00449nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006500041210006500106260001200171300001400183490000700197100001500204700002700219856006900246 1919 eng d00aHermaphroditism and other abnormalities in Pediculus humanus0 aHermaphroditism and other abnormalities in Pediculus humanus c10/1919 a279 - 3280 v111 aKeilin, D.1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47658.pdf00612nas a2200121 4500008004100000245016800041210007000209260002000279300001200299490000600311100002700317856014600344 1899 eng d00aOn the rôle of insects, arachnids and myriapods, as carriers in the spread of bacterial and parasitic diseases of man and animals; A critical and historical study0 arôle of insects arachnids and myriapods as carriers in the sprea aBaltimorec1899 a1 - 1540 v81 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/r%C3%B4le-insects-arachnids-and-myriapods-carriers-spread-bacterial-and-parasitic-diseases-man-an00473nas a2200169 4500008004100000245004300041210004300084260000900127300000800136490000700144653001200151653001200163653001400175100001500189700002700204856007200231 1919 eng d00aRelations of head and body lice of man0 aRelations of head and body lice of man c1919 a2790 v1110acapitis10ahumanus10aPediculus1 aKeilin, D.1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/5649.pdf00363nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260000900137300000800146100002700154856007200181 1919 eng d00aReport on Pediculus collected from eskimoos0 aReport on Pediculus collected from eskimoos c1919 a11D1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8819.pdf00486nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005800041210005600099260004300155300000700198490001500205100002600220700002700246856007900273 1919 eng d00aAnoplura of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-19180 aAnoplura of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 19131918 aOttawabJ. de Labroquerie Tachéc1919 a110 v3 (Part D)1 aFerris, Gordon, Floyd1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/7944.pdf00549nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260004300183300001100226490001500237100001800252700002600270700002700296856008000323 1919 eng d00aMallophaga and Anoplura of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-19180 aMallophaga and Anoplura of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 191319 aOttawabJ. de Labroquerie Tachéc1919 a3 - 110 v3 (Part D)1 aBaker, A., W.1 aFerris, Gordon, Floyd1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44448.pdf01777nas a2200181 4500008004100000245004400041210003700085260000900122300001400131490000700145520121800152653001401370653001401384653001301398100002701411700001501438856014201453 1921 eng d00aOn the nephrocytes of Pediculus humanus0 anephrocytes of Pediculus humanus c1921 a184 - 1920 v133 a

Extract

In Pediculus humanus are found two groups of excretory-accumulatory cells known as nephrocytes.

Extract

The one group, the peri-oesophageal, lies ventrally and consists of large cells aggregated usually in two masses about the oesophagus anterior to the reniform salivary glands.

The second group lies dorsally and consists of disseminated cell aggregates linked with the fat body.

The typical nephrocyte is a binucleate cell with granular protoplasm containing greenish droplets of varying size. The excretory function of the nephrocytes is demonstrated by intra-coelomic injection of ammonia-carmine. The latter, 24 hours after injection, is taken up by the nephrocytes which become red and filled with the carmine granules. These granules remain in the protoplasm of the nephrocytes throughout the life of the insect.

Similar cells exist in Mallophaga and have been wrongly described by some authors as salivary glands.

The two groups of nephrocytes, described by us in Pediculus, occur in other insects, but the dorsal group in the latter forms usually two chains of cells (known as pericardial cells) lying on either side of the heart.

10ahistology10aPediculus10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F.1 aKeilin, D. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/abs/on-the-nephrocytes-of-pediculus-humanus/0268C66B6BFF3EA0A65F001479EE75B000501nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005900041210005300100260000900153300001400162490000700176653001200183653001400195653001300209653001300222100002700235856006900262 1919 eng d00aThe biology of Pediculus humanus. Supplementary notes.0 abiology of Pediculus humanus Supplementary notes c1919 a201 - 2200 v1110abiology10aPediculus10aPrimates10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42721.pdf01113nas a2200181 4500008004100000245021200041210006900253260000900322300001100331490000700342520043200349653001500781653001400796653001200810653001300822100002700835856006900862 1917 eng d00aBibliography of Pediculus and Phthirus, including zoological and medical publications dealing with human lice, their anatomy, biology, relation to disease etc. and prophylactic measures directed against them0 aBibliography of Pediculus and Phthirus including zoological and  c1917 a1 - 420 v103 a

Extract

This bibliography—the first of the kind hitherto published—deals with zoological and medical publications relating to the two species of lice (Pediculits humanus Linn. 1758 and Phthirus pubis Leach, 1815) infesting man, the part they play in pathology, the prophylactic measures and means of destruction employed against lice, their anatomy and biology and other matters pertaining to them.

