02946nas a2200385 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260001600220300000900236490000600245520179600251653001402047653001902061653002802080653001302108653001302121100002602134700002202160700002302182700002102205700001702226700002102243700002002264700002302284700002302307700002302330700002702353700002402380700002302404700002002427700002402447700002502471856006402496 2023 eng d a2399-342100aBuilding a community-based taxonomic resource for digitization of parasites and their hosts0 aBuilding a communitybased taxonomic resource for digitization of cNov-01-2023 a9 pp0 v73 a

Classification of the biological diversity on Earth is foundational to all areas of research within the natural sciences. Reliable biological nomenclatural and taxonomic systems facilitate efficient access to information about organisms and their names over time. However, broadly sharing, accessing, delivering, and updating these resources remains a persistent problem. This barrier has been acknowledged by the biodiversity data sharing community, yet concrete efforts to standardize and continually update taxonomic names in a sustainable way remain limited. High diversity groups such as arthropods are especially challenging as available specimen data per number of species is substantially lower than vertebrate or plant groups. The Terrestrial Parasite Tracker Thematic Collections Network project developed a workflow for gathering expert-verified taxonomic names across all available sources, aligning those sources, and publishing a single resource that provides a model for future endeavors to standardize digital specimen identification data. The process involved gathering expert-verified nomenclature lists representing the full taxonomic scope of terrestrial arthropod parasites, documenting issues experienced, and finding potential solutions for reconciliation of taxonomic resources against large data publishers. Although discordance between our expert resources and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility are relatively low, the impact across all taxa affects thousands of names that correspond to hundreds of thousands of specimen records. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism for the delivery and continued maintenance of these taxonomic resources, while highlighting the current state of taxon name curation for biodiversity data sharing.

10aarthropod10aBioinformatics10abiological nomenclature10aparasite10ataxonomy1 aSullivan, Kathryn, A.1 aTucker, Erika, M.1 aDowdy, Nicolas, J.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aBarve, Vijay1 aBoone, James, H.1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aEvenhuis, Neal, L.1 aHastriter, Michael1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aMayfield-Meyer, Teresa1 aO'Connor, Barry, M.1 aPoelen, Jorrit, H.1 aRacz, Gabor, R.1 aSeltmann, Katja, C.1 aZaspel, Jennifer, M. uhttps://academic.oup.com/isd/article-abstract/7/6/1/743948302223nas a2200337 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006400121260001600185300001000201490000600211520124300217653001401460653001101474653002401485653001401509653001001523100002101533700002701554700002601581700002201607700002301629700002101652700002401673700002401697700002201721700002001743700001601763700003401779856007201813 2022 eng d a2673-611X00aA Theory of City Biogeography and the Origin of Urban Species0 aTheory of City Biogeography and the Origin of Urban Species cMar-11-2022 a18 pp0 v33 a

Many of the choices humans make with regard to infrastructure, urban planning and other phenomena have impacts that will last thousands of years. This can readily be seen in modern cities in which contemporary streets run along street grids that were laid out thousands of years prior or even in which ancient viaducts still play a role. However, rarely do evolutionary biologists explicitly consider the future of life likely to be associated with the decisions we are making today. Here, we consider the evolutionary future of species in cities with a focus on the origin of lineages and species. We do so by adjusting evolutionary predictions from the theory of island biogeography so as to correspond to the unique features of cities as islands. Specifically, the species endemic to cities tend to be associated with the gray habitats in cities. Those habitats tend to be dominated by human bodies, pet bodies and stored food. It is among such species where the origin of new lineages is most likely, although most research on evolution in cities has focused on green habitats. We conclude by considering a range of scenarios for the far future and their implications for the origin of lineages and species.

10aEvolution10afuture10aisland biogeography10ascenarios10aUrban1 aDunn, Robert, R.1 aBurger, Joseph, Robert1 aCarlen, Elizabeth, J.1 aKoltz, Amanda, M.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aMartin, Ryan, A.1 aMunshi-South, Jason1 aNichols, Lauren, M.1 aVargo, Edward, L.1 aYitbarek, Senay1 aZhao, Yuhao1 aCibrián-Jaramillo, Angélica uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2022.761449/full03166nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245010700066210006900173260001300242300001200255490000700267520237600274100002602650700002802676700002302704700001902727700002202746700002702768700002302795700002102818700002302839856006202862 2022 eng d a0305-0270, 1365-269900aTaxonomic scale and community organization impact observed latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity0 aTaxonomic scale and community organization impact observed latit cApr-2022 a617-6290 v493 a

Aim: While most free-living taxa follow the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), or the trend of higher diversity at lower latitudes, we know little about how the diversity of parasitic taxa is distributed across latitudes. To better understand the macroecological patterns of parasite diversity, we sought to determine whether (1) helminths follow the traditional LDG; (2) taxonomic resolution impacts observed patterns; (3) latitudinal patterns are consistent across levels of community organization and (4) helminth diversity is correlated with climate- and host-associated variables.

Location: San Juan de Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica; Calnali, Hidalgo, Mexico; College Station, Texas, USA; Brownsville, Nebraska, USA; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Churchill, Manitoba, Canada

Taxon: Rodentia: Cricetidae; Nematoda; Platyhelminthes

Methods: We sampled parasites from hosts at field sites set approximately every 10° in latitude. We evaluated the relationships between parasite species richness (of all helminths as well as nematodes, cestodes and trematodes separately) and latitude, climate, and host mass at two levels of parasite community organization, the infracommunity and the component community, using generalized additive models.

Results: Total helminth richness was significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship was nonlinear. Nematode, cestode and trematode diversity were also significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship differed between the levels of community organization and among the taxonomic groups. Climate- and host-associated variables were significantly correlated with different parasite taxa, although the strength and size of the correlations varied among the groups.

Main conclusions: There are complex associations between parasite richness and latitude, climate, and host traits, and community organization and taxonomic grouping affected the observed relationships. Climate has been implicated as an important factor in shaping LDG patterns and may similarly influence helminth diversity patterns. Overall, this work provides further support and exceptions to the LDG and stresses the importance of considering scale in ecological investigations.

