02572nas a2200253 4500008004100000022002500041245008900066210006900155260001600224300001400240490000800254520182800262653002902090653000902119653000902128653002402137653001702161653000902178653001002187100001502197700002202212700001902234856006502253 2022 eng d a0932-0113, 1432-195500aDevelopment of molecular detection methods of Bovicola ovis from sheep fleece0 aDevelopment of molecular detection methods of iBovicola ovisi fr cApr-18-2022 a1597-16060 v1213 a

The sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis) commonly referred to as sheep lice are small chewing ectoparasites of sheep. Infection results in significant economic costs to the Australian sheep industry due to reduced wool quality caused by chronic itching from sheep rubbing and biting fleece. Treatment relies on use of insecticides; however, resistance has developed against pyrethroid and other insect growth regulator lousicides. There is urgent need to develop cost-effective lice management to reduce the use of insecticides, with the application of insecticidal treatments only applied when an infestation is detected. However, the current detection method relies on fleece parting for detection of B. ovis which is highly dependent on the skill of the inspector, the number of sheep examined, and the prevalence and severity of the infestation. To improve B. ovis detection, a highly sensitive (5 × 10−8 ng/μL) and specific multiplex quantitative PCR which simultaneously detects sheep lice and sheep DNA was developed. In addition, a B. ovis loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for field use. The B. ovis LAMP (Bov-LAMP) assay was optimized to reliably detect B. ovis from wool samples down to 5 × 10−6 ng/μL, with time to positive (Tp) < 10 min. Both assays demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid identification of B. ovis DNA from sheep fleece samples and have the capacity to be used for ongoing management and surveillance of B. ovis in Australian sheep flocks.

10aIsothermal amplification10aLAMP10alice10aMolecular Detection10aParasitology10aqPCR10asheep1 aTran, Lily1 aRawlin, Grant, T.1 aBeddoe, Travis uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-022-07520-903562nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001600239490000600255520280300261653001303064653004403077653001503121653002003136653001503156100002003171700002503191700002003216700002303236856007303259 2022 eng d a2297-176900aEpidemiological and therapeutic studies on sheep lice in Sayint district, South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia0 aEpidemiological and therapeutic studies on sheep lice in Sayint  cNov-03-20220 v93 a

An epidemiological (cross-sectional) and therapeutic (randomized controlled field trial) study was conducted on sheep lice in Sayint district, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to (i) quantify the magnitude of sheep lice burden and the prevailing lice species, (ii) identify and quantify risk factors affecting lice infestation in sheep, and (iii) evaluate the efficacy of commonly used acaricides (diazinon and ivermectin) against sheep lice infestation. A total of 232 randomly selected sheep, 15 naturally infested sheep, and 80 viable Bovicola ovis lice were used for epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro based therapeutic studies, respectively. Three naturally infested treatment groups each with five sheep (Group I—treated with diazinon, Group II—treated with ivermectin, and Group III—untreated/control) were used for in vivo therapeutic study. Lice count for the corresponding treatment groups was conducted on weekly basis using clinical and parasitological examinations. We used logistic regression to quantify the association between different putative risk factors and lice infestation, and the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA to compare the within and between treatment group mean lice count variations. The overall prevalence of sheep lice in the study area was 48.3%, where Bovicola ovis (83%) was the dominant lice species. Hair length, body condition, agroecology, and season were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) associated with sheep lice infestation. Analysis of variance revealed that mean lice count significantly (P &lt; 0.05) varies between treatment groups. A significant (P &lt; 0.05) low mean lice cunt was recorded in diazinon- and ivermectin-treated groups when compared to untreated group. The in vivo efficacy of ivermectin (81%) was lower than diazinon (99%) when compared to the efficacy standard limit (98–100%). However, no significant mean lice count variation was recorded between the two groups. In vivo (99%) and in vitro (95%) assay evidence revealed that diazinon was highly effective for the treatment of sheep lice. According to this study, it can be concluded that the magnitude of sheep lice burden in Sayint district was found to be high and this could have a potential negative impact on sheep productivity and health performances. Thus, applying an appropriate intervention measure including the right choice of effective acaricides could help to control sheep lice in the study area.

10adiazinon10aepidemiological and therapeutic studies10aIvermectin10aSayint district10aSheep lice1 aLegesse, Simegn1 aHailemelekot, Mussie1 aTamrat, Habtamu1 aAlemu, Yeshwas, F. uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.1008455/full02995nas a2200337 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249300000900265490000700274520183300281653003202114653001802146653001802164653002002182653002802202100003602230700003602266700003602302700002702338700002902365700003202394700002502426700002102451700003102472700002602503700002402529700002802553856007602581 2023 eng d a2405-939000aMolecular detection of hemotropic Mycoplasma and Bartonella species in lice from sheep and goats of Mexico0 aMolecular detection of hemotropic iMycoplasmai and iBartonellai  cSep-01-2023 a8 pp0 v443 a

he knowledge of lice associated with small ruminants, especially sheep and goats, is scarce. In Mexico, there are historical reports of six species of chewing and sucking lice associated with Capra hircus and Ovis canadensis. However, the reports did not analyze the ecology of the infestations or the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. For this reason, the objectives of this study were i) to identify the species of lice associated with sheep and goats in three states of the Mexican Republic, ii) to characterize the infestations, and iii) to identify the presence of bacterial pathogens. From October 2019 to August 2021, six ranches with sheep and goats were sampled in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz. Hosts were visually inspected, and lice were retrieved with forceps. The specimens were sexed and identified using morphological taxonomic keys. DNA extraction was performed individually, and a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) was amplified for the molecular identification of the specimens. Subsequently, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia were molecularly detected. Additionally, the infestations were characterized by calculating the prevalence and mean abundances. We collected 563 specimens of three species, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, and Linognathus africanus. The highest infestation levels were recorded for B. ovis (66.7%; 4.4) from Veracruz. Additionally, two Bartonella species were detected: Bartonella mellophagi in B. ovis and Bartonella capreoli in L. africanus. In contrast, Mycoplasma ovis was detected exclusively in one pool of B. ovis. This study provides new bacterial-ectoparasite associations and highlights the possible role of these neglected ectoparasites as vectors in the populations of sheep and goats from Mexico.

10aEcological characterization10aectoparasites10aHemoparasites10asmall ruminants10aVeterinary parasitology1 aBallados-González, Gerardo, G.1 aMartínez-Hernández, José, M.1 aMartínez-Rodríguez, Perla, B.1 aGamboa-Prieto, Jannete1 aGonzález-Guzmán, Saúl1 aParedes-Cervantes, Vladimir1 aGrostieta, Estefania1 aBecker, Ingeborg1 aAguilar-Domínguez, Mariel1 aVieira, Rafael, F. C.1 aCruz-Romero, Anabel1 aSánchez-Montes, Sokani uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S240593902300091603472nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245014200055210006900197260001600266490000700282520257800289653001702867653001402884653003502898653001402933653001002947653002402957100002802981700001503009700002503024700002603049700001903075700003603094856007603130 2022 eng d a2405-939000aPrevalence of sheep lice and trends in control practices across Australia – Australian sheep parasite control surveys from 2003 to 20190 aPrevalence of sheep lice and trends in control practices across  cJan-01-20220 v273 a

The sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis) is a parasite of major economic concern in Australia. This article reports lice incidence and control practices on Australian sheep farms as determined by three cross-sectional surveys of the years 2003, 2011 and 2018. The incidence of live lice detected within a flock was similar across the survey years with a slight decline in 2018 (2003: 20%, 2011: 18.6% and 2018: 13.9%). In an average year, most farmers did not see any direct or indirect evidence of lice infestation (2011: 59.3% and 2018: 69.5%), however, over a five-year period 38.9% (2003), 66.3% (in 2011) and 55.8% (in 2018) reported seeing evidence of lice infestation at least once with significant variation between sheep producing regions in 2011. In an average year, nearly three quarters of respondents treated for lice (2011:73.5% and 2018: 73.3%) with the majority treating immediately following shearing and very few treating sheep with long wool. Even higher percentages treated for lice at least once in the preceding five-year period (2011: 86.2% and 2018: 87.5%). Backliner was the most popular method of chemical application for lice control in sheep off-shears or with short wool (2003: 77%, 2011: 73% and 2018: 74.3%). For long wool treatments, hand jetting declined in popularity from 2003 (64%) to 2011 (54%) and 2018 (8.6%) as backliners became more popular (2003: 36%, 2011: 51% and 2018: 60%). The use of benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulators (IGR) for off-shears/short wool treatment declined from 2003 (92.8%) to 2011 (51%) and 2018 (2.9%) and were largely replaced by neonicotinoids and spinosad for backliner/spray-on products. The use of organophosphates declined for plunge dipping (2003: 83.8%, 2011: 83% and 2018: 7.7%). Spinosad use for plunge dipping off-shears/short wool increased over the survey years (2003, 0%, 2011: 9% and 2018:46.2%). The use of IGRs declined for backliner application on long wool and were mainly replaced by spinosad in 2011 and 2018. Fewer respondents reported suspected resistance to lice control products in 2018 (8%) compared with 2003 (26%) and 2011 (13%) with most reporting suspected resistance to IGR and synthetic pyrethroids and emerging suspicions of resistance to neonicotinoids in 2018. Resistance to lice control products also reduced in importance as a reason for recurring lice infestations between 2011 (ranked 2nd) and 2018 (ranked 6th). Biosecurity was important to sheep producers with the highest ranked reason for recurring lice infestations being from stray or purchased sheep.

10aBiting louse10abody lice10aControl methods – Arthropoda10aLousicide10asheep10aSheep – arthropod1 aColvin, Alison, Frances1 aReeve, Ian1 aKahn, Lewis, Phillip1 aThompson, Lyndal, Joy1 aHorton, B., J.1 aWalkden-Brown, Stephen, William uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S240593902100134901533nas a2200253 4500008004100000022002500041245014700066210006900213260001600282300001000298490000900308520072200317653001401039653001701053653001501070653001301085653001701098653001501115100002401130700002101154700001801175700002001193856006601213 2023 eng d a1175-5334, 1175-532600aAn annotated checklist of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera, Amblycera, Rhynchophthirina) from domestic and wild mammals in Malaysia0 aannotated checklist of the chewing lice Phthiraptera Ischnocera  cApr-04-2023 a40-600 v52633 a

Literature records of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from mammals in Malaysia were checked and reviewed, resulting in a list of 13 confirmed species belonging to eight genera (Bovicola, Felicola, Gliricola, Gyropus, Haematomyzus, Heterodoxus, Lorisicola, Trichodectes) from four families (Boopiidae, Gyropidae, Haematomyzidae, Trichodectidae) in three suborders (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina). We present a checklist of those 13 chewing lice recorded from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo, including hosts, localities, and literature references. An additional 12 species are listed and discussed as possibly occurring in this country. A host-louse list is also given.  

10achecklist10aChewing lice10alocalities10aMalaysia10amammal hosts10areferences1 aKazim, Abdul-Rahman1 aHoussaini, Jamal1 aTappe, Dennis1 aHeo, Chong-Chin uhttps://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.5263.1.202540nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245012800066210006900194260001600263300001000279490000700289520177700296653001802073653001002091653001002101653001502111653001002126100002502136700002402161700002002185700002402205856006902229 2021 eng d a2218-0230, 2412-398600aA survey on the prevalence of some ectoparasite species infesting sheep and goats in Kalar district, Kurdistan region, Iraq0 asurvey on the prevalence of some ectoparasite species infesting  cFeb-19-2021 a68-760 v333 a

Tamed small ruminants such as sheep and goats are deemed important sources of people livelihood in Garmian area including Kalar district. Sustainability and prosperity of livestock resources are vigorously influenced by the heavy infestation of small ruminants with ectoparasites owing to the enormous economic loss caused by them, particularly in under-developed countries including Iraq. Hence, the present survey, carried out from March, 2019 to February, 2020 in Kalar district, intended to investigate the rampancy of external parasites among sheep and goats being reared in the aforementioned district. To meet the requirements of the survey, a total of 1700 sheep and 400 goats were arbitrarily sampled. The overall rate of ectoparasitosis in this study was 53.09%, in that, the infestation rate in goats (95%) was significantly higher than that of sheep (43.23%). Regarding sheep pediculosis, two species of lice; Linognathus (L.) africanus (35.58%), Damalinia (D.) ovis (24.11%), and two species of ticks; Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum (2.94%), Rhipicephalus (R.) turanucus (4.41%), in addition to the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis (12%) were identified. On the other hand, two species of lice; D. caprae (80%), L. africanus (30%), and two species of ticks; H. anatolicum (7.5%) and R. turanucus (3.75%) were detected in goats. Co-infections were significantly higher in sheep as compared to goats in this survey. Some of the aforementioned external parasites are known to transmit zoonotic diseases since sheep and goats are reared in close cohabitation with humans. For that reason, sustainable control of ectoparasitosis especially, tick infestations in domestic livestock is compulsory to prevent both economic loss and transmission of some serious diseases

10aectoparasites10agoats10aKalar10aPrevalence10asheep1 aKakabwa, Sarkawt, R.1 aAmin, Omer, Mahmood1 aPolus, Noor, N.1 aMawlood, Nabeel, A. uhttps://zankojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/363201058nas a2200133 4500008004100000020003300041245003400074210003200108260003500140300001200175520064400187100002300831856007000854 2021 eng d a9781789245158, 978178924516500aSheep ectoparasites: insects.0 aSheep ectoparasites insects aWallingfordbCAB International a275-2943 a

This chapter gives an overview about: Lucilia species, myiasis, blowflies, strike; species composition of blowflies; breeding biology; adult emergence; orientation in adult flies; larval development; oviposition on the live host and the pathogenesis of myiasis; clinical presentation; seasonality and epidemiology; treatment and control; control with insecticides; complementary and ancillary methods of control; the 'fleshfly' Wohlfahrtia magnifica; nasal bots, Oestrus ovis; the sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus; sheep lice, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis, Linognathus ovillus, Linognathus pedalis; sucking lice; and chewing lice

1 aForbes, Andrew, B. uhttps://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781789245158.027502793nas a2200289 4500008004100000022002500041245019500066210006900261260001600330300001100346490000700357520186900364653001102233653001702244653000902261653001502270653001302285653001502298653001002313100002302323700001902346700002002365700001902385700002102404700001902425856005902444 2011 eng d a2221-5034, 1683-632400aStudy on the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation of ruminanats in and around Kombolcha and damage to fresh goat pelts and wet blue (pickled) skin at Kombolch Tannary, Northestern Ethiopia0 aStudy on the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation of ruminanat cJul-06-2011 a87-1010 v153 a

