01719nas a2200205   4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260000900190300001400199490000800213520109900221653001101320653001701331653001401348100002601362700002301388700002301411700001001434856006901444       2006                        eng d00aInsights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera0 aInsights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Api  c2006  a931 - 9490 v4433 a<p>Here we report the genome sequence of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a key model for social behaviour and essential to global ecology through pollination. Compared with other sequenced insect genomes, the A. mellifera genome has high A1T and CpG contents, lacks major transposon families, evolves more slowly, and is more similar to vertebrates for circadian rhythm, RNA interference and DNAmethylation genes, among others. Furthermore, A. mellifera has fewer genes for innate immunity, detoxification enzymes, cuticle-forming proteins and gustatory receptors, more genes for odorant receptors, and novel genes for nectar and pollen utilization, consistent with its ecology and social organization. Compared to Drosophila, genes in early developmental pathways differ in Apis, whereas similarities exist for functions that differ markedly, such as sex determination, brain function and behaviour. Population genetics suggests a novel African origin for the species A. mellifera and insights into whether Africanized bees spread throughout the New World via hybridization or displacement.</p>
10agenome10aPhthiraptera10aPhylogeny1 aWeinstock, George, M.1 aRobinson, Gene, E.1 aGibbs, Richard, A.1 aet al  uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47904.pdf