1 aPreisser, Whitney, C.1 aCastellanos, Adrian, A.1 aKinsella, John, M.1 aVargas, Ronald1 aGonzalez, Eugenio1 aFernández, Jesús, A.1 aDronen, Norman, O.1 aLawing, Michelle1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.1432202217nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225490000600241520147400247653001301721653001301734653001701747653001801764653002401782653001801806653001701824100002101841700002101862700002301883700002001906856003701926 2016 eng d a2167-835900aEffects of 16S rDNA sampling on estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice0 aEffects of 16S rDNA sampling on estimates of the number of endos cJul-19-20160 v43 a

Phylogenetic trees can reveal the origins of endosymbiotic lineages of bacteria and detect patterns of co-evolution with their hosts. Although taxon sampling can greatly affect phylogenetic and co-evolutionary inference, most hypotheses of endosymbiont relationships are based on few available bacterial sequences. Here we examined how different sampling strategies ofGammaproteobacteriasequences affect estimates of the number of endosymbiont lineages in parasitic sucking lice (Insecta: Phthirapatera: Anoplura). We estimated the number of louse endosymbiont lineages using both newly obtained and previously sequenced 16S rDNA bacterial sequences and more than 42,000 16S rDNA sequences from otherGammaproteobacteria. We also performed parametric and nonparametric bootstrapping experiments to examine the effects of phylogenetic error and uncertainty on these estimates. Sampling of 16S rDNA sequences affects the estimates of endosymbiont diversity in sucking lice until we reach a threshold of genetic diversity, the size of which depends on the sampling strategy. Sampling by maximizing the diversity of 16S rDNA sequences is more efficient than randomly sampling available 16S rDNA sequences. Although simulation results validate estimates of multiple endosymbiont lineages in sucking lice, the bootstrap results suggest that the precise number of endosymbiont origins is still uncertain.

10a16S rDNA10aAnoplura10aEndosymbiont10aEndosymbiosis10aGammaproteobacteria10aPhylogenetics10asucking lice1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aBurleigh, Gordon1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://peerj.com/articles/2187/03306nas a2200241 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260001400186300001000200490000700210520256400217653001802781653001902799653001902818653001902837653001902856100002302875700002702898700002102925700002202946700002002968856007602988 2010 eng d00aEvolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aEvolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice Phthiraptera Anop cSept 2010 a15 pp0 v103 a

Background

Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate, permanent ectoparasites of eutherian mammals, parasitizing members of 12 of the 29 recognized mammalian orders and approximately 20% of all mammalian species. These host specific, blood-sucking insects are morphologically adapted for life on mammals: they are wingless, dorso-ventrally flattened, possess tibio-tarsal claws for clinging to host hair, and have piercing mouthparts for feeding. Although there are more than 540 described species of Anoplura and despite the potential economical and medical implications of sucking louse infestations, this study represents the first attempt to examine higher-level anopluran relationships using molecular data. In this study, we use molecular data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of 65 sucking louse taxa with phylogenetic analyses and compare the results to findings based on morphological data. We also estimate divergence times among anopluran taxa and compare our results to host (mammal) relationships.

Results

This study represents the first phylogenetic hypothesis of sucking louse relationships using molecular data and we find significant conflict between phylogenies constructed using molecular and morphological data. We also find that multiple families and genera of sucking lice are not monophyletic and that extensive taxonomic revision will be necessary for this group. Based on our divergence dating analyses, sucking lice diversified in the late Cretaceous, approximately 77 Ma, and soon after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (ca. 65 Ma) these lice proliferated rapidly to parasitize multiple mammalian orders and families.

Conclusions

The diversification time of sucking lice approximately 77 Ma is in agreement with mammalian evolutionary history: all modern mammal orders are hypothesized to have diverged by 75 Ma thus providing suitable habitat for the colonization and radiation of sucking lice. Despite the concordant timing of diversification events early in the association between anoplurans and mammals, there is substantial conflict between the host and parasite phylogenies. This conflict is likely the result of a complex history of host switching and extinction events that occurred throughout the evolutionary association between sucking lice and their mammalian hosts. It is unlikely that there are any ectoparasite groups (including lice) that tracked the early and rapid radiation of eutherian mammals.

10achewing louse10aCodon position10ahost switching10aMammalian host10aTaxon sampling1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aSmith, Vincent, Stuart1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-29202034nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245016100055210006900216260001600285300001000301490000700311520120500318653001501523653001001538653001701548653001801565653001301583653001501596100002201611700002301633700002401656700002601680700001801706856004401724 2021 eng d a1424-281800aRestricted Geographic Sampling Yields Low Parasitism Rates but Surprisingly Diverse Host Associations in Avian Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from South Texas0 aRestricted Geographic Sampling Yields Low Parasitism Rates but S cSep-07-2021 a20 pp0 v133 a

South Texas is a highly variable region encompassing multiple habitat types and harboring a wide diversity of organisms. However, the parasite fauna in this region is poorly known, especially for avian ectoparasites such as lice. To better understand avian louse diversity and host associations in South Texas, we examined a total of 507 birds for chewing lice. Lice were morphologically identified to genus and phylogenetic analysis was performed using one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1α) genes. Of the birds examined, 69 (13.5%) were parasitized by lice resulting in a total of 63 host associations across 45 bird species, 29 of which were previously unrecorded. The predominant taxa encountered during this study included two of the most diverse louse genera, Myrsidea and Brueelia. Molecular analyses revealed 21 distinct genetic lineages, 17 of which are associated with novel host associations and may represent new species. This study represents the first extensive examination of avian louse host associations and relationships in Texas and reveals that there is still much to be learned about ectoparasite diversity in the New World.

10aAvian lice10abirds10aChewing lice10aectoparasites10agenetics10aparasitism1 aPistone, John, P.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aCampbell, Tyler, A.1 aCatanach, Therese, A.1 aVoelker, Gary uhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/9/43002562nas a2200313 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260001200180300001400192490000600206520171000212653001601922653001001938653001601948653002101964653000901985653001801994100001802012700001902030700002102049700001802070700001802088700001902106700002002125700001602145700002202161700002302183856004202206 2013 eng d00aRiver barriers and cryptic biodiversity in an evolutionary museum0 aRiver barriers and cryptic biodiversity in an evolutionary museu c01-2013 a536 - 5450 v33 a

The Riverine Barriers Hypothesis (RBH) posits that tropical rivers can be effective barriers to gene flow, based on observations that range boundaries often coincide with river barriers. Over the last 160 years, the RBH has received attention from various perspectives, with a particular focus on vertebrates in the Amazon Basin. To our knowledge, no molecular assessment of the RBH has been conducted on birds in the Afrotropics, despite its rich avifauna and many Afrotropical bird species being widely distributed across numerous watersheds and basins. Here, we provide the first genetic evidence that an Afrotropical river has served as a barrier for birds and for their lice, based on four understory bird species collected from sites north and south of the Congo River. Our results indicate near‐contemporaneous, Pleistocene lineage diversification across the Congo River in these species. Our results further indicate differing levels of genetic variation in bird lice; the extent of this variation appears linked to the life‐history of both the host and the louse. Extensive cryptic diversity likely is being harbored in Afrotropical forests, in both understory birds and their lice. Therefore, these forests may not be “museums” of old lineages. Rather, substantial evolutionary diversification may have occurred in Afrotropical forests throughout the Pleistocene, supporting the Pleistocene Forest Refuge Hypothesis. Strong genetic variation in birds and their lice within a small part of the Congo Basin forest indicates that we may have grossly underestimated diversity in the Afrotropics, making these forests home of substantial biodiversity in need of conservation.