An attempt was made to study the prevalence of ectoparasite damage on live cattle, sheep and goats in and around Kombolcha town and on raw goat skin to assess their skin defect on processed wet-blue (pickled) skins at Kombolcha tannery, south wollo zone, North-Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 240 cattle, 175 sheep, 66 goats, were used to study the prevalence of ectoprasites on live animals as well as 344 fresh goat pelts and pickled (wet-blue) goat skins were used to assess skin defects. The result obtained from live cattle demonstrated a high prevalence of Amblyomma (28.33%) followed by Sarcoptes scabiei (23.75%), Boophilus (11.25%) Demodex (9.58%), Psoroptes (0.4 %), respevtively. The prevalence of ectoprasite infestation of live sheep revealed Mellophagus ovinus (sheep ked) (32.57%), Bovicola ovis (22.28%), Amblyomma spp (12.57%), Sarcoptes scabiei (14.28 %), Ctenocephaliedes spp (8.57%), Demodex (6.85%),  Linognathus africanus (6.28%) and Boophilus spp (4%). The result from goats demonstrates a high prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei (30.3%) followed by Linognathus stenopsis (9.09%), Amblyomma (4.54%), Ctenocephalides spp (3.03%), Bovicola caprea (1.51%) and Demodex (1.51%) in that order. Result obtained from fresh goats pelts revealed an over all high prevalence of Sacoptes scabie (53.29%) followed by Linognathus stenopsis (9.88%), Bovicola caprae (2.08%) and Demodex (2.08%). Examination of pickled (wet-blue) skins from follow-up skins show a high prevalence of scratch (74.25%) followed by “Ekek” (68.56%), scar (67.06%), processing defect (28.44%). “Ekek” (Typical scatter type cockle) was found to show a significant (P<0.5) association with Sarcoptes scabiei, Linoganthus stenopsis, scratch and diseases scars, indicating the likely multifactor causes and one major skin problems in the study area

10acattle10aectoparasite10agoat10aGoat pelts10aKombolch10aPrevalence10asheep1 aTadesse, Abebayehu1 aFentaw, Endris1 aMekbib, Berhanu1 aAbebe, Rahmeto1 aMekuria, Solomon1 aZewdu, Endrias uhttps://www.ajol.info/index.php/evj/article/view/6769702392nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245010300066210006900169260001600238300001400254490000700268520166500275653001801940653001301958653001001971653001901981653001002000653001702010100001902027700001902046700002102065856006402086 2010 eng d a0049-4747, 1573-743800aEctoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesions in small ruminants in Ethiopia0 aEctoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesi cMar-01-2010 a1103-11090 v423 a

Ectoparasites are the major causes of skin lesions in animals. Clinical, skin scraping examination, and histopathological studies were conducted to identify and characterize skin lesions in small ruminants caused by ectoparasites. Mange mites, lice, sheep keds, and ticks were collected from the skin of affected animals for species identification. Skin biopsies were collected from affected part of the skin and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. Of 1,000 sheep and 600 goats examined, 815 (81.50%) sheep and 327 (54.5%) goats were infested with one or more types of ectoparasites. Sarcoptes scabiei var ovis, Demodex ovis, Psoroptes ovis, Bovicola ovis, Melophagus ovinus, and Amblyomma variegatum and other tick species were identified from sheep. S. scabiei var caprae, Demodex caprae, Linognathus stenopsis, and A. variegatum and other tick species were identified from goats. Gross skin lesions or defects observed on the skin include stained and ragged wool, loss of wool/hair, nodules, crusts, lichenification, and fissuring. Microscopic evaluation of H and E stained skin sections revealed lesions in the epidermal layer such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and melanin inconsistency on the basal cells of the epidermis. Follicular keratosis, perifolliculitis, frunculosis, perivasculitis, and aggregates of inflammatory cells (of acute and chronic type) with fibrosis were experiential in the dermal layer of the skin. Most of the skin lesions caused by ectoparasites are overlapping. Thus, ectoparasites control program should be executed to reduce skin lesions as skins are the major export commodity of the country.

10aectoparasites10aEthiopia10agoats10aHistopathology10asheep10aSkin lesions1 aChanie, Mersha1 aNegash, Tamiru1 aSirak, Asegedech uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11250-010-9531-403943nas a2200217 4500008004100000245015500041210006900196260009900265300001000364490002200374520314900396653002203545653001203567653001803579653002503597653001203622653001203634653001303646100001803659856004803677 2015 eng d00aAssessment of Pre- and Post Slaughter Hide and Skin Defects and Their Association with Carcass Condemnation in two Woredas of East arsi Zone, Ethiopia0 aAssessment of Pre and Post Slaughter Hide and Skin Defects and T aAddis AbababAddis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and AgriculturecJune 2015 a86 pp0 vMaster of Science3 a

Across sectional study was conducted from December 2014 to April 2015 in Dodota and Hitosa woredas and in Colba and Gelan tanneries with the objectives of assessing hide and skin defects. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey and  observational study. About 49% of the respondents care for the hide and skin and 75% of them in both woreda uses muddy floor house for their animals to shelter at night. In addition 99% of the respondents from both woreda, replied that, there were no extension services on pre and post slaughter hide and skin quality management. Moreover there is no slaughtering facility in Hitosa woreda. The hide and skin observational study revealed none of hide and skins were free from the defects. The major defects observed on raw hide at  collection centers were corduroying (74.1%), flay cut (73.3%), gouge mark (67.4%), dirt (43.3%) and in raw sheep skin higher  prevalence of flay cut (31.4%) followed by dirt (26.5%), corduroying (17.5%) and gouge mark (16.8%). Whereas, a higher prevalence of dirt (20.8%) was observed in goat skins followed by flay cut (16.4%), corduroying (14.1%), and remained flesh on skin (10.7%). The prevalence of lice, poor pattern, flay cut, dirt and bruising were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in sheep than goat skins while flesh  remnants and poor substance were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in goat than sheep skin. The major defects at the wet blue stage hide were flay cut (59.1%), gouge mark (42.2%), and putrefaction (35.2%). In sheep pickled skin there was higher prevalence of cockle  /ekeke (36.9%), gouge mark (28.3%) and scratch (27.0%). Moreover, on wet blue goat skin the result revealed a high prevalence of cockle / ekeke (48.1%), veininess (44.6%) and crack (41.9%). The prevalence of cockle /ekeke, veininess, scar, corduroying, crack, gouge mark, poor pattern and brand mark were significantly higher (P<0.05) in goat skin at wet blue stage where as putrefaction and shoat pox were significantly higher (P<0.05) in sheep skin on pickled stage than goat wet blue skin. The most important defects in rejected /grade7/ wet blue for hide were flay cut and cockle in sheep and goat. In pickled sheep skin grading grade 1-3 accounts 14% and grade 4-7 accounts 86% of the total observation. On condemned nodular goats carcasses study the result revealed higher proportion of cockle on its skin at wet blue stage. In the processed cattle hide still flaying defect and putrefaction were the dominant defect for hide rejection but in case of processed sheep and goat skins cockle, scratch and scar were the principal defects for the skin rejection. The raw hide and skin managemental problems that made at the time of slaughtering and post slaughtering were the dominant problems that indicates the producers were not emphasize in keeping the quality of the hide and skin, the absence of slaughtering facility and extension service exacerbate the problem. The nodular goat carcass condemnation in an export abattoir surveyed and its
relation with external parasite allergic reaction needs further study.

