in lice on children at 24 of 26 (92.3%) schools. When compared with a previously unexposed reference population, resistance ratios (RRs) obtained by exposing the insects to Þlter papers impregnated with permethrin ranged from 2 to 60 in 10 (39%) of the schools. RRs in the remaining 14 (61%) populations were too great to not be measured with the Þlter paper method (RR 88.7). As an alternative, we used topical applications of 0.1 l of acetone solution of permethrin on the dorsal abdomen of adults and third instars. This topical method, which has not been previously reported for head lice, was capable of quantifying higher levels of resistance. Highly resistant populations had RRs from 162.5 to 655.2. When applied to populations with low and intermediate levels of resistance, results from the Þlter paper and topical application methods were highly correlated, and RRs from topical application were higher than those from the Þlter paper method. Results from the combination of the two methods indicated that head lice among Buenos Aries school children are highly resistant to permethrin, and the resistance is widespread.

10aArgentina10acapitis10aPediculosis10aPediculus10aPermethrin1 aVassena, Claudia, V.1 aMougabure-Cueto, Gastón, A.1 aGonzález-Audino, Paola1 aAlzogaray, R., A.1 aZerba, Eduardo, Nicolás1 aPicollo, María, Inés uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/8955671_Prevalence_and_Levels_of_Permethrin_Resistance_in_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_De_Geer_Anoplura_Pediculidae_from_Buenos_Aires_Argentina02174nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245009600055210006900151260000900220300001400229490000700243520137700250653001201627653001101639653001901650653003501669653001401704653003701718653001101755100001701766700002101783700001501804700002401819856006501843 2003 eng d a0932-011300aPotential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii0 aPotential role of head lice Pediculus humanus capitis as vectors c2003 a209 - 2110 v903 a

Since the pioneering work of Charles Nicolle in 1909 [see Gross (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10539-10540] most medical officers and scientists have assumed that body lice are the sole vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the aetiological agent of louse-borne epidemic typhus (LBET). Here we review the evidence for the axiom that head lice are not involved in epidemics of LBET. Laboratory experiments demonstrate the ability of head lice to transmit R. prowazekii, but evidence for this in the field has not been reported. However, the assumption that head lice do not transmit R. prowazekii has meant that head lice have not been examined for R. prowazekii during epidemics of LBET. The strong association between obvious (high) infestations of body lice and LBET has contributed to this perception, but this association does not preclude head lice as vectors of R. prowazekii. Indeed, where the prevalence and intensity of body louse infections may be high (e.g. during epidemics of LBET), the prevalence and intensity of head louse infestations is generally high as well. This review of the epidemiology of head louse and body louse infestations, and of LBET, indicates that head lice are potential vectors of R. prowazekii in the field. Simple observations in the field would reveal whether or not head lice are natural vectors of this major human pathogen.

10aanimals10ahumans10aInsect vectors10aLice Infestations/epidemiology10aPediculus10aRickettsia prowazekii/physiology10atyphus1 aRobinson, D.1 aLeo, Natalie, P.1 aProciv, P.1 aBarker, Stephen, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00436-003-0842-501983nas a2200337 4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260002500233300001200258490000700270520092400277653001201201653001001213653002201223653000901245653001101254653001601265653004801281653001401329653001501343653001401358653002101372653002401393653002401417100001801441700001701459700001401476700001601490856013901506 2003 eng d a1211-428600aPrevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1% permethrin and 0.4% d-phenothrin in Turkey0 aPrevalence and treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis with 1 per aCzech Republicc2003 a73 - 750 v463 aPediculosis humanus capitis (head lice) is an important public health problem among school children. In our study, 20,612 schoolchildren (10,367 boys, 10,245 girls) were examined for Pediculus humanus capitis in 36 elementary schools between December 1996 and February 1998 in Ankara, Turkey. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation was found to be 3.4% (701/20,612). Of these, 382 students were treated with application of 1% permethrin cream rinse, and 184 students with 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo. On day 14 of the controlled trial, the success rates were 93.7% in the 1% permethrin cream rinse group and 75.5% in the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo group. The 1% permethrin cream rinse was also significantly more active in pediculicidal efficacy when compared to the 0.4% d-phenothrin shampoo (p<0.001). As a result, these findings demonstrate that pediculosis capitis still remains a widespread health problem.10aanimals10achild10aComparative Study10ahair10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aPyrethrum10ascalp dermatoses10aSingle-Blind Method10aTurkey/epidemiology1 aTanyuksel, M.1 aAraz, R., E.1 aAlbay, A.1 aAycicek, H. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/prevalence-and-treatment-pediculus-humanus-capitis-1-permethrin-and-04-d-phenothrin-turkey02283nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245007200055210006900127260000900196300001600205490000700221520128600228653001101514653001201525653001301537653000801550653002501558653001201583653001101595653004301606653002801649653001401677653003701691653001701728100001601745700001501761700001801776856017501794 2003 eng d a0960-982200aMolecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing0 aMolecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of cloth c2003 a1414 - 14170 v133 a

The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.

10aAfrica10aanimals10aClothing10adna10aEvolution, Molecular10ahistory10ahumans10aLice Infestations/history/parasitology10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aTime Factors1 aKittler, R.1 aKayser, M.1 aStoneking, M. uhttps://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982203005074%3Fshowall%3Dtrue02490nas a2200289 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001400205490000700219520158900226653001201815653003901827653002101866653001401887653001101901653005101912653002301963653001401986653004102000100002102041700002102062700002002083700002002103700002002123856005702143 2003 eng d00aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis Anoplu c2003 a628 - 6350 v403 a

Four geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10% slower development and approximately 15% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.