10aAfrotropics10abirds10aCongo River10acrypticdiversity10alice10ariver barrier1 aVoelker, Gary1 aMarks, Ben, D.1 aKahindo, Charles1 aA'genonga, U.1 aBapeamoni, F.1 aDuffie, L., E.1 aHuntley, J., W.1 aMulotwa, E.1 aRosenbaum, S., A.1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.48201711nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001400041245006500055210006500120260000900185300001400194490000700208520091500215653001001130653001201140653001201152653000901164653001201173653001001185653001101195653000901206653001701215653001701232653001001249100002301259700002401282700002201306856008101328 2019 eng d a2007-336400aChecklist of ectoparasites of Canidae and Felidae in México0 aChecklist of ectoparasites of Canidae and Felidae in México c2019 a109 - 1190 v103 a

We report an updated checklist of ectoparasites associated with canid and felid species in Mexico. We provide taxonomic authority, specific host associations, collection localities with appropriate citations from the literature, and museum collection information, when available. A total of 31 tick, 4 mite, 18 flea, and 4 louse species are reported from 10 host species (4 canids and 6 felids) across 29 states in Mexico.


Reportamos una lista anotada actualizada de las especies de ectoparásitos de cánidos y felinos en México. Proveemos la autoridad taxo- nómica, las asociaciones específicas, localidades de recolecta y referencias; así como la información de museos y colecciones, cuando estan disponibles. Un total de 31 especies de garrapatas, 4 de ácaros, 18 pulgas y 4 de piojos se reportan de 10 hospederos (4 cánidos y 6 felinos) en 29 estados de México.

10aAcari10aCanidae10aFelidae10aflea10aIxodida10alouse10amexico10amite10aPhthiraptera10aSiphonaptera10atick.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aEckerlin, Ralph, P.1 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttp://www.revistas-conacyt.unam.mx/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/78402366nas a2200277 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118520156900187653001501756653001001771653001701781653001101798653000901809653001101818653001001829653001701839653001801856653001001874100002301884700002201907700002401929700002601953700001901979700002401998856006602022 2020 eng d00aChecklist of ectoparasites of cricetid and heteromyid rodents in México0 aChecklist of ectoparasites of cricetid and heteromyid rodents in3 a

We present an updated checklist of ectoparasite species (including mites, ticks, lice, and fleas) infesting cricetid and heteromyid rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae and Heteromyidae) in México. For each parasite species, we include information on parasite taxonomy, host associations, collection localities, citations from the literature, and museum collections, when available. We recorded more than 172 mite, 114 flea, 22 tick, and 22 louse species from a minimum of 110 host species (82 cricetid and 28 heteromyid species) distributed across 31 states in México. This work represents the most up-to-date and comprehensive checklist of ectoparasite species parasitizing cricetid and heteromyid rodents in México.


Presentamos una lista actualizada de especies de ectoparásitos (ácaros, garrapatas, piojos y pulgas) que infestan roedores cricétidos y heterómidos (Rodentia: Cricetidae y Heteromyidae) en México. Para cada especie de parásito, incluimos información sobre la taxonomía de los parásitos, asociaciones con el hospedero, localidades de colecta, citas de la literatura y colecciones de museo, cuando están disponibles. Registramos más de 172 especies de ácaros, 114 pulgas, 22 garrapatas y 22 piojos de un mínimo de 110 especies de hospederos (82 especies de cricétidos y 28 heterómidos) distribuidas en 31 estados de México. Este trabajo representa la lista más actualizada y completa de las especies de ectoparásitos que parasitan a los roedores cricétidos y heterómidos en México

10aCricetidae10afleas10aHeteromyidae10aixodid10alice10amexico10amites10aPhthiraptera10aSiphonaptera.10aticks1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aO'Connor, Barry, M.1 aPreisser, Whitney, C.1 aAcosta, Roxana1 aEckerlin, Ralph, P. uhttp://132.248.10.25/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/78503147nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260001200199300001600211490000600227520235900233653001702592653001802609653002302627653001702650653001902667653002402686100002202710700002102732700002702753700002302780700002402803856005402827 2019 eng d a2045-775800aTemporal and spatial dynamics of competitive parapatry in chewing lice0 aTemporal and spatial dynamics of competitive parapatry in chewin c06-2019 a7410 - 74240 v93 a

Abstract: We synthesize observations from 1979 to 2016 of a contact zone involving two sub‐ species of pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae connectens and T. b. opulentus) and their respective chewing lice (Geomydoecus aurei and G. centralis) along the Río Grande Valley in New Mexico, U.S.A., to test predictions about the dynamics of the zone. Historically, the natural flood cycle of the Rio Grande prevented contact between the two subspecies of pocket gophers. Flood control measures completed in the 1930s permitted contact, thus establishing the hybrid zone between the pocket gophers and the contact zone between their lice (without hybridization). Since that time, the pocket gopher hybrid zone has stabilized, whereas the northern chewing louse spe‐ cies has replaced the southern louse species at a consistent rate of ~150 m/year. The 0.2–0.8 width of the replacement zone has remained constant, reflecting the con‐ stant rate of chewing louse species turnover on a single gopher and within a local pocket gopher population. In contrast, the full width of the replacement zone (north‐ ernmost G. centralis to southernmost G. aurei) has increased annually. By employing a variety of metrics of the species replacement zone, we are better able to understand the dynamics of interactions between and among the chewing lice and their pocket gopher hosts. This research provides an opportunity to observe active species re‐ placement and resulting distributional shifts in a parasitic organism in its natural setting.

Data Availability Statement:: 1. Chewing louse microsatellite genotypes and R‐scripts are available in Dryad, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9sv4q00. 2. Parasite voucher specimens and frozen tissue samples from pocket gophers are stored at −80°C at the University of Northern Iowa and at Louisiana State University. 3. Pocket gopher voucher specimens are housed at the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science (LSUMZ), the Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico (MSB), Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California (MVZ), or the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections at Texas A&M University (BRTC). 4. Current and future research directions of the team may be found at https://louselab.uni.edu/homepage.