10aAnimal management10aDefects10aHide and skin10aNodular goat carcass10aPickled10aTannery10aWet blue1 aAmde, Behailu uhttp://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/420701847nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140300001200209490000700221520131800228653001101546653001701557653001701574653002401591100001801615856004401633 2017 eng d00aMajor Factors Affecting Hide and Skin Production, Quality and the Tanning Industry in Ethiopia0 aMajor Factors Affecting Hide and Skin Production Quality and the a116-1250 v113 a

Ethiopia has 55.03 million cattle, 27.35 million sheep and 28.16 million of goats. This places the country as one of the richest countries in livestock resources. For instance, its potential for production of hide and skins was estimated at 3.78 million cattle hides, 8.41 million sheep skins and 8.42 million goat skins in 2012/13. Currently 27 tanneries in Ethiopia produce all forms of hides and skins and finished leather for the domestic and export markets. Ethiopian hide and skin have good reputations in the international leather market for their unique natural substances. This raw material of the leather industry is mainly derived from local areas of the country where basic amenities for slaughtering and subsequent marketing are either not in existence or lacking. Despite the production potential of hides and skins, the leather industry are still constrained by the poor quality of raw materials, lack of an efficient market structure, a weak extension service, competition from local/rural tanning industries and a lack of price incentive for production of good quality raw material. Tanneries state that only 10 to 15% of harvested skins qualify for top grades, with the rest downgraded and rejected mainly due to deterioration of skin quality owing to skin diseases and various defects.

10aDefect10aectoparasite10aMarket chain10aMicrobial infection1 aAmde, Behailu uhttps://www.idosi.org/abr/11(3)17/2.pdf03371nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245008600066210006900152260001200221300000900233490000700242520270300249653001002952653000902962653001102971653001502982653001002997653001003007100002003017700002003037700001903057856005303076 2012 eng d a2219-0635, 0030-246500aEctoparasites of sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central Oromia, Ethiopia0 aEctoparasites of sheep in three agroecological zones in central  c10-2012 a7 pp0 v793 a

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for ectoparasites infestation in sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central Oromia, Ethiopia, from October 2009 to April 2010. The study revealed that 637 (48.1%) of the 1325 sheep examined were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified were Bovicola ovis (27.2%), Melophagus ovinus (16.4%), Ctenocephalides sp. (2.3%), Linognathus africanus (1.2%), Linognathus ovillus (0.3%), Sarcoptes sp. (1.2%), Amblyomma variegatum (4.4%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (1.9%), Rhipicephalus pravus (1.9%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (1.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.9%), Rhipicephalus praetextatus (1.1%) and Hyalomma truncatum (1.6%). Statistically significant difference was observed in prevalence of B. ovis amongst study agroecological zones: highland 36.6%, midland 20.9% and lowland 14.0%. Significantly higher prevalence was recorded in highland agroecological zone. A significantly (OR = 0.041, p < 0.001) higher prevalence of M. ovinus in the highland (31.7%) than in both the lowland (0%) and midland (1.9%) was observed. The risk of tick infestation in the lowland and midland was 9.883 times and 13.988 times higher than the risk in the highland, respectively. A significantly higher prevalence of Ctenocephalides species was encountered in both the lowland (OR = 4.738, p = 0.011) and midland (OR = 8.078, p = 0.000) than in the highland agro-ecological zone. However, a significant difference (p = 0.191) amongst agro-ecological zones was not found for the prevalence of Linognathus and Sarcoptes species. Statistically significant variation (p > 0.05) was never recorded in the prevalence of all the identified species of ectoparasites between male and female sheep hosts. However, a significantly (p = 0.006) higher prevalence of B. ovis was recorded between young and adult sheep. The risk of B. ovis infestation was 1.45 times higher in young than the adult sheep. Furthermore, a significantly (p < 0.001) higher prevalence of M. ovinus, B. ovis and Sarcoptes sp. was found between sheep with poor and a good body condition. The ever increasing threat of ectoparasites on overall sheep productivity and tanning industry in Ethiopia warrants urgent control intervention. Further studies on the role of ectoparasites in transmission of diseases to sheep, zoonotic importance, comparative prevalence and load, and the importance of sheep as alternative hosts in different agroecological zones, breeds and management systems in Ethiopia are recommended so as to design applicable control programme in the country.

10afleas10alice10aOromia10aPrevalence10asheep10aticks1 aKumsa, Bersissa1 aBeyecha, Kebede1 aGeloye, Mesula uhttps://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/view/44202326nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260001600237300001200253490000700265520173300272653001802005653002402023653002902047100002002076856004802096 2019 eng d a2071-125500aDetection on ectoparasites on small ruminants and their impact on the tanning industry in Sulaimani province0 aDetection on ectoparasites on small ruminants and their impact o cSep-01-2019 a303-3090 v333 a

The study was carried out through the clinical examination on the skins of sheep and goats to identify the quality and processed in the tanneries. Parasitic skin diseases caused by ectoparasites such as mange mites, lice, and ticks are among these threats resulting in a serious economic loss to the tanning industry and the country as a whole. Out of 38066 sheep and 9889 goats examined in Sulaimani slaughterhouse in spring season 2017, shows statistically significant P<0.05 between sheep and goats prevalence; 9.35% and 7.43% respectively with one or more ectoparasites. Three different of ectoparasites were infested in both sheep and goats namely; hard tick, lice and mite. Five species of hard tick (Ixodidae) were identified in sheep and goats as follows; Boophilus spp 3.68% and 14.16%, Rhipicephalus sanguineous 12.47% and 28.63%, Rhipicephalus turanicus 7.50% and 15.96%, Hyalomma a. anatolicum 11.90% and 31.30%, Hyalomma marginatum 9.26% and 9.95%) respectively. Two species of lice were identified in sheep namely, Damalinia ovis 17.74% and Linognathus stenopsis 13.63%, and D. caprae 10.97% and L. stenopsis 6.22% on goats. Highly infested were identified with mite on sheep include Psarcoptic scabiei 13.83% and Psoroptic ovies 9.98%, while only one species founded in this study in goats namely, Psarcoptic scabiei 22.79%. The overall number of skins refused to tanning industry 164 (4.61%) in sheep and 116 (15.78%) in goat. The difference in the prevalence of skin disease infestation between refused skin in both sheep and goats were statistically significant in ruminants (P<0.05). This paper deals with major skin defects in occurrence by ectoparasites sheep and goats in Sulaimani province.

10aectoparasites10aSheep and Goat skin10aSulaimani Slaughterhouse1 aMustafa, Bahzad uhttps://vetmedmosul.com/article_162995.html02014nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131300001100200490000700211520140700218653001701625653001301642653002001655653002901675100002701704700002101731700001501752856004101767 2020 eng d a1818-678500aReview on Ectoparasites and Tick Borne Hemoparasites in Small Ruminants0 aReview on Ectoparasites and Tick Borne Hemoparasites in Small Ru a89-1000 v153 a

Small ruminants are important contributors to food production in Ethiopia, providing meat, milk and an income generation for the country’s farming system. Rearing of domestic animals are practiced by the majority of the farming communities in which they are considered as an investment and insurance against risk and to meet seasonal and emergency purchases such as crop, improved seed, fertilizers and medicine. Animals that have high fertility and short generation interval which means that milk production begins five or six month after initial mating and that the first carcass may be on sale in less than one year is their economic, managerial and biological advantages. Besides that domestic animals are also source of manure to fertile soil and skin, the most important items that generate foreign currency to the country. However, animal’s production is constrained by compound effect of disease, poor feeding and poor management. Parasitic disease is among the major problems of small ruminants causing serious economic impact. Information obtained indicates that external parasites and tick borne hemoparasites of small ruminants are widely distributed with variable degree of prevalence in Ethiopia and are important in causing serious economic loss on the farming community, tanning and leather industry and the country as a whole, demanding effective control measures.