10aLiteratur.10aPediculus10aPthirus10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42715.pdf00948nas a2200193 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260000900215300001400224490000600238520034500244653001200589653001600601653001400617653001400631653001300645100002700658856006900685 1917 eng d00aStudies on Pediculus. I. The copulatory apparatus and the process of copulation in Pediculus humanus0 aStudies on Pediculus I The copulatory apparatus and the process  c1917 a293 - 3240 v93 a

Extract

Owing to the active interest now being taken in all that concerns lice and their habits, especially in connection with the war, it seems expedient to forestall a fuller publication, now in preparation, by giving an account of the copulatory apparatus and the curious process of copulation in Pediculus humanus Linn.

10abiology10adevelopment10agenitalia10aPediculus10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42718.pdf00989nas a2200181 4500008004100000245006900041210006500110260000900175300001200184490000700196520042800203653002800631653001400659653001300673653002500686100002700711856006900738 1917 eng d00aThe part played by Pediculus humanus in the causation of disease0 apart played by Pediculus humanus in the causation of disease c1917 a43 - 790 v103 a

Extract

The term Pediculosis denotes the pathological condition brought about by infestation with Pediculus humanus, either the head or the body or both of these being affected. Pediculosis may lead directly or indirectly to secondary infections of various kinds. P. humanus (corporis and capitis) has been shown to be the carrier of two important diseases affecting man, namely typhus and relapsing fever.

10aMedizinische Bedeutung.10aPediculus10aTroester10aWirkung auf den Wirt1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42717.pdf00896nas a2200181 4500008004100000245003700041210003300078260000900111300001300120490000700133520041500140653001200555653001400567653001300581653001300594100002700607856008000634 1917 eng d00aThe biology of Pediculus humanus0 abiology of Pediculus humanus c1917 a80 - 1850 v103 a

Extract

In the following account of the biology of Pediculus humanus, I have sought to bring together all that could be gathered from the publications of the many authors who have occupied themselves more or less with these insects, adding here and there my own observations2. I have sought throughout to give credit where it is due and have not withheld criticism where it appeared necessary.

10abiology10aPediculus10aPrimates10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42716.pdf01252nas a2200217 4500008004100000245008100041210007000122260000900192300001400201490000700215520060100222653002300823653001600846653001400862653001300876653001500889653001300904653001000917100002700927856008000954 1920 eng d00aOn Fahrenholz´s purported new species subspecies and varieties of Pediculus0 aFahrenholz´s purported new species subspecies and varieties of P c1920 a136 - 1530 v123 a

The object of this paper is to draw attention to certain grave sources of error underlying the present mode of differentiating Anoplura and more especially species of the sub-order Siphunculata. I am unable to say if the criticisms herewith advanced apply equally to the methods employed in differentiating members of the sub-order Mallophaga, because I am not familiar with the latter group, but the two sub-orders mentioned are in many respects so closely allied that it appears difficult to avoid the suspicion that the considerations herein contained may apply equally in both cases.

10aMorphologie allg..10aNomenklatur10aPediculus10aPrimates10aSystematik10aTroester10aweird1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42714.pdf01296nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260000900204300001400213490000700227520049800234653001500732653002200747653001600769653001400785653001300799653001200812653001500824653001300839100002700852856018700879 1919 eng d00aThe systematic position, synonymy and iconography of Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis0 asystematic position synonymy and iconography of Pediculus humanu c1919 a329 - 3460 v113 a

The lice which infest man belong to the order Anoplura Leach 1817, containing two sub-orders, (i) Siphunculata Meinert 1891 and (ii) Mallophaga Nitzsch 1818. The family Pediculidae Leach is included in the Siphunculata1. Owing to the confusion which still persists in the literature regarding the nomenclature and systematic position of the two sub-orders of Anoplura, it appears expedient to review the evidence upon which the statement contained in the preceding paragraph is based.