10aChewing lice10acontact zones10adispersal distance10ahybrid zones10aPocket gophers10aspecies replacement1 aHafner, David, J.1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aSpradling, Theresa, A.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aDemastes, James, W. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/20457758/9/1301803nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260001200247300001600259490000700275520107700282100002301359700002101382700002101403700002201424700001701446700001901463700001901482700002001501856005201521 2008 eng d a0022-339500aGeographic Distributions and Origins of Human Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Based on Mitochondrial Data0 aGeographic Distributions and Origins of Human Head Lice iPedicul c12-2008 a1275 - 12810 v943 a

Human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are subdivided into 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial clades (Clades A, B, and C), each having unique geographical distributions. Determining the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of these mitochondrial clades can elucidate the evolutionary history of the lice as well as their human hosts. Previous data suggest that lice belonging to mitochondrial Clade B may have originated in North America or Asia; however, geographic sampling and sample sizes have been limited. With newly collected lice, we calculate the relative frequency, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity of louse mitochondrial clades to determine the geographic origin of lice belonging to Clade B. In agreement with previous studies, genetic diversity data support a North American origin of Clade B lice. It is likely that lice belonging to this mitochondrial clade recently migrated to other geographic localities, e.g., Europe and Australia, and, if not already present, may disperse further to occupy all geographic regions.

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aLong, Lauren, M.1 aCarter, Tamar, E.1 aBarrow, Lisa1 aSuren, Ganbold1 aRaoult, Didier1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/GE-1618.102348nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001300041245010500054210006900159260001200228300001500240490000700255520161100262653001701873653001701890653001601907653002301923653001601946653001401962653001901976100002301995700002102018856006702039 2007 eng d a1055790300aCophylogeny and disparate rates of evolution in sympatric lineages of chewing lice on pocket gophers0 aCophylogeny and disparate rates of evolution in sympatric lineag c12-2007 a997 - 10130 v453 a

Although molecular-based phylogenetic studies of hosts and parasites are increasingly common in the literature, no study to date has examined two congeneric lineages of parasites that live in sympatry on the same lineage of hosts. This study examines phylogenetic rela- tionships among chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) of the Geomydoecus coronadoi and Geomydoecus mexicanus species com- plexes and compares these to phylogenetic patterns in their hosts (pocket gophers of the rodent family Geomyidae). Sympatry of congeneric lice provides a natural experiment to test the hypothesis that closely related lineages of parasites will respond similarly to the same host. Sequence data from the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear EF-1a genes confirm that the two louse complexes are recip- rocally monophyletic and that individual clades within each species complex parasitize a different species of pocket gopher. Phylogenetic comparisons reveal that both louse complexes show a significant pattern of cophylogeny with their hosts. Comparisons of rates of nucle- otide substitution at 4-fold degenerate sites in the COI gene indicate that both groups of lice have significantly higher basal mutation rates than their hosts. The two groups of lice have similar basal rates of mutation, but lice of the G. coronadoi complex show significantly elevated rates of nucleotide substitution at all sites. These rate differences are hypothesized to result from population-level phenomena, such as effective population size, founder effects, and drift, that influence rates of nucleotide substitution.

10aCodivergence10acospeciation10aCratogeomys10aEvolutionary rates10ageomydoecus10aPhylogeny10aPocket gophers1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aHafner, Mark, S. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105579030700314401625nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001400221300001200235490000700247520093900254653002001193653003001213653000901243100001801252700002001270700002301290700002001313856007401333 2011 eng d a0737-403800aOrigin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa0 aOrigin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomic cSpet 2011 a29 - 320 v283 a

Clothing use is an important modern behavior that contributed to the successful expansion of humans into higher latitudes and cold climates. Previous research suggests that clothing use originated anywhere between 40,000 and 3 Ma, though there is little direct archaeological, fossil, or genetic evidence to support more specific estimates. Since clothing lice evolved from head louse ancestors once humans adopted clothing, dating the emergence of clothing lice may provide more specific estimates of the origin of clothing use. Here, we use a Bayesian coalescent modeling approach to estimate that clothing lice diverged from head louse ancestors at least by 83,000 and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago. Our analysis suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa and reinforces a broad trend of modern human developments in Africa during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.

10aHuman evolution10aisolation with migration.10alice1 aToups, M., A.1 aKitchen, Andrea1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molbev/msq23402351nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245023400055210006900289260001200358300001200370490000800382520160200390100002301992700002302015700002302038700002402061700002702085856004502112 2018 eng d a0022-339500aDevelopment and Characterization of 12 Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci for the Mammal Chewing Louse Geomydoecus aurei (Insecta: Phthiraptera) and a Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Approaches for Use in Parasitology0 aDevelopment and Characterization of 12 Novel Polymorphic Microsa c02/2018 a89 - 950 v1043 a

Next-generation sequencing methodologies open the door for evolutionary studies of wildlife parasites. We used 2 next-generation sequencing approaches to discover microsatellite loci in the pocket gopher chewing louse Geomydoecus aurei for use in population genetic studies. In one approach, we sequenced a library enriched for microsatellite loci; in the other approach, we mined microsatellites from genomic sequences. Following microsatellite discovery, promising loci were tested for amplification and polymorphism in 390 louse individuals from 13 pocket gopher hosts. In total, 12 loci were selected for analysis (6 from each methodology), none of which exhibited evidence of null alleles or heterozygote deficiencies. These 12 loci showed adequate genetic diversity for population-level analyses, with 3–9 alleles per locus with an average HE per locus ranging from 0.32 to 0.70. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that genetic variation among infrapopulations accounts for a low, but significant, percentage of the overall genetic variation, and individual louse infrapopulations showed FST values that were significantly different from zero in the majority of pairwise infrapopulation comparisons, despite all 13 infrapopulations being taken from the same locality. Therefore, these 12 polymorphic markers will be useful at the infrapopulation and population levels for future studies involving G. aurei. This study shows that next-generation sequencing methodologies can successfully be used to efficiently obtain data for a variety of evolutionary questions.