10aanimals10aAnti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology10aFeeding Behavior10ageography10ahumans10aLice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology10aMolting/physiology10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aYoon, Kyong, Sup1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article/40/5/628/86303101529nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245012000055210006900175260001700244300001400261490000800275520066700283653001200950653001800962653000800980653001400988653001101002653001401013653001401027653001501041653003301056100001301089700002901102700002001131700001901151856006901170 2003 eng d a1631-069100aThe geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus humanus0 ageographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculu aFrancec2003 a565 - 5740 v3263 a

In order to investigate human-louse phylogeny, we partially sequenced two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha) and one mitochondrial (COI) genes from 155 Pediculus from different geographical origins. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and EF-1 alpha sequences showed that human lice were classified into lice from Sub-Saharan Africa and lice from other areas. In both clusters, head and body lice were clearly grouped into two separate clusters. Our results indicate that the earliest divergence within human pediculidae occurred between African lice and other lice, and the divergence between head and body lice was not the result from a single event.

10aanimals10aBase Sequence10adna10ageography10ahumans10aPediculus10aPhylogeny10apolymerase10aRNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics1 aYong, Z.1 aFournier, Pierre-Edouard1 aRydkina, E., B.1 aRaoult, Didier uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45968.pdf02423nas a2200349 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181260000900250300001400259490000700273520132900280653001601609653001201625653002901637653001101666653001601677653002801693653001401721653001501735653001401750653003701764653002801801653001301829653003901842100002001881700002001901700001901921700002401940700001801964700001801982856007302000 2003 eng d00aMolecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aMolecular analysis of a para sodium channel gene from pyrethroid c2003 a468 - 4740 v403 aThe problem of pyrethroid-resistance in head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is growing worldwide, and an insensitive sodium channel is suspected as the major mechanism of this resistance. We sequenced an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the para-orthologous sodium channel from an insecticide-susceptible strain of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), based on conserved peptide sequences and a known partial gene sequence. Phenothrin-susceptible and -resistant head louse colonies from Japanese were individually analyzed for point mutations of the sodium channel cDNA; susceptible head and body lice differed in double homozygous synonymous substitutions. The resistant head lice shared 23 base substitutions homozygously, in which four resulted in amino acid substitutions: D11E in the N-terminal inner-membrane segment; M850T in the outer-membrane loop between segments four and five of domain II; T952I and L955 F in the trans-membrane segment five of domain II. The latter two substitutions coincided with those of pyrethroid-resistant head lice in the U.S. and U.K. (Lee et al. 2000), within the available published information on the peptide sequences. The potential mechanisms of head louse pyrethroid-resistance are discussed based on the four structural changes of the target molecule.10aAmino Acids10aanimals10aDrug Resistance/genetics10ahumans10ainsecticide10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPediculus10apolymerase10aPyrethrum10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aRNA, Messenger/genetics10asequence10aSodium Channels/chemistry/genetics1 aTomita, Takashi1 aYaguchi, Noboru1 aMihara, Minoru1 aTakahashi, Masakazu1 aAgui, Noriaki1 aKasai, Shinji uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44754.pdf02919nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260002000233300001200253490000700265520187800272653001202150653001402162653001002176653002102186653001102207653003502218653001402253653001502267653001702282653002102299653001202320653003002332653002602362100001602388700002802404700002002432856014102452 2003 eng d a0014-672200aPrevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school children at Despenaderos, Cordoba Province0 aPrevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in school ch aArgentinac2003 a43 - 530 v603 a

Paper in Spanish. Title: Prevalencia de infestación por Pediculus humanus capitis en escolares de despeñaderos (Provincia de Córdoba) / Prevalence of pediculus humanus capitis infestation in schoolchildren at Despeñaderos, Córdoba Province

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80% of Argentine children have pediculosis, making it imperious to detect the defects in the prevention and control actions for this parasitosis. OBJECTIVES: To study the infestation level by P. h. capitis, its temporal variation, and the association between infestation and host characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monthly census in children of 6-8 years old from 2 primary schools (state and private) was carried out, recording the parasite stages found, children characteristics (sex, colour and length of hair), and infestation level. Data were analysed by means of contingency tables, difference of proportions, quotient of chances, and rank correlation coefficient. The independence of variables was analysed by c' test. RESULTS: The prevalence and chances of becoming infested were higher at the state school, where also all infestation levels were recorded, which did not occur at the private institute. The frequency of children infested was significantly lower when they had short hair. The correlation among infestation degree and hair length (short-long) was only significant for boys. Pediculosis cases were recorded at the beginning of the school year in both educative institutions, which demonstrated that infestation was acquired not only at school but also at home. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculosis is a social problems and the whole community must participate in preventive and control actions, for which sanitary education is essential, and the myth that the school is the only place of contagion must be eradicated.

10aanimals10aArgentina10achild10aEnglish Abstract10ahumans10aLice Infestations/epidemiology10aPediculus10aPrevalence10arisk factors10ascalp dermatoses10aSeasons10aSeverity of Illness Index10aSocioeconomic Factors1 aRamirez, A.1 aAlmeida, F., F. Luduena1 aAlmiron, W., R. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/prevalence-pediculus-humanus-capitis-infestation-school-children-despenaderos-cordoba-provin00479nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260000900200300001400209490000700223100001900230700002400249856007200273 2003 eng d00aSusceptibility of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pediculicides in Australia0 aSusceptibility of head lice Pediculus humanus capitis to pedicul c2003 a476 - 4780 v901 aHunter, J., A.1 aBarker, Stephen, C. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6651.pdf