10aectoparasite10aEthiopia10asmall ruminants10aTick Borne Hemoparasites1 aDisasa, Derara, Dejene1 aAndarge, Bamlaku1 aHiko, Adem uhttp://idosi.org/aejsr/15(3)20/3.pdf03083nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245012100055210006900176260001200245300001200257490000700269520244500276100002102721700001902742700002102761700001802782700001802800700001502818856004402833 2011 eng d a1836-093900aPopulation dynamics and production effects of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis Schrank) in extensively grazed flocks0 aPopulation dynamics and production effects of sheep lice iBovico c08-2011 a753-7620 v513 a

An experiment was conducted to characterise population dynamics of lice and associated production loss in extensively grazed flocks infested at different times after shearing. Merino wethers were allocated to six groups of 31 sheep. In the first year (Y1), one sheep in each of two groups was infested with 2500 lice at 6 weeks after shearing (September), sheep in two groups were infested at 4 months (December) and two groups remained uninfested. In year 2 (Y2), infestations carried over from Y1, but a lousy sheep was added to each 6-week infestation mob. In year 3 (Y3), the infested mobs were treated and remained lice free, while lousy donor sheep were added to the two previously uninfested mobs. In Y1, lice appeared to die out in one 6-week-infestation group and were found on only two sheep before next shearing in the other. Lice persisted and spread in the two 4-month-infestation flocks, reaching mean counts (±s.e.) of 0.5 (±0.2) and 0.2 (±0.1) per part before shearing. In Y2 and Y3, lice persisted and increased in all infested flocks, reaching mean counts of 2.3 (±0.6), 8.5 (±1.5), 3.6 (±0.6) and 2.8 (±0.7) per part in Y2 and 1.0 (±0.2) and 1.2 (±0.4) per part in Y3. The count of 8.5 was in the flock with both a carry-over infestation and an infestor sheep. Exponential and logistic models were fitted to describe lice increase; differences in fleece derangement reflected louse numbers. Clean fleece weight was higher in flocks without lice in all years (0.12 kg/head in Y1; 0.22 kg/head in Y2 and Y3; P < 0.05). Classer-assigned colour scores (although not measured colour), cott score and line into which the wool was classed also differed significantly (P < 0.05) between infested and non-infested flocks and there was an indication that staple length was reduced in more heavily infested flocks. In spring-shorn flocks in environments with high solar radiation and no lice present at shearing, even if lice subsequently enter the mob, it appears unlikely that they will increase to levels where serious economic loss will be experienced before next shearing. The study also indicated that lice could persist in flocks at levels unlikely to be detected by most commercial wool producers for extended periods, possibly through one season, which may help to explain reports of new infestations with no apparent source.

1 aJames, Peter, J.1 aHorton, B., J.1 aCampbell, N., J.1 aEvans, D., L.1 aWinkleman, J.1 aMcPhie, R. uhttps://www.publish.csiro.au/an/an1100801647nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001900041245003500060210003500095250001600130260002600146300001400172520120300186100001401389700001901403856006701422 2007 eng d a9780470753316 00aOther Ectoparasitic Conditions0 aOther Ectoparasitic Conditions a4th Edition bBlackwell Publishing  a329 - 3323 a

This chapter contains section titled:

Attached pdf is of the whole book, first published in 1983, Diseases of Sheep has become a definitive reference book on sheep diseases

1 aBates, P.1 aAitken, I., D. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470753316.ch4801253nas a2200157 4500008004100000022002500041245010700066210006900173260001600242300001200258490000600270520073200276100001601008700001801024856005301042 2010 eng d a1313-2652, 1313-264400aLice and Fleas (Phthiraptera and Siphonaptera). Chapter 13.4 in Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe0 aLice and Fleas Phthiraptera and Siphonaptera Chapter 134 in Alie cJul-06-2010 a833-8490 v43 a

A total of 31 Phthiraptera species alien to Europe are listed. They include 24 chewing lice and seven sucking lice of 12 different families. The families Goniodidae (Ischnocera) and Menoponidae (Amblycera) largely dominate the alien entomofauna of chewing lice. Asia is the major supplier of alien Phthiraptera which are mostly associated with poultry farming, game birds, guinea pigs and invasive alien mammals. The recent period did not show any acceleration in alien arrival in Europe. Alien fleas include six species in the families Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae. Three of them are primarily associated with rats and are capable of transmiting major human diseases such as the bubonic plague and the murine typhus.

1 aKenis, Marc1 aRoques, Alain uhttps://biorisk.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=186702492nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260003800188300001100226490000800237520191200245653001202157653001702169653001802186653001902204653002002223100001502243856004002258 2009 eng d00aThe alien presence: Palaeoentomological approaches to trade and migration0 aalien presence Palaeoentomological approaches to trade and migra aYorkbUniversity of Yorkc09-2009 a411 pp0 vPhD3 a

This thesis addresses the potential of palaeoentomological remains to stand as evidence of past trade and culture contact. Three methodological tools are used to evaluate the effectiveness of insect subfossils as palaeoeconomic indicators: palaeoecology, biogeography, and isotopic analysis. Underpinning each of the methodological approaches is the premise that specific insect fauna are notably stenotopic in their distributional range. By superimposing the physiological and ecological habits of modern species over the archaeological record, they may effectively serve as analogues to interpret palaeoentomological evidence. On that basis, the archaeological presence of stenotopic insects may reliably be employed as indicators of their associated habitats. Furthermore, the examination of the archaeological remains of the specific monophagous or oligophagous species that are known to feed on human exploitable resources may provide direct or indirect evidence towards the presence of those commodities. For example, Sitophilus granarius may stand as an indication of the presence of stored cereal grains. In each of the methodological approaches, the palaeoentomological remains proved promising as a tool for suggesting probable socio-economic activity. However, the approaches differed in the precision and confidence of their results. The palaeoecological approach provided the most tentative assertions; where as the isotopic method allowed for formulation of the most scientifically-grounded conclusions. In addition to the three applied methodologies, the thesis explored the potential for palaeoentomological remains to yield assayable genetic sequences. Ancient DNA was recovered from preserved Roman and medieval specimens. If aDNA preservation is widespread in palaeoentomological remains, a phylogeographic method is conceivable as a means for assessing past trade and migration.

10aBeetles10aBiogeography10aPalaeoecology10aPalaeogenetics10aStable Isotopes1 aKing, Gary uhttp://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/887/01564nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245006000054210005900114260001200173300001400185490000800199520109200207100001501299700002501314856006701339 2014 eng d a1040618200aLiving cheek by jowl: The pathoecology of medieval York0 aLiving cheek by jowl The pathoecology of medieval York c08-2014 a131 - 1420 v3413 a

Medieval York was one of the largest and most important cities in England. The close confines of the city,the household and industrial waste, alongside the air and water pollution made this a city known for itspervasive smells, which at the time were considered to be a leading cause of disease. This paper aims topresent the environmental context for disease combined with the human osteological record to recon-struct the pathoecology of medieval York. Combining archaeological and historical data, we gain insightinto the interplay between medieval culture, disease, health, and the urban environment. It is clear thatlocal authorities were concerned about urban pollution, and historical evidence demonstrates that legalmeasures were taken to remove or regulate some of the perceived causes of pollution. There is ademonstrable trend towards improving environmental conditions in York between the 11th and mid-16th century. However, it is likely that the extant socio-environmental conditions continued tocontribute to morbidity, as evidenced by the prevalence of infection.