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aHarper, Sheree, E.1 aJohnson, Kevin, P.1 aDemastes, James, W.1 aSpradling, Theresa, A. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1645/17-13002467nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001400213490000700227520173100234653001901965653001401984653002501998653001302023653002602036100002402062700002202086700002102108700002302129700002702152856005802179 2019 eng d00aLoss of genetic diversity, recovery and allele surfing in a colonizing parasite, Geomydoecus aurei0 aLoss of genetic diversity recovery and allele surfing in a colon a703 - 7200 v283 a

Understanding the genetic consequences of changes in species distributions has wide-ranging implications for predicting future outcomes of climate change, for pro- tecting threatened or endangered populations and for understanding the history that has led to current genetic patterns within species. Herein, we examine the genetic consequences of range expansion over a 25‐year period in a parasite (Geomydoecus aurei) that is in the process of expanding its geographic range via invasion of a novel host. By sampling the genetics of 1,935 G. aurei lice taken from 64 host individuals collected over this time period using 12 microsatellite markers, we test hypotheses concerning linear spatial expansion, genetic recovery time and allele surfing. We find evidence of decreasing allelic richness (AR) with increasing distance from the source population, supporting a linear, stepping stone model of spatial expansion that em- phasizes the effects of repeated bottleneck events during colonization. We provide evidence of post‐bottleneck genetic recovery, with average AR of infrapopulations increasing about 30% over the 225‐generation span of time observed directly in this study. Our estimates of recovery rate suggest, however, that recovery has plateaued and that this population may not reach genetic diversity levels of the source popula- tion without further immigration from the source population. Finally, we employ a grid-based sampling scheme in the region of ongoing population expansion and pro- vide empirical evidence for the power of allele surfing to impart genetic structure on a population, even under conditions of selective neutrality and in a place that lacks strong barriers to gene flow.

10aallele surfing10aDiversity10aexpanding population10aparasite10apopulation bottleneck1 aDemastes, James, W.1 aHafner, David, J.1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aSpradling, Theresa, A. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.1499702333nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200300001400269490000700283520160700290653002701897653001601924653002301940653002001963653001301983653001401996100002302010700002102033856006102054 2008 eng d a1063-515700aCodivergence in Heteromyid Rodents (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) and Their Sucking Lice of the Genus Fahrenholzia (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aCodivergence in Heteromyid Rodents Rodentia Heteromyidae and The a449 - 4650 v573 a

Abstract.—Although most studies of codivergence rely primarily on topological comparisons of host and parasite phyloge- nies, temporal assessments are necessary to determine if divergence events in host and parasite trees occurred contempora- neously. A combination of cophylogenetic analyses and comparisons of branch lengths are used in this study to understand the host-parasite association between heteromyid rodents (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) and their sucking lice of the genus Fahrenholzia (Phthiraptera: Anoplura). Cophylogenetic comparisons based on nucleotide substitutions in the mitochondrial COI gene reveal a significant, but not perfect, pattern of cophylogeny between heteromyids and their sucking lice. Regres- sion analyses show a significant functional relationship between the lengths of analogous branches in the host and parasite trees, indicating that divergence events in hosts and parasites were approximately contemporaneous. Thus, the topological similarity observed between heteromyids and their lice is the result of codivergence. These analyses also show that the COI gene in lice is evolving two to three times faster than the same gene in their hosts (similar to the results of studies of other lice and their vertebrate hosts) and that divergence events in lice occurred shortly after host divergence. We recommend that future studies of codivergence include temporal comparisons and, when possible, use the same molecular marker(s) in hosts and parasites to achieve the greatest insight into the history of the host-parasite relationship.

10aCophylogenetic methods10acophylogeny10acospeciation; host10amolecular rates10aparasite10asymbiosis1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aHafner, Mark, S. uhttps://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/57/3/449/166461001811nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260001600226300001400242490000700256520124600263100002101509700001801530700002601548700002301574856004401597 2019 eng d00aMolecular phylogeny and novel host associations of avian chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from South Africa0 aMolecular phylogeny and novel host associations of avian chewing cAugust 2018 a289 - 3040 v443 a

ComparedwithEuropeandtheAmericas,theectoparasitesofAfricanbirds are poorly understood, despite the avian fauna being relatively well known. Notably, previous studies documenting the host associations and genetic diversity of parasitic chewing lice of southern African birds have been limited in geographic and taxonomic scope. Recent field expeditions exploring the avian diversity in South Africa facilitated an opportunity to obtain louse specimens from a taxonomically diverse host assemblage. This study is the first to investigate avian louse host associations and diversity across a large portion of South Africa encompassing several distinct habitat types, while incorporating molecular genetic data (from portions of the mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1? genes) for ectoparasite phylogenetic analyses. From 1105 South African bird individuals and 170 species examined for lice, a total of 105 new louse–host associations were observed. Morphological and genetic examination of lice with these new host associations reveals a maximum of 66 louse species new to science. Results of this study support the observation that examining museum specimens is a useful way to investigate louse diversity and host associations.

1 aTakano, Oona, M.1 aVoelker, Gary1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/syen.1231901754nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001400285490000800299520106200307100002101369700002601390700002601416700002001442700001801462700002301480856004501503 2017 eng d a0022-339500aAn Assessment of Host Associations, Geographic Distributions, and Genetic Diversity of Avian Chewing Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from Benin0 aAssessment of Host Associations Geographic Distributions and Gen cJan-04-2017 a152 - 1600 v1033 a

Host associations of highly host-specific chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) across multiple avian species remains fairly undocumented in the West African country of Benin. Two hundred and seventeen bird specimens collected from multiple localities across Benin and housed at the Texas A&M University Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections were examined for lice. Lice were identified and genetic data (mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF- 1a genes) were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. In total, we found 15 host associations, 7 of which were new to science. Genetically, most lice from Benin were unique and could represent new species. Based on host associations and unique genetic lineages, we estimate we discovered a minimum of 4 and possibly as many as 8 new chewing louse species. Given the lack of current data on chewing louse species distributions in Benin, this study adds to the knowledge of host associations, geographic distribution, and genetic variability of avian chewing louse species in West Africa.

1 aTakano, Oona, M.1 aMitchell, Preston, S.1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aAdite, Alphonse1 aVoelker, Gary1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1645/16-13702055nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001600233300001400249490000700263520138600270100002401656700002701680700002101707700002401728700002201752700002301774856005201797 2012 eng d a0022-339500aCophylogeny on a Fine Scale: Geomydoecus Chewing Lice and Their Pocket Gopher Hosts, Pappogeomys bulleri0 aCophylogeny on a Fine Scale Geomydoecus Chewing Lice and Their P cJan-04-2012 a262 - 2700 v983 a

Many species of pocket gophers and their ectoparasitic chewing lice have broadly congruent phylogenies, indicating a history of frequent codivergence. For a variety of reasons, phylogenies of codiverging hosts and parasites are expected to be less congruent for more recently diverged taxa. This study is the first of its scale in the pocket gopher and chewing louse system, with its focus entirely on comparisons among populations within a single species of host and 3 chewing louse species in the Geomydoecus bulleri species complex. We examined mitochondrial DNA from a total of 46 specimens of Geomydoecus lice collected from 11 populations of the pocket gopher host, Pappogeomys bulleri. We also examined nuclear DNA from a subset of these chewing lice. Louse phylogenies were compared with a published pocket gopher phylogeny. Contrary to expectations, we observed a statistically significant degree of parallel cladogenesis in these closely related hosts and their parasites. We also observed a higher rate of evolution in chewing louse lineages than in their corresponding pocket gopher hosts. In addition, we found that 1 louse species (Geomydoecus burti) may not be a valid species, that subspecies within G. bulleri are not reciprocally monophyletic, and that morphological and genetic evidence support recognition of a new species of louse, Geomydoecus pricei.

