02220nas a2200133 4500008004100000245015300041210006900194260001200263300001400275490000700289520169100296100002201987856007702009 2004 eng d00aEffects of parasitic infection on mate sampling by female wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): should infected females be more or less choosy?0 aEffects of parasitic infection on mate sampling by female wild t c07-2004 a687 - 6940 v153 a

Investigations of parasite-mediated sexual selection have concentrated on the effects of parasites on males. Differences in female susceptibility to parasitic infection may also cause variation in reproductive behavior. I propose two alternative hypotheses to explain how infected females may alter their mate sampling behavior. In the first hypothesis, infected females sample fewer prospective mates because chronic parasitic infection imposes energetic costs that limit the time and calories that a female can expend in mate searching. A novel alternative hypothesis is that females recognize their own susceptibility to infection and thus invest more time searching for a male phenotype that indicates he offers genes complementary to her genome. In recombination, these good genes would allow her offspring to better resist parasites despite their mother's susceptibility. I examined the mate sampling behavior of experimentally infected wild turkey hens when presented with an array of males, and compared them to control hens. Infected females did not invest more time assessing individuals, did not wait longer to choose a male, nor were they less likely to solicit during the trial. They did differ from control females in that they visited more males before soliciting copulation and exhibited different preference functions for snood length. These results suggest that females are not so energetically restricted by latent coccidia infection that they must hurry to find a mate. Instead, it appears that infected females assess a larger set of males as prospective mates, perhaps to increase the opportunity to obtain complementary genes for parasite resistance.

1 aBuchholz, Richard uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/arh06602286nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001600243490000700259520156800266653001701834653001701851653001101868653001301879100002101892700002401913700002001937700002201957856007701979 2016 eng d a1045-224900aDoes antiparasite behavior improve with experience? An experimental test of the priming hypothesis0 aDoes antiparasite behavior improve with experience An experiment cFeb-20-2016 a1167 - 11710 v273 a

Behavior is usually the first line of defense against parasites. Antiparasite behaviors, such as grooming, or outright avoidance, have been shown to reduce the risk of parasitism in a wide variety of host–parasite systems. However, despite the central importance of antiparasite behavior, little is known about the extent to which prior exposure to parasites improves effectiveness. Here, we report the results of a 2-year study designed to test whether exposure to parasites can “prime” behavior, loosely analogous to priming of the immune system. We tested whether preening improves with experience by infesting captive-bred rock pigeons (Columba livia) with 2 common species of rock pigeon feather lice. We infested “primed” birds in Years 1 and 2 of the study and “nonprimed” birds only in Year 2. Birds with lice preened about a third more, on average, than birds without lice. Birds subsequently cleared of lice resumed preening at the same rate as birds that never had lice. Thus, our results confirm that preening is an inducible, reversible defense that is partly triggered by the presence of lice. Surprisingly, primed birds did not differ significantly from nonprimed birds in the overall rate or the efficacy of preening. Primed and nonprimed birds preened at similar rates and had similar numbers of lice at the end of the study. Our results therefore provide little evidence that antiparasite behavior improves with experience, at least in the case of preening as a defense against feather lice.

10aectoparasite10aFeather lice10aPigeon10apreening1 aVilla, Scott, M.1 aCampbell, Heidi, E.1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/arw03202095nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260000900213300001400222490000700236520152500243100002601768700001701794700002301811700001801834856007301852 2006 eng d00aHabitat preference, escape behavior, and cues used by feather mites to avoid molting wing feathers0 aHabitat preference escape behavior and cues used by feather mite c2006 a277 - 2840 v173 aWe analyzed the pattern of distribution and the effect of molting on the escape behavior of feather mites on the wing feathers during the nonmolting and molting season of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica. Feather mites showed consistent preference for the second outermost primary, with a steady decrease in proximal distance and avoidance of the outermost primary. Several explanations are suggested to explain this unusual distribution. Further, analyzing the escape behavior of feather mites on molting primaries, we show that mites avoid the feathers destined to be dropped next on molting barn swallows, and in the case of the outermost primary, mites use the ‘‘last moment’’ strategy, namely, leaving feathers shortly before it is dropped. Next, we performed an experiment in which we simulated shedding feathers or feathers about to be shed on nonmolting barn swallows, in order to test cues used by feather mites in avoiding molting primaries. Both the vibration of the incised feather and the gap of the pulled feather induced mites to leave primaries situated distally, at two-feathers distance from the manipulated primary, related to the control group. Our results show that feather mites have the ability to perceive the signal produced by the feather that will drop next and by the gap of the missing feather. It remains to be demonstrated, whether feather mites have the ability to perceive the vibration of the feather per se or they perceive the altered airflow caused by the vibrating feathers.1 aPap, Péter, László1 aSzép, Tibor1 aTökölyi, Jácint1 aPiper, Steven uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47092.pdf00504nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260000900215300001400224490000600238100002200244700001600266700001700282856005900299 1996 eng d00aBegging, food provisioning, and nestling competition in Great Tit broods infested with ectoparasites0 aBegging food provisioning and nestling competition in Great Tit  c1996 a127 - 1310 v71 aChriste, Philippe1 aRichner, H.1 aOppliger, A. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/7/2/127/26139302869nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260000900219300001400228490000700242520215000249653002702399653001602426653002702442653001402469653002102483100001902504700001602523700001502539700002502554856006002579 2004 eng d00aJuvenile infection and male display: testing the bright male hypothesis across individual life histories0 aJuvenile infection and male display testing the bright male hypo c2004 a722 - 7280 v153 a

