05630nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012300054210006900177260001200246300001000258490000700268520477800275653001305053653001205066653002205078653001905100100002605119700002305145700002105168700002005189700002105209700001405230700001905244700002205263856006705285 2019 eng d a1567134800aMitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of Pediculus humanus reveals a new Amazonian clade “F”0 aMitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of iPedicul c06-2019 a1 - 80 v703 a

Pediculus humanus is an obligate and highly intimate bloodsucking insect parasite of humans that has two ecotypes, head louse and body louse. This study analyzed genetic diversity at three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b [cytb], cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 [cox1] and 12S ribosomal RNA [12S]) in 98 head lice collected from an isolated Native American population from the Wayampi community in Trois-Sauts, French Guiana. These results are integrated with all prior data of P. humanus (1402 cytb, 743 cox1 and 344 12S) from other parts of the world. The phylogenetic analysis revealed six highly divergent and well-supported monophyletic clades. Five clades corresponded to the previously recognized mitochondrial clades A, D, B, C and E, while the sixth (clade F) was novel, as it exhibited 5.4%, 3.7% and 3.6% divergence at cytb, cox1 and 12S, respectively, from its nearest neighbor clade B. Interestingly, the clade F has only been recovered in a few lice sequences from Mexico and Argentina, while it was the most common lineage in the Amazonian lice, which hints its association with the Native American region. Furthermore, Pediculus mjobergi, a New World monkeys' louse, which is thought to be transmitted to monkeys from the first humans that had reached the American continent thousands of years ago, also belonged to this clade, suggesting that this louse may not be a separate species but an evolutionary lineage of P. humanus. The discovery of new Amazonian clade F with the recovery of additional haplotypes within each of the five clades demonstrates that the levels of genetic diversity in P. humanus are higher than previously thought.

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.006

Figure  S1. (A)  Cytb  sequences  alignment  and  (B)  DNA  sequence  chromatograms  of clade F haplotypes identified in this study showing the polymorphic sites.

Figure  S2.  (A)  Cox1  sequences  alignment  and  (B)  DNA  sequence  chromatograms  of clade F haplotypes identified in this study showing the polymorphic sites. 

Figure S2.(A) 12S sequences alignment and (B) DNA sequence chromatograms of clade F haplotypes identified in this study showing the polymorphic sites.

Figure  S4.  (A)  12S  sequences  alignment  of  clade  F  haplotypes  and  (B)  12S  DNA sequence chromatogram of P. mjobergi amplified in this study.

Figure  S5.Maximum-likelihood  (ML)  analysis  of Cytb  (A), Cox1  (B)  and  12S  (C) haplotypes of Pediculushumanus. Bootstrap values (500 replicates) are shown above thebranches.  The  scale  bar  shows  K2P  distances.  The  node  for  each  clade  with  multiple haplotypes is collapsed to a vertical triangle, with the horizontal depth indicating the level of intra-clade divergence. Bracketed numbers next to each clade’s name indicate the number of haplotypes  analyzed  and  the  average  intra-clade  distance.  Analyses  were  conducted  in MEGA6.

Table  S1.  Additional  louse  specimens  included  in  this  study,  obtained  from  the  private  frozen collection of world lice belonging to our laboratory.

Table  S2.Pediculus  mjobergi  sequences  from  new  world  monkey  (Alouatta  caraya) included in this study. The cox1 and cytb P. mjobergi sequences analyzed in this study were those  reported  by  Drali  et  al.  (2016)  collected  from  two  monkey  individuals  B2188  and B1395.  The  12S  sequences  were  amplified  in  this  study  from  three P.  mjobergi  specimens from monkey individual B2188.

Table S3. Geographic occurrences and frequencies of cytb haplotypes of human head and body lice.

Table  S4.  Geographic  occurrences  and  frequencies  ofcox1  haplotypes  of  human  head and body lice

Table S5. Geographic occurrences and frequencies of 12S haplotypes of human head 576 and body lice.

Table  S6.  Distribution of  the  head  lice  haplotypes identified  in  this  study,  according  to mitochondrial genes, among the 22 infested Amazonian individuals.

10aAmazonia10aClade F10aGenetic diversity10aphylogeography1 aAmanzougaghene, Nadia1 aFenollar, Florence1 aDavoust, Bernard1 aDjossou, Félix1 aAshfaq, Muhammad1 aBITAM, I.1 aRaoult, Didier1 aMediannikov, Oleg uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S156713481830675002044nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245007100054210006900125260001600194300001400210490000700224520132100231653002501552653001801577653001901595100001701614700002401631700001801655700002001673700002401693700001901717856006601736 2016 eng d a1567134800aHost switching of human lice to new world monkeys in South America0 aHost switching of human lice to new world monkeys in South Ameri cJan-04-2016 a225 - 2310 v393 a

The coevolution between a host and its obligate parasite is exemplified in the sucking lice that infest primates. In the context of close lice–host partnerships and cospeciation, Pediculus mjobergi, the louse of New World primates, has long been puzzling because its morphology resembles that of human lice. To investigate the possibility that P. mjobergi was transmitted to monkeys from the first humans who set foot on the American continent thousands of years ago, we obtained and compared P. mjobergi lice collected from howler monkeys from Argentina to human lice gathered from a remote and isolated village in Amazonia that has escaped globalization. Morphological examinations were first conducted and verified the similarity between the monkey and human lice. The molecular characterization of several nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers in the two types of lice revealed that one of the P. mjobergi specimens had a unique haplotype that clustered with the haplotypes of Amazonian head lice that are prevalent in tropical regions in the Americas, a natural habitat of New World monkeys. Because this phylogenetic group forms a separate branch within the clade of lice from humans that were of American origin, this finding indicates that human lice have transferred to New World monkeys.

10aAmazonian head louse10aco-speciation10ahost-switching1 aDrali, Rezak1 aAbi-Rached, Laurent1 aBOUTELLIS, A.1 aDjossou, Félix1 aBarker, Stephen, C.1 aRaoult, Didier uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567134816300399