1 aDemastes, James, W.1 aSpradling, Theresa, A.1 aHafner, Mark, S.1 aSpies, Gretchen, R.1 aHafner, David, J.1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/GE-2904.101673nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001400216490000700230520108600237100002301323700002501346700002601371700002301397700001801420856005301438 2016 eng d00aRemarkable levels of avian louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) diversity in the Congo Basin0 aRemarkable levels of avian louse Insecta Phthiraptera diversity  cJan-09-2016 a538 - 5510 v453 a

Although the Democratic Republic of the Congo is considered a megadiverse country, the Congo Basin is not recognized as a conservation priority because of gross underestimates of species diversity and endemism, especially for invertebrate taxa. Examining ectoparasitic chewing lice parasitizing birds in this region could provide valuable information pertaining to the diversity of invertebrate taxa as well as host–parasite interactions within the Congo Basin. In this study, we used molecular and morphological data to examine avian louse diversity. From 60 parasitized birds, we documented 39 new host associations, and at least 12 and 17 species of amblyceran and ischnoceran chewing lice, respectively. Morphologi- cally, we identified a minimum of 13 new species. Due to a lack of available reference mate- rial, we were unable to identify some specimens and it is likely many, if not all of these, represent new species. Our sampling efforts, morphological examinations and molecular analyses reveal an astounding amount of louse diversity in the Congo Basin.

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aNessner, Caitlin, E.1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aWise, Samantha, R.1 aVoelker, Gary uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/zsc.2016.45.issue-501773nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001400202490000700216520125500223100002701478700002301505700002201528856007701550 2008 eng d00aRodent louse diversity, phylogeny, and cospeciation in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru0 aRodent louse diversity phylogeny and cospeciation in the Manu Bi a598–6100 v953 a

We investigated the diversity, cophylogenetic relationships, and biogeography of hoplopleurid sucking lice(Phthiraptera: Anoplura) parasitizing rodents (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) in the Manu National Park and BiosphereReserve. Our morphological and molecular studies reveal that 15 distinct louse species parasitize 19 rodent species.Three of these louse species are new to science, and all but two of the host associations were previously unknown.We find that hoplopleurid lice in South America parasitize multiple host species across a large geographic area, andthat Peru represents a new geographic locality for almost all the louse species collected in the present study.Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data reveal that the louse family Hoplopleuridae and thegenera Hoplopleura and Pterophthirus are not monophyletic, and lice do not appear to group by host tribe,collecting locality, or collection elevation. The lack of monophyly for these apparently natural groups (taxonomic,locality, and elevation) indicates that host switching with or without parasite speciation may be prevalent amonghoplopleurid lice. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95,598–610.

1 aSmith, Vincent, Stuart1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01069.x/epdf01919nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245017700055210006900232260001600301300001400317490000800331520122700339100002501566700002101591700002001612700001901632700002301651856005101674 2014 eng d a0022-339500aCharacterization of 17 Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci in the Mammal Chewing Louse Geomydoecus ewingi (Insecta: Phthiraptera) for Population Genetic Analyses0 aCharacterization of 17 Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci in  cJan-12-2014 a873 - 8770 v1003 a

We report 17 novel microsatellite loci in the parasitic chewing louse Geomydoecus ewingi, a common parasite of the pocket gopher, Geomys breviceps. Thirty-three G. ewingi individuals from 1 geographic locality and 3 pocket gopher hosts (populations) were genotyped at each locus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.182 to 0.788. Four to 6 loci per louse population fell outside of Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) and examination of population structure also revealed substantial homozygote excess as well as significant structure among louse populations. These findings are likely the consequence of biological characteristics of the lice (low dispersal abilities, population bottlenecks, etc.), which can result in inbreeding. Notably, when all louse individuals were analyzed together as 1 population, a Wahlund effect was detected, supporting that louse populations are restricted to 1 host individual. The microsatellite markers characterized in this study will be useful in future studies exploring the population dynamics in host–parasite systems, potentially yielding a better understanding of the processes underlying symbiotic associations.

1 aNessner, Caitlin, E.1 aAndersen, J., J.1 aRenshaw, M., A.1 aGiresi, M., M.1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/13-415.107645nas a2200157 4500008004100000245021900041210006900260300001000329490000800339520696400347100002007311700002207331700003107353700002307384856008007407 2010 eng d00aSystematic review of endemic Sulawesi squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae), with descriptions of new species of associated sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura), and phylogenetic and zoogeographic assessments of sciurid lice0 aSystematic review of endemic Sulawesi squirrels Rodentia Sciurid a1-2600 v3393 a