1 aKing, Gary1 aHenderson, Charlotte uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061821300431X01430nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245015900055210006900214300001100283490000600294520082700300100002301127700001801150700003101168700002101199856004001220 2010 eng d a1560-802600aReconstructing aspects of the daily life in late 19th and early 20th-century Iceland: archaeoentomological analysis of the Vatnsfjörður Farm, NW Iceland0 aReconstructing aspects of the daily life in late 19th and early  a77-1100 v83 a

To better understand the daily lives and living conditions of late 19th and early 20th-century Icelandic farmers, archaeoentomological analyses were undertaken using sediment samples collected at the site of Vatnsfjörður, in the Westfjords. Used in a contextual and multidisciplinary analytical framework, the analysis of preserved insect remains from multiple archaeological contexts allowed the identification of domestic activities, including animal products and hay storage, house renovations, floor maintenance, and trade. The hygienic conditions within the buildings and of their occupants were also interpreted along with some elements of the local landscape. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeoentomology to contribute to a better understanding of daily life in Early Modern Iceland.

1 aForbes, Véronique1 aBain, Allison1 aGísladóttir, Guðrún, A1 aMilek, Karen, B. uhttps://timarit.is/gegnir/00125341704184nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245018600055210006900241260000900310300001200319490000700331520318300338653001103521653002203532653001303554653001803567653001303585100002303598700001803621700002303639700002803662700002603690700002903716700002103745700001803766700002503784700001703809856004403826 2019 eng d a0701-100800aActivity Areas or Conflict Episode? Interpreting the Spatial Patterning of Lice and Fleas at the Precontact Yup’ik Site of Nunalleq (Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries AD, Alaska)0 aActivity Areas or Conflict Episode Interpreting the Spatial Patt c2019 a197-2210 v433 a

Archaeoentomological research at the precontact site of Nunalleq (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries AD), Southwest Alaska, has identified hundreds of lice and fleas that infested both the human inhabitants of the site and their canine companions. As lice are host specific, staying attached to the host’s hair or fur during the totality of their lifecycle, they are generally considered excellent indicators of activity areas. Fleas, however, are relatively less common in archaeological contexts and, since they are mobile and able to infest several different host species, their potential use in the spatial reconstruction of activities is more limited. At Nunalleq, the study of insects from the most recent archaeological contexts produced very different spatial distribution patterns for human lice, fleas, and dog lice. This article compares these archaeoentomological data with other datasets available for the site (carrion-feeding flies, human hair, fur, coprolites, projectile points, and pieces of clothing) with the aim of establishing the phenomena that produced the distinct spatial distributions observed.

French title: Aires d’activités ou épisode de conflit ? Les phénomènes à l’origine de la distribution spatiale des poux et des puces à Nunalleq (XVI-XVII siècles après J.C., Alaska)

Résumé

À Nunalleq, un site yup’ik précontact (XVIe et XVIIe siècles après J.C.) du sud-ouest de l’Alaska, des centaines de poux et de puces ayant infesté les habitants du site ainsi que leurs chiens ont pu être identifiés. Puisque les poux sont spécifiques à leur hôte, demeurant attachés aux poils ou à la fourrure de celui-ci pendant la totalité de leur cycle de vie, ils sont généralement considérés comme d’excellents indicateurs d’aires d’activités. Les puces sont relativement plus rares en contexte archéologique. Mobiles et capables d’infester plusieurs espèces-hôtes différentes, leur potentiel dans la reconstitution spatiale des activités semble, a priori, plus limité. Or, à Nunalleq, les résultats de l’étude des insectes provenant des contextes archéologiques les plus récents ont produit des schémas de distribution spatiale très différents entre les poux et les puces de l’Homme et également les poux du chien. Cet article compare ces données archéoentomologiques avec d’autres corpus de données disponibles à Nunalleq (mouches nécrophages, cheveux humains, fourrure, coprolithes, pointes lithiques, pièces vestimentaires) dans l’objectif de reconstituer les phénomènes à l’origine de ces distributions spatiales distinctes.

Mots-clés :  Ectoparasites, archéoentomologie, conflit, Yup’ik, Alaska

10aAlaska10aarchaeoentomology10aconflict10aectoparasites10aYup’ik1 aForbes, Véronique1 aHuchet, J.-B.1 aMcManus-Fry, Ellen1 aGómez_Coutouly, Yan, A1 aMasson-MacLean, Julie1 aMasson-MacLean, Édouard1 aLedger, Paul, M.1 aBritton, Kate1 aHillerdal, Charlotta1 aKnecht, Rick uhttp://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1071945ar01634nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260001200193300000900205490000700214520111600221100002301337700002501360700001801385856007301403 2014 eng d00aArchaeoentomological Research in the North Atlantic: Past, Present, and Future0 aArchaeoentomological Research in the North Atlantic Past Present c09-2014 a1-240 v263 a

This paper reviews archaeoentomolgical research in the North Atlantic region, which until relatively recently,  was focused mainly on Norse and later farms in Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroes, providing insights into many aspects of daily life on these settlements as well as their impacts on the local environment. Conversely, little research had been undertaken  on  insect  fossils  from  hunter-gatherer  settlements,  save  a  handful  of  investigations  from  deposits  associated  with Saqqaq sites in Western Greenland. Over the past decade, the scope of these studies has extended to encompass new territories, time periods, and research questions. Insect remains from Palaeo- and Neo-Eskimo sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic were examined for the first time, and previously unexamined Norse and later sites have revealed new applications for archaeoentomology. This emerging body of work demonstrates the potential and importance of the continued integration of archaeoentomology in archaeological projects

1 aForbes, Véronique1 aDussault, Frédéric1 aBain, Allison uhttps://www.eaglehill.us/JONAonline/articles/JONA-26/03-Forbes.shtml01894nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245017300055210006900228260001200297300001400309490000800323520114200331653002301473653002201496653001501518100002001533700002201553700002101575700002401596856005601620 2020 eng d a0932-011300aRapid detection of Bovicola ovis using colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a potential tool for the detection of sheep lice infestation on farm0 aRapid detection of Bovicola ovis using colourimetric loopmediate c02-2020 a395 - 4010 v1193 a

The sheep body louse, Bovicola ovis (B. ovis), is one of the most significant ectoparasites affecting Australia's sheep flocks. Despite this, detection methods for B. ovis infestation are limited to visual inspection and ELISA. A colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed and evaluated for the detection of B. ovis DNA. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LAMP were compared with those of visual inspection and PCR and validated using field samples collected from 22 farms. Two different DNA extraction methods using a commercial kit and a boiling method were also compared. The highest sensitivity and specificity were observed when PCR was used and DNA was extracted using a commercial kit. Compared with PCR, the LAMP assay demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 92% when DNA was extracted by a commercial kit and 100% and 75% when DNA was extracted by the boiling method, respectively. The LAMP test developed in this study could potentially serve as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for monitoring of sheep flocks as well as surveillance of B. ovis populations

10aColourimetric LAMP10aOn-farm detection10aSheep lice1 aWong, Simon, A.1 aWoodgate, Rob, G.1 aPant, Sameer, D.1 aGhorashi, Seyed, A. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-019-06552-y02080nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260001200224300001400236490000700250520131400257653002501571653002601596653001701622653001701639653002101656100002201677700002701699700002401726700002601750856006201776 2019 eng d a0140-778300aIn vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin on blood cholinesterases in sheep0 aIn vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin on c09-2019 a548 - 5550 v423 a

The combination of the organophosphate (OP) chlorpyrifos (CPF) and the pyrethroid cypermethrin (CPM) is commonly marketed as pour‐on formulations for the control of sheep lice, ked, and blowflies. CPF irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterases (AChE), while pyrethroids are not AChE inhibitors. However, combinations of pyrethroids with OPs showed a highly synergistic effect on AChE inhibition. Thus, the aim of the current work was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the inhibitory potency of both pesticides, alone and in combination with AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in sheep blood. In vitro, IC50 values were similar after CPF or CPF plus CPM incubations. The pour‐on coadministration of recommended doses of CPF and CPM did not cause a significant inhibition of AChE and BChE in sheep blood. Only slight percentages of inhibition of their catalytic activities were observed when both drugs were given at 4‐fold higher dose rates. The lower systemic availability of topical administration of OPs in sheep may help to explain the lower degree of inhibition of blood AChE and BChE in vivo. The results emerged from this research are a further contribution to the knowledge of the risks of implementing higher dosage regimens of OPs‐containing antiparasitic formulations.