10achaetotaxy10aMorphologie allg.10aNomenklatur10aPediculus10aPrimates10aPthirus10aSystematik10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/abs/systematic-position-synonymy-and-iconography-of-pediculus-humanus-and-phthirus-pubis/A34763B8CB28121296BC899A05F7C0A406076nas a2200181 4500008004100000245003400041210003000075260001200105300001400117490000700131520559900138653001205737653001305749653001205762653001305774100002705787856008005814 1918 eng d00aThe biology of Phthirus pubis0 abiology of Phthirus pubis c04/1918 a383 - 4050 v103 a

Extract

Although Phthirus pubis occurs in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Australia, and is found on negroes as well as whites, as herein recorded, further data are required relating to the geographical distribution of the species and the races of man it infests.

The crab-louse occurs less frequently on man than does Pediculus and appears to be parasitic chiefly on persons leading an active sexual life. It has, so far, only been twice recorded on another host than man, i.e. the dog.

Whilst the crab-louse is usually found confined to the pubic and perianal region, it frequently spreads upward upon the abdomen and breast, and may infest the axillae severely, or it may spread downward along the thighs. Generalized infestation is rare, in such cases only the hands and feet are spared, although the head and neck are as a rule also free from parasites. The crab-louse has occasionally been found localized upon the head in infants, being either confined entirely to the eyelids, the nits being encountered on the eyelashes, or occurring also upon the eyebrows and hairy portions of the scalp. In adults, the parasite occurs much more rarely in these situations; a case is recorded of an Arab in whom, in addition, the beard and moustache were infested. Such cases are rare in children, very rare indeed in adults.

Apparently the head is so rarely infested because it is less suitable as a habitat. As Waldeyer points out, the head is probably not a suitable habitat because the scalp-hairs are crowded close together and finer than on the pubis and in the axillae. The majority of the active stages are found clinging to two hairs on the regions of the body they most infest, and where the hairs are sparser than on the head. In these parts, the hairs are 2 mm. or more apart. The reach between the extended two hind leg-pairs of the adult insect is about 2 mm., these legs being the ones that are used for grasping the hair.

Whilst infestation usually takes place through coitus, there are many exceptions to the rule as proved by the occurrence of crab-lice on infants. The latter may become infested by their parents or other adults. The insect may pass from one infant to another through their sharing a cradle, or it may pass from soldier to soldier when crowding occurs in barracks or billets. Scratching of their persons by infested individuals no doubt aids in the spread of the parasite upon them and the dissemination of the insect further afield. Both the act of coitus and scratching promote the shedding of hairs, and these, when bearing nits or young larvae, may be of considerable importance in disseminating the parasite. Such hairs, and no doubt occasionally active stages of the louse, are shed on clothing, bedding, the seat of the privy, etc., and readily become entangled with the pubic or other hair of clean persons who may come in contact therewith. A detached louse promptly clings to any hair with which it comes in contact. Therefore, whilst Pthirus is commonly conveyed directly, it may also be acquired indirectly. It is a helpless creature when removed from the hair to which it clings continuously upon the body, where it moves about by shifting from hair to hair; it is therefore much more likely to be conveyed passively from host to host than is Pediculus.

Unless disturbed, the parasite remains confined throughout its life to a limited area upon the host's skin as I have demonstrated experimentally.

The females appear to preponderate over the males in number when upon the host, their relative proportion being about 3:2. In copulation, the male does not seize the female as in Pediculus; he seizes the hairs to which the female clings, using these as a support. Oviposition occurs as in Pediculus. A female that was raised experimentally, laid up to three eggs per day, laying a total of 26 eggs. The hatching period (on the leg) lasted 7–8 days. Like Pediculus, the crab-louse passes through three moults (there being as many larval stages) before it attains sexual maturity. When the adults are about 10 days old they exhibit to a well-marked degree the greenish coloration of the fat-body which is seen by transparency at the sides of the abdomen in the living insect. The life-cycle, from egg to egg, is completed in 22–27 days (on the leg).