Analyses of fur color patterns, morphometric data derived from external, cranial, and dental dimensions, and distributions of collection sites for voucher specimens form the basis for a taxonomic revision of Sulawesi’s endemic squirrel fauna. Eight species of tree squirrels in Rubrisciurus and Prosciurillus and two species of ground squirrels in Hyosciurus are recognized. All are diurnal and inhabit primary forest formations. Diet consists of fruit, nuts, seeds, and arthropods. Rubrisciurus rubriventer, the largest in body size, forages on the ground and in the lower canopy layer, is found throughout Sulawesi where primary forest persists, and occurs through an altitudinal range embracing tropical lowland evergreen and lower montane rain forests; it is absent from upper montane rain forest. Five species of arboreal squirrels comprise the Prosciurillus leucomus group, a cluster of species occupying the upper forest canopy: P. leucomus, known only from lowland and montane habitats in the northern peninsula and one offshore island; P. alstoni, recorded from lowland tropical evergreen rain forest in the eastern section of Sulawesi’s central core, the east-central and southeastern arms, and two southeastern islands; P. weberi, represented by a few specimens from the coastal lowlands of the southern core of Sulawesi; P. topapuensis, endemic to the western mountain block in Sulawesi’s central core and occurring along an altitudinal gradient from lowland evergreen rain forest to upper montane rain forest; and P. rosenbergii, the only species of squirrel collected on islands in the Sangihe Archipelago north of the northeastern tip of the northern peninsula. The Prosciurillus murinus group contains two species of small body size: P. murinus, found throughout Sulawesi and in all forest formations, from the coastal lowlands to mountaintops, and a forager in the lower canopy layers; and P. abstrusus, known only from montane forest habitats on Pegunungan Mekongga in the southeastern peninsula. Of two species of ground squirrels, Hyosciurus heinrichi occupies montane forest habitats in the western mountain block of Sulawesi’s central core. It is altitudinally parapatric to H. ileile, which inhabits lowland evergreen and lower montane rain forests in the western mountain block and northeastern lowlands of central Sulawesi, and montane forest on the northern peninsula. A slightly revised classification of Sciuridae is provided in which a new tribe, Exilisciurini, is proposed for the Bornean and Philippine Exilisciurus. Previously published results of morphological and molecular analyses point to Rubrisciurus, Prosciurillus, and Hyosciurus as a monophyletic cluster, the Hyosciurina, nested within a larger clade, the Nannosciurini, which along with Exilisciurini n. tribe and Funambulini, comprise the Nannosciurinae, one of the three subfamilies constituting Sciuridae, and one that contains most of the Indomalayan genera. The present diversity of species endemic to Sulawesi was derived from an ancient lineage that crossed a sea barrier from the Sunda Shelf to Sulawesi during the late Miocene. Eight new species of hoplopleurid sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) are described as parasitizing 8 of the 10 species of squirrels endemic to Sulawesi: Hoplopleura rubrisciuri from Rubrisciurus rubriventer, Hoplopleura leucomus from Prosciurillus leucomus, Hoplopleura alstoni from Prosciurillus alstoni, Hoplopleura topapuensis from Prosciurillus topapuensis, Hoplopleura murinus from Prosciurillus murinus, Hoplopleura abstrusus from Prosciurillus abstrusus, Hoplopleura heinrichi from Hyosciurus heinrichi, and Hoplopleura ileile from Hyosciurus ileile. Examples of Prosciurillus weberi and P. rosenbergii were surveyed but no lice were recovered. A phylogenetic analysis based on cladistic principles for six species of Sulawesian squirrel lice for which both sexes were available is presented and the results discussed with respect to host relationships. These new data are incorporated into a discussion covering zoogeography of global sciurid-sucking louse associations, emphasizing the Indomalayan squirrel fauna. Globally, members of 11 genera of Anoplura parasitize sciurids, a figure far exceeding the number of anopluran genera associated with any other mammalian family. Nine of these (the enderleinellids, Atopophthirus, Enderleinellus, Microphthirus, Phthirunculus, and Werneckia; the hoplopleurid, Paradoxophthirus; and the polyplacids, Johnsonpthirus, Linognathoides, and Neohaematopinus) are primary parasites of sciurids. The remaining two (the hoplopleurid Hoplopleura, and the polyplacid Polyplax) include representatives that are acquired (secondary) parasites of sciurids—the majority of species in these two louse genera parasitize other groups of mammals but a small number of species have transferred to squirrel hosts. Sciurid hosts and geographic distributions of these 11 anopluran genera are discussed. Historically, representatives of Hoplopleura colonized different sciurid hosts on several separate occasions with one known species on a North American tree squirrel (Sciurus), two described species on North American flying squirrels (Glaucomys), two species parasitizing North American species of chipmunks (Tamias and Eutamias), 14 described species from Indomalayan nannosciurine squirrels (Callosciurus, Tamiops, Rubrisciurus, Prosciurillus, Hyosciurus, and Funambulus), and one species parasitizing a Chinese xerine ground squirrel (Sciurotamias). The zoogeography of the seven sciurid-infesting louse genera known from Southeast Asia is discussed using data from nine different countries or regions (China, Taiwan, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and Sulawesi). A reduction in the number of sciuirid-infesting anopluran genera and species is apparent from mainland northern/western regions to insular southern/eastern regions with members of seven genera and 23 species described from China but only one genus and eight species from Sulawesi. The absence of known species of Hoplopleura from Bornean and Javanese squirrels suggests that such a fauna may await discovery on one or both of these islands. Six of the eight species of Hoplopleura found parasitizing species of endemic Sulawesi squirrels were recovered as a monophyletic clade from a phylogenetic analysis employing anatomical structures associated with male and female lice. (Two species of Sulawesi Hoplopleura are based on females and nymphs only and were not incorporated into the analysis.) The monophyletic cluster formed by the Sulawesian squirrel lice joined with the monophyletic assemblage containing the three Sulawesi squirrel genera—Rubrisciurus, Prosciurillus, and Hyosciurus— suggest that the ancestral squirrel lineage that arrived in Sulawesi during the late Miocene may have been carrying its unique Hoplopleura parasite.

1 aMusser, Guy, G.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aHolden-Musser, Mary, Ellen1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/61685.pdf02642nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260000900233300001400242490000700256520214100263100002302404700002002427856004902447 2009 eng d00aMultigene analysis of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aMultigene analysis of phylogenetic relationships and divergence  c2009 a376 - 3900 v503 a

Cospeciation between hosts and parasites offers a unique opportunity to use information from parasites to infer events in host evolutionary history. Although lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are known to cospeciate with their hosts and have frequently served as important markers to infer host evolutionary history, most molecular studies are based on only one or two markers. Resulting phylogenies may, therefore, represent gene histories (rather than species histories), and analyses of multiple molecular markers are needed to increase confidence in the results of phylogenetic analyses. Herein, we phylogenetically examine nine molecular markers in primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) and we use these markers to estimate divergence times among louse lineages. Individual and combined analyses of these nine markers are, for the most part, congruent, supporting relationships hypothesized in previous studies. Only one marker, the nuclear protein-coding gene Histone 3, has a significantly different tree topology compared to the other markers. The disparate evolutionary history of this marker, however, has no significant effect on topology or nodal support in the combined phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, phylogenetic results from the combined data set likely represent a solid hypothesis of species relationships. Additionally, we find that simultaneous use of multiple markers and calibration points provides the most reliable estimates of louse divergence times, in agreement with previous studies estimating divergences among species. Estimates of phylogenies and divergence times also allow us to verify the results of [Reed, D.L., Light, J.E., Allen, J.M., Kirchman, J.J., 2007. Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice. BMC Biol. 5, 7.]; there was probable contact between gorilla and archaic hominids roughly 3 Ma resulting in a host switch of Pthirus lice from gorillas to archaic hominids. Thus, these results provide further evidence that data from cospeciating organisms can yield important information about the evolutionary history of their hosts