Current tests of the bright male hypothesis focus on assays of adult disease resistance and their relation to male trait development and female choice. We suggest that if parasites have significant harmful effects on juvenile stages of a host, then females selecting males that effectively signal juvenile parasite resistance may gain a significant “good genes” benefit. Currently, there is no information on juvenile and adult infection or resistance in the same male and whether adult male displays signal juvenile parasite resistance. In the present study, we measure infection of the ectoparasitic louse, Myrsidea ptilonorhynchi, in individual male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) both as juveniles and nine or more years later as adults. We test hypotheses that examine the role of juvenile parasite infection in mediating sexual selection. We found that (1) juvenile infection is higher than adult infection in the same individuals, (2) adult males able to hold display sites have lower juvenile infection, and (3) juvenile and adult infection in the same individuals are not significantly correlated. In addition, comparisons among a larger set of individuals from a single year show that blood and ectoparasite infections are highly correlated, and both decrease with male age and are inversely related to male courtship success. These results, combined with the evidence that females mate exclusively with bower-holding males support the hypothesis that females use adult male display traits to identify males with a high level of juvenile disease resistance. We suggest that effective tests of the bright male hypothesis should include (1) assessment of infection resistance in both subadult and adult life history stages, (2) tests of whether differences in age-specific resistance are indicated in adult male displays, and (3) tests to determine if females attend to these traits in mate choice. Although these requirements increase the difficulty of testing the bright male hypothesis, they are necessary for a more accurate assessment of the effects of parasites on male display and female choice.

10abright male hypothesis10amate choice10aMyrsidea ptilonorhynch10aparasites10asexual selection1 aBorgia, Gerald1 aEgeth, Marc1 aUy, Albert1 aPatricelli, Gail, L. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/15/5/722/31840802267nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006400041210006200105260000900167300001400176490000600190520183200196100001902028700001502047856005902062 1995 eng d00aParasitism and grup size in social animals: A meta-analysis0 aParasitism and grup size in social animals A metaanalysis c1995 a159 - 1650 v63 a

The size of groups formed by social animals is thought to result from a combination of selection pressures acting on individuals to maximize their fitness. In addition to commonly-invoked selective agents (e.g., predation), a growing number of studies suggest that levels of parasitism may be related to host group size and that parasites may influence optimal group size. We used a meta-analysis to quantify die intraspecific association found in published studies between prevalence and intensity of parasitism and host group size in a variety of taxa. We considered separately contagious parasites, which are transmitted via contact with infected individuals or feces, and mobile parasites which do not need proximity among hosts for transmission. In addition to mode of transmission, host group mobility was examined as a potential correlate of die association. Consistent positive correlations were found between host group size and both the prevalence and intensity of contagious parasites. By contrast, the intensity of infection by mobile parasites consistendy decreased as host group size increased. Host group mobility had no apparent effect on either the strength or die direction of these correlations. Although few experimental studies examined the causal effect of parasitism on host group size, strong circumstantial evidence was provided, at least for mobile parasites, by many reports of larger host group sizes following increases in parasite abundance. Our results therefore suggest that parasites with different modes of transmission can exert conflicting selection on host group size. The trends found in the meta-analysis, however, do not hold in interspecific comparative studies, possibly owing to differences among related species in die relative importance of parasitism as a selective force.