10aacetylcholinesterase10abutyrylcholinesterase10achlorpyrifos10acypermethrin10aorganophosphates1 aLarsen, Karen, E.1 aLifschitz, Adrián, L.1 aLanusse, Carlos, E.1 aVirkel, Guillermo, L. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jvp.1279803205nas a2200253 4500008004100000245012600041210006900167260001200236300001000248490000700258520243500265653001802700653001402718653001402732653001502746653001402761653001802775653001602793100002002809700001902829700001902848700002202867856006202889 2019 eng d00aBenzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance0 aBenzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics An overview and c05-2019 a33 pp0 v263 a

Six benzoylphenyl ureas are currently used in formulations approved as veterinary medicines: diflubenzuron for fly control mainly on cattle, lice and blowfly strike control on sheep, and lice control on farmed salmonids; lufenuron for flea control on dogs and cats and for lice control on farmed salmonids; triflumuron for lice and blowfly strike control on sheep; fluazuron for tick control on cattle; teflubenzuron for lice control on farmed salmon; and novaluron for fly and tick control on cattle and for flea control on dogs. Resistance to diflubenzuron and triflumuron has already been reported for sheep body lice and blowflies, and to fluazuron in cattle ticks. These and other minor veterinary usages, as well as the current status of resistance, are reviewed and perspectives for future opportunities are discussed based on unexplored potentials and threats posed by future resistance development.

French title: Benzoylphenyl urées comme antiparasitaires vétérinaires. Vue d’ensemble et perspectives avec accent sur leur efficacité, usage et résistance

Résumé – Six benzoylphenyl urées sont actuellement utilisées dans des formulations approuvées comme médicaments vétérinaires : diflubenzuron contre les mouches des bovins, les poux et les myiases par calliph des des ovins, et les poux dans le saumon d’élevage ; lufenuron contre les puces des chiens et chats et contre les poux dans le saumon d’élevage ; triflumuron contre les poux et les myiases par calliphorides des ovins ; fluazuron contre les tiques des bovins ; teflubenzuron contre les poux dans le saumon d’élevage ; et novaluron contre les mouches et les tiques des bovins, et contre les puces des chiens et chats. La résistance au diflubenzuron et triflumuron a déjà été rapportée pour le pou et les calliphorides des moutons, et au fluazuron pour les tiques des bovins. Le présent article résume ces usages vétérinaires et d’autres utilisations mineures ainsi que le développement de résistance, et discute les perspectives d’usage futur sur la base des potentiels non exploités et des menaces dues au développement future de résistance.

10aDiflubenzuron10aFluazuron10aLufenuron10aMallophaga10aNovaluron10aTeflubenzuron10aTriflumuron1 aJunquera, Pablo1 aHosking, Barry1 aGameiro, Marta1 aMacdonald, Alicia uhttps://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/201902602431nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001300041245007400054210006900128260001200197300001200209490000800221520159600229653001801825653002401843653001101867653001401878653001501892653001501907653001901922100001901941700001801960700003401978700002302012700001802035700002102053856006702074 2019 eng d a0001706X00aEctoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar0 aEctoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madag c08-2019 a83 - 920 v1963 a

Human encroachment of natural habitats bears the threat of disease transmission between native and introduced species that had not come into contact before, thus promoting the spread of new diseases in both directions. This is a matter of concern especially in areas where human-wildlife contact has not been intense in the recent past. In southwest Madagascar, we collected ectoparasites from various mammalian hosts and chicken, and examined their host preferences and their prevalence in relation to season and habitat degradation. Field-work took place in the northern portion of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the adjacent coastal strip (littoral) in the dry and in the rainy season of 2016/2017. Endemic mammals were trapped with live traps placed in habitats of different degrees of degradation: 1) relatively pristine forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) cultivated and shrub land. Rats and mice were also trapped in 4) villages. We identified 17 species of ectoparasites (296 individuals of ticks [5 species], 535 lice [7 spp.], 389 fleas [4 spp.] and 13 mites [1 sp.]) collected from 15 host species. There was no indication for seasonal or habitat effects on parasite infection. A large portion of the parasites was host-specific. Some ectoparasite species were shared either by several endemic or by several introduced species, but apart from the introduced flea species Echidnophaga gallinacea (collected from six different hosts including the endemic carnivore Galidictis grandidieri) no other ectoparasite species was shared between endemic and introduced host species.

10aectoparasites10aHabitat disturbance10aLemurs10aLivestock10aMadagascar10aMicrocebus10aSmall mammals.1 aEhlers, Julian1 aPoppert, Sven1 aRatovonamana, Rakotomalala, Y1 aGanzhorn, Jörg, U1 aTappe, Dennis1 aKrüger, Andreas uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001706X1930173101457nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260007200186520084900258653001501107653001301122653001701135100002101152700001701173856010901190 2001 eng d00aBiology and population dynamics of sheep lice: implications for control0 aBiology and population dynamics of sheep lice implications for c aLaunceston, TASbTasmanian Institute of Agricultural Researchc20013 a

Knowledge  of  the  biology  of  the  target  pest  is  essential  to  the  design  of  efficient  control  programs.However, information is lacking on many important aspects of the basic biology of sheep lice (Bovicolaovis) despite recommendations of the need for research in this area from past workshops. In this paperwe  summarise  some  of  the  more  recent  information  on  transmission  and  population  dynamics  of  sheeplice  and  discuss  implications  for  control.  We  also  describe  factors  which  may  regulate  these  processesand highlight some specific areas in which information is required.

10aregulation10asurvival10atransmission1 aJames, Peter, J.1 aCrawford, S. uhttp://www.licebosstools.org.au/FLICS/PDFs/Chapter_2/James_Crawford_Biology_population_of_sheep_lice.pdf02612nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260001200238300001000250490000600260520197800266100002002244700002602264700002102290700002202311700001902333856007802352 2012 eng d00aMolecular Detection of Acinetobacter Species in Lice and Keds of Domestic Animals in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia0 aMolecular Detection of iAcinetobacteri Species in Lice and Keds  c12-2012 a10 pp0 v73 a

This study was conducted to determine the presence of Acinetobacter and Rickettsia species DNA in lice and Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) of animals from Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. From September through November 2011, a total of 207 cattle, 85 sheep, 47 dogs and 16 cats were examined for ectoparasites. Results of morphological identification revealed several species of ectoparasites: Linognathus vituli (L. vituli), Bovicola bovis (B. bovis) and Solenopotes capillatus (S. capillatus) on cattle; B. ovis and Melophagus ovinus (M. ovinus) on sheep; and Heterodoxus spiniger (H. spiniger) on dogs. There was a significantly (p≤0.0001) higher prevalence of L. vituli observed in cattle than both S. capillatus and B. bovis. Molecular identification of lice using an 18S rRNA gene analysis confirms the identified lice species by morphological methods. We detected different Acinetobacter species among lice (11.1%) and keds (86.4%) including A. soli in L. vituli of cattle, A. lowffii in M. ovinus of sheep, A. pittii in H. spiniger of dogs, 1 new Acinetobacter spp. in M. ovinus and 2 new Acinetobacter spp. in H. spiniger of dogs using partial rpoB gene sequence analysis. There was a significantly higher prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. in keds than in lice (p≤0.00001). Higher percentage of Acinetobacter spp. DNA was detected in H. spiniger than in both B. ovis and L. vituli (p≤0.00001). Carbapenemase resistance encoding genes for blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-51 were not found in any lice and keds. These findings suggest that synanthropic animals and their ectoparasites might increase the risk of human exposure to zoonotic pathogens and could be a source for Acinetobacter spp. infections in humans. However, additional epidemiological data are required to determine whether ectoparasites of animals can act as environmental reservoirs and play a role in spreading these bacteria to both animal and human hosts.