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aReed, David, L. uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902708301742nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006400041210006300105260000900168300001400177490000800191520109500199100001901294700002001313700003401333700002501367700002201392700001901414700002301433856008001456 2008 eng d00aMolecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies0 aMolecular Identification of Lice from PreColumbian Mummies c2008 a535 - 5430 v1973 a

Background. Three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. One lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type A). The other 2 (types B and C) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. It was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after European exploration and colonization (after Columbus).Methods. To determine which louse type or types were found in the Americas before European colonization, we used polymerase chain reaction in 2 laboratories to amplify DNA from 2 genes (Cytb and Cox1) belonging to 1000-year-old lice collected from Peruvian mummies. Results. Only the worldwide type (type A) was found. Therefore, this phylotype was worldwide before European colonization, as type A lice were common in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Conclusions. The findings of this study show that several phylotypes of head lice have coexisted for centuries in humans and support the claim that type A lice were present in the Americas before the time of Columbus.

1 aRaoult, Didier1 aReed, David, L.1 aDittmar de la Cruz, Katharina1 aKirchman, Jeremy, J.1 aRolain, Jean-Marc1 aGuillen, Sonia1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47390.pdf01889nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260000900181520143000190100002301620700001801643700002001661856007401681 2008 eng d00aWhat's in a name: The taxonomic status of human head and body lice0 aWhats in a name The taxonomic status of human head and body lice c20083 a

Human head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae: Pediculus) are pandemic, parasitizing countless school children worldwide due to the evolution of insecticide resistance, and human body (clothing) lice are responsible for the deaths of millions as a result of vectoring several deadly bacterial pathogens. Despite the obvious impact these lice have had on their human hosts, it is unclear whether head and body lice represent two morphological forms of a single species or two distinct species. To assess the taxonomic status of head and body lice, we provide a synthesis of publicly available molecular data in GenBank, and we compare phylogenetic and population genetic methods using the most diverse geographic and molecular sampling presently available. Our analyses find reticulated networks, gene flow, and a lack of reciprocal monophyly, all of which indicate that head and body lice do not represent genetically distinct evolutionary units. Based on these findings, as well as inconsistencies of morphological, behavioral, and ecological variability between head and body lice, we contend that no known species concept would recognize these louse morphotypes as separate species. We recommend recognizing head and body lice as morphotypes of a single species, Pediculus humanus, until compelling new data and analyses (preferably analyses of fast evolving nuclear markers in a coalescent framework) indicate otherwise

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aToups, M., A.1 aReed, David, L. uhttp://www.jessicalight.org/uploads/7/6/1/4/76148563/lightmpe2008.pdf00543nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260010900195490003300304100002300337856007300360 2005 eng d00aHost-Parasite Cophylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Two Rodent-Louse Assemblages0 aHostParasite Cophylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Two RodentLou aBaton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.bLouisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Collegec20050 vDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)1 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46967.pdf00492nas a2200097 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260003300204100002300237856013400260 2006 eng d00aTests for cospeciation: Explanations, how-to’s, and suggestions based on empirical data0 aTests for cospeciation Explanations howto s and suggestions base aIndianapolis, Indiana.c20061 aLight, Jessica, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/tests-cospeciation-explanations-how-to%E2%80%99s-and-suggestions-based-empirical-data01528nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260000900204300001400213490000700227520102200234100002301256700002101279856008201300 2007 eng d00aPhylogenetics and host associations of Fahrenholzia sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)0 aPhylogenetics and host associations of Fahrenholzia sucking lice c2007 a359 - 3700 v323 a

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for eleven of the twelve currently recognized species of Fahrenholzia, lice found only on rodents of the family Heteromyidae. Field collections included twenty of the thirty-three known host associations and resulted in the discovery of four new associations. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets were in general agreement, resulting in a well-resolved Fahrenholzia phylogeny. Analyses supported the monophyly of lice parasitizing the host subfamily Heteromyinae (spiny pocket mice). Lice parasitizing the genera Chaetodipus (pocket mice) and Perognathus (silky pocket mice) each represent monophyletic lineages. Phylogenetic patterns and levels of genetic differentiation suggest that the widespread Fahrenholzia pinnata may contain several cryptic species. Cryptic species may exist also within the less widely distributed species, Fahrenholzia microcephala and Fahrenholzia reducta.

1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aHafner, Mark, S. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00367.x/full02780nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260000900207300000600216490000600222520222000228100002002448700002302468700002102491700002502512856007302537 2007 eng d00aPair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice0 aPair of lice lost or parasites regained the evolutionary history c2007 a70 v53 a

Background: The parasitic sucking lice of primates are known to have undergone at least 25 million years of coevolution with their hosts. For example, chimpanzee lice and human head/body lice last shared a common ancestor roughly six million years ago, a divergence that is contemporaneous with their hosts. In an assemblage where lice are often highly host specific, humans host two different genera of lice, one that is shared with chimpanzees and another that is shared with gorillas. In this study, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of primate lice and infer the historical events that explain the current distribution of these lice on their primate hosts.RESULTS: Phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analyses suggest that the louse genera Pediculus and Pthirus are each monophyletic, and are sister taxa to one another. The age of the most recent common ancestor of the two Pediculus species studied matches the age predicted by host divergence (ca. 6 million years), whereas the age of the ancestor of Pthirus does not. The two species of Pthirus (Pthirus gorillae and Pthirus pubis) last shared a common ancestor ca. 3-4 million years ago, which is considerably younger than the divergence between their hosts (gorillas and humans, respectively), of approximately 7 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS: Reconciliation analysis determines that there are two alternative explanations that account for the current distribution of anthropoid primate lice. The more parsimonious of the two solutions suggests that a Pthirus species switched from gorillas to humans. This analysis assumes that the divergence between Pediculus and Pthirus was contemporaneous with the split (i.e., a node of cospeciation) between gorillas and the lineage leading to chimpanzees and humans. Divergence date estimates, however, show that the nodes in the host and parasite trees are not contemporaneous. Rather, the shared coevolutionary history of the anthropoid primates and their lice contains a mixture of evolutionary events including cospeciation, parasite duplication, parasite extinction, and host switching. Based on these data, the coevolutionary history of primates and their lice has been anything but parsimonious.

1 aReed, David, L.1 aLight, Jessica, E.1 aAllen, Julie, M.1 aKirchman, Jeremy, J. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46801.pdf