1 aCôté, I., M.1 aPoulin, R. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/6/2/159/18462202700nas a2200325 4500008004100000245015100041210006900192260000900261300001400270490000600284520170200290653001301992653001402005653001802019653001202037653001602049653001202065653001102077653001602088653001302104653001402117653001102131653001402142653001202156653001202168653001002180100001902190700002402209856014102233 1998 eng d00aBilateral symmetry as an indicator of male quality in red- winged blackbirds: associations with measures of health, viability, and parental effort0 aBilateral symmetry as an indicator of male quality in red winged c1998 a220 - 2310 v93 aRecent evidence suggests that in many animal taxa, males characterized by low levels of bilateral asymmetry realize a mating advantage. The mechanisms responsible are poorly understood, but there is much interest in the possibility that symmetry reflects aspects of underlying individual quality and that females use symmetry as a criterion for mate selection. We used data assembled from a 3-year field study of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to explore the possibility that symmetry provides females with information regarding the quality of potential mates. Asymmetry measures made on a variety of paired characters, whether considered alone or in combination, were generally unrelated to the nutritional status (i.e., body condition) of individual males. Similarly, we found no differences in asymmetry levels exhibited by males infected and those uninfected with avian hematozoa. Composite (i.e., multicharacter) asymmetry was related to infestation by two broad classes of ectoparasites (hematophagous mites and ischnoceran lice), but these relationships were weak and opposite to those expected under the male quality hypothesis. Direct assessment of male viability based on annual return to the breeding grounds generally did not support the prediction that symmetrical males have higher survival prospects, nor was symmetry predictive of male nest defense, the primary form of paternal care in our study population. Collectively, these results are inconsistent with the proposal that symmetry reflects high mate quality, which in turn suggests that, in red-winged blackbirds, the potential for female choice based on this aspect of morphology is probably weak or nonexistent.10aAgelaius10aasymmetry10adevelopmental10afinches10afluctuating10aHirundo10amating10ameasurement10amovement10aornaments10asexual10astability10asuccess10aswallow10azebra1 aDufour, K., W.1 aWeatherhead, P., J. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/bilateral-symmetry-indicator-male-quality-red-winged-blackbirds-associations-measures-health02563nas a2200313 4500008004100000245006900041210006800110260000900178300001400187490000600201520171100207653001401918653000901932653000901941653001401950653001601964653001201980653000901992653001202001653001402013653001402027653001102041653001202052100002602064700001802090700001802108700001802126856010502144 1995 eng d00aPhenotypic quality and molt in the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica0 aPhenotypic quality and molt in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica c1995 a242 - 2490 v63 aPhenotypic quality may determine the development and expression of secondary sexual characters. We studied the relationship between molt and several measures of phenotypic quality in the sexually size- dimorphic barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) in its winter quarters in Namibia. Males were in a more advanced stage of molt than females and juveniles, and the speed of molt as determined from the residual of the regression of the size of the gap in wings caused by missing and growing feathers on wing molt score (residual wing raggedness) was also higher in males than in females and juveniles. Male barn swallows with long and symmetric tail feathers had a more advanced stage of molt and molted at a higher speed than males with short and asymmetric tails. Long-tailed females had a delayed molt, and females with asymmetric tails had less advanced molt and lower rates of feather growth than females with symmetric tails. Molt of secondaries in juveniles also appeared to be less advanced if they had long tails. Adult barn swallows molted their tail feathers in an irregular sequence with the longest, outermost tail feather usually replaced before the second or the third outermost feathers. Good body condition was positively associated with a high molt score for some feather tracts and a rapid wing molt in adult females and tail molt in juveniles. Mallophaga were only weakly negatively associated with primary and secondary molt score in adult females and speed of wing molt in adult males. In conclusion, phenotypic quality of adult male barn swallows as reflected by the expression of their secondary sexual character during the previous molt reliably reflected stage and speed of current molt.10aasymmetry10abarn10abody10acharacter10afluctuating10aHirundo10amolt10arustica10asecondary10aselection10asexual10aswallow1 aMøller, Anders, Pape1 aMagnhagen, C.1 aUlfstrand, A.1 aUlfstrand, S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/phenotypic-quality-and-molt-barn-swallow-hirundo-rustica02876nas a2200397 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001400205490000700219520179300226653001302019653001402032653001402046653001502060653001802075653001402093653001202107653001602119653001002135653001902145653001302164653000902177653001102186653001602197653001402213653001102227653001402238653001202252653001302264100002402277700001902301700002102320700001902341856011802360 1999 eng d00aA test of the good-genes-as-heterozygosity hypothesis using red-winged blackbirds0 atest of the goodgenesasheterozygosity hypothesis using redwinged c1999 a619 - 6250 v103 aBrown recently proposed that the "good genes" that females pursue when choosing mates may be individual heterozygosity because more heterozygous mates sire offspring with higher fitness. Further, because heterozygosity might enhance develop mental stability males with more heterozygosity are recognized by the reduced fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of their bilaterally paired traits. We used a point sample of 67 male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to test two predictions of this hypothesis: (1) males with more heterozygosity have higher fitness, and (2) males with more heterozygosity have lower FA. We identified 7 polymorphic loci from an initial screening of 16 enzymes; 32 individuals were completely homozygous, and 35 individuals were heterozygous at at least 1 locus. Larger and older males realized higher mating success in this population, but neither size nor age was related to heterozygosity. Heterozygous males were not in better condition than homozygous males, nor were they less infected by hematozoa, lice, or mites. Among 1-year old males, epaulet length did not differ between homozygotes and heterozygotes, but among older males, heterozygotes did have longer epaulets. Homozygotes and heterozygotes did not differ in their mean FA scores for nine individual characters. Although the two groups of males did differ in composite FA, heterozygous males were less symmetrical. Interestingly, this difference was attributable to a single allele at the PGM-3 locus. Combined with previous results showing that FA was generally unrelated to male health, viability, parental care, social dominance, or mating success, the present results indicate that Brown's hypothesis does not explain mate choice or male quality in this population of red- winged blackbirds.10aAgelaius10aasymmetry10abilateral10ablackbirds10adevelopmental10adominance10afitness10afluctuating10agenes10aheterozygosity10aisozymes10amate10amating10apopulations10aselection10asexual10astability10asuccess10asymmetry1 aWeatherhead, P., J.1 aDufour, K., W.1 aLougheed, S., C.1 aEckert, C., G. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/test-good-genes-heterozygosity-hypothesis-using-red-winged-blackbirds