1 aKumsa, Bersissa1 aSocolovschi, Cristina1 aParola, Phillipe1 aRolain, Jean-Marc1 aRaoult, Didier uhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.005237704368nas a2200241 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260001200215300001000227490000700237520363500244653000903879653001703888653001503905100001803920700002103938700001703959700002803976700002004004700001904024700002104043856006204064 2020 eng d00aDevelopment of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of lice isolated from farm animals0 aDevelopment of MALDITOF mass spectrometry for the identification c04-2020 a14 pp0 v273 a

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is now routinely used for the rapid identification of microorganisms isolated from clinical samples and has been recently successfully applied to the identification of arthropods. In the present study, this proteomics tool was used to identify lice collected from livestock and poultry in Algeria. The MALDI-TOF MS spectra of 408 adult specimens were measured for 14 species, including Bovicola bovis, B. ovis, B. caprae, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus africanus, L. vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis and laboratory reared Pediculus humanus corporis. Good quality spectra were obtained for 305 samples. Spectral analysis revealed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity that were consistent with the morphological classification. A blind test of 248 specimens was performed against the in-lab database upgraded with new spectra and validated using molecular tools. With identification percentages ranging from 76% to 100% alongside high identification scores (mean = 2.115), this study proposes MALDI-TOF MS as an effective tool for discriminating lice species.

French title: Développement de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF MS pour l’identification de poux isolés d’animaux de ferme

Résumé

La Spectrométrie de Masse à Temps de Vol par Désorption/Ionisation Laser Assistée après Matrice est maintenant utilisée pour l’identification rapide des microorganismes isolés à partir d’échantillons cliniques et a récemment été appliquée avec succès pour l’identification des arthropodes. Dans cette étude, cet outil protéomique a été utilisé pour identifier les poux prélevés sur le bétail et la volaille en Algérie. Les spectres MALDI-TOF MS de 408 spécimens adultes ont été mesurés pour 14 espèces, dont Bovicola bovis, B. ovis, B. caprae, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus africanus, L. vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis et Pediculus humanus corporis élevé en laboratoire. Des spectres de bonne qualité ont été obtenus pour 305 échantillons. L’analyse spectrale a révélé une reproductibilité intra-espèce et une spécificité inter-espèces qui concordaient avec la classification morphologique. Un test à l’aveugle de 248 échantillons a été effectué par rapport à la base de données de notre laboratoire mise à niveau avec de nouveaux spectres et validée à l’aide d’outils moléculaires. Avec des pourcentages d’identification allant de 76 à 100 % et des scores d’identification élevés (moyenne : 2,115), cette étude propose MALDI-TOF MS comme un outil efficace pour distinguer les espèces de poux.

 

 

10alice10aMALDI-TOF MS10aMallophaga1 aOuarti, Basma1 aLaroche, Maureen1 aRighi, Souad1 aMeguini, Mohamed, Nadir1 aBenakhla, Ahmed1 aRaoult, Didier1 aParola, Phillipe uhttps://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/202002605253nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245007400054210006900128260001200197300001200209490000700221520447500228653001804703653001004721653000904731653001504740653001004755653000904765100002804774700003104802700002504833700002604858700001804884700001704902856005604919 2020 eng d a1985371800aPrevalence of Ectoparasitism on Small Ruminants in Kelantan, Malaysia0 aPrevalence of Ectoparasitism on Small Ruminants in Kelantan Mala c04-2020 a45 - 560 v313 a

Kelantan is a chiefly agrarian state with abundant small-holder ruminant farms in the East Coast economic Region of Malaysia. Ectoparasitism affects small ruminant production in Malaysia. It often causes reduction in meat quality and milk production which affect the farmers’ income. To date, no report for the prevalence of ectoparasitism on small ruminant in Kelantan compared to other state in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factor of ruminant ectoparasitism in Kelantan. Ectoparasites were collected by manual picking and skin scrapping from 462 sheep and goats in Kelantan between April and September 2017 (during dry season). 60% of the sampled animals were infested with at least one species of the ectoparasites. In this study, lice and ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasites on small ruminant, which were 43.64% and 22.98%, respectively. The high biotic potential of lice population on host might be one of the factors they become the most prevalent species found on the animals. There was no significant relationship between ectoparasitism prevalence and species of small ruminants (χ2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). However, there was significant variations in prevalence between the regions where the animals were sampled from (χ2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) and farm management system for both species. This present study provides baseline epidemiological data on the prevalence of ectoparasitism in small ruminant. This information is useful for the formulation of prevention and control measures in order to enhance ruminant productivity in Kelantan.

Abstrak: Kelantan adalah negeri agraria di kawasan ekonomi Pantai Timur Malaysia dengan kebanyakan penternak mempunyai ladang ruminan yang kecil. Ektoparasit menjejaskan pengeluaran ruminan kecil di Malaysia. Ia menyebabkan penghasilan kualiti daging yang rendah dan kurang penghasilan susu yang menjejaskan sumber pendapatan penternak. Buat masa ini, tiada laporan mengenai prevalens ektoparasitisme pada ruminan kecil di Kelantan jika dibandingkan dengan negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk  menentukan  prevalens  dan  kaitan  faktor  risiko  ektoparasitisme  pada  ruminan  di  Kelantan.  Ektoparasit  dikutip  secara  manual  dan  kikisan  kulit  daripada  462  ekor  biri-biri  dan kambing di Kelantan diambil di antara bulan April dan September (sepanjang musim kering). Sebanyak 60% daripada haiwan persampelan dijangkiti oleh sekurang-kurangnya satu spesis ektoparasit. Kutu dan sengkenit adalah ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil dalam kajian ini dengan sebanyak 43.64% dan 22.98% haiwan dijangkiti olehnya.  Keupayaan  biotik  tinggi  yang  dimiliki  oleh  kutu  adalah  antara  salah  satu  faktor  yang menjadikan ia sebagai ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil. Tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara prevalens ektoparasitisme dan spesies ruminan kecil (χ2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat variasi signifikan di antara kawasan di mana sampel diambil (χ2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) dan sistem pengurusan ladang untuk kedua-dua  spesies.  Tambahan  pula,  pinjal  dan  tungau  adalah  kurang  prevalens  pada  ruminan  kecil  di  Kelantan.  Hasil  kajian  ini  memberikan  dasar  data  epidemiologi  pada  prevalens  ektoparasitisme  pada  ruminan  kecil.  Maklumat  ini  juga  penting  sebagai  pencegahan  dan  kawalan dalam meningkatkan produktiviti ruminan di Kelantan.

Kata Kunci: Biri-biri, Ektoparasit, Kambing, Kutu, Prevalens, Sengken

10aectoparasites10agoats10alice10aPrevalence10asheep10aTick1 aSyamsul, Vivi, Susantie1 aOkene, Ibrahim, Abdul-Azee1 aChe_Yahya, Siti, Nor1 aHamdan, Ruhil, Hayati1 aLee, Seng-Hua1 aTan, Li-Peng uhttp://www.tlsr.usm.my/tlsr31012020/31012020_03.pdf