Young unfed larvae usually die within ten hours of emergence. When removed from man, they survive longer at 16–20° C. than at 30° C. and die much more rapidly in a dry than in a moist atmosphere; none of the numerous lice of all stages that were tested were found to survive up to 42½ hours, when maintained under different conditions. Living on man a male survived 22 days, a female 17 days, but the insects can doubtless live longer.

The feeding habits of Pthirus recall those of Ixodidae in being practically continuous, and, like Boophilus, they stop feeding to moult upon the host. After moulting they promptly proceed to feed again, shifting but slightly to a fresh feeding ground. On emerging, the young larva clasps a single hair and feeds at its base, and after a day or more it may clasp two hairs as the later stages do usually. The habit of continuous feeding explains why the insects die so quickly when removed from the host.

Whilst a brief exposure to light renders the insects restless but does not cause them to wander away whilst feeding, a warm body brought within their sphere promptly produces great activity in Pthirus when it is removed from man.

10abiology10aPrimates10aPthirus10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42719.pdf02917nas a2200181 4500008004100000245004700041210004300088260001200131300001400143490000700157520238800164653002302552653002802575653001202603653001302615100002702628856008002655 1918 eng d00aThe pathological effects of Phthirus pubis0 apathological effects of Phthirus pubis c04/1918 a375 - 3820 v103 a

Phthirus pubis is not known to serve as a vector of any infective disease.

The pathological effects of its parasitism on man are on the whole of slight degree. Some persons are more sensitive than others to its presence; on the one hand the louse may produce no reaction by its bite or it may be tolerated upon the person for years, on the other hand it may induce pruritus of a more or less severe character, especially in parts of the body that are most infested and where the skin is most delicate, i.e. about the genitalia, the axillae, and eyelids. All grades of pruritus are observable, scratching of which the individual is unconscious may occur, or in the severest cases the scratching goes on day and night, so that by day it may be evident to spectators and aid in diagnosis. The scratching may only begin from the moment when a person realizes that he is infested.

The pale bluish-grey maculae are a specific sign of the presence of Phthirus upon man, but they are not always present. They are induced by the adult louse, are few in number, painless, deep seated, do not disappear on pressure, and measure 0·2–3 cm. in diameter. The maculae mark the site of the insect's bite; they appear 8–24 hours after the louse commences to feed on the spot affected. The bites of P. humanus do not produce maculae caeruleae. The salivary glands of Phthirus and Pediculus give correspondingly positive and negative results when inoculated subcutaneously. The maculae disappear usually within a week after the removal of the offending parasite, and they disappear more rapidly when the skin is irritated. The nature of the maculae remains to be determined, they may be due to extravasated and altered blood.

Apart from the maculae, Phthirus, like P. humanus, fleas and mosquitoes, may cause a febrile condition owing to skin irritation, although this appears to be rare; with the removal of the lice, the fever promptly subsides. Papular eruptions and eczematous inflammation may supervene upon the presence of the louse, but they appear to be largely due to the added insult of scratching the infested skin. The melanism is of non-specific origin, being due to continued scratching which leads to hyperaemia, pigmentation and desquamation. The lesions induced thereby may lead to secondary skin infection with pyogenic bacteria.

10aBeziehung zum Wirt10aMedizinische Bedeutung.10aPthirus10aTroester1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42720.pdf01472nas a2200181 4500008004100000245004600041210004600087260000900133300001100142490000700153520090300160653001201063653001501075653001401090100001501104700002701119856014401146 1930 eng d00aIconographic studies of Pediculus humanus0 aIconographic studies of Pediculus humanus c1930 a1 - 100 v223 a

The great importance of lice as parasites and vectors of disease in man led one of us (Nuttall), soon after the outbreak of the Great War, to undertake a detailed study of these insects. It was known, prior to the war (1909–14), that lice transmit typhus and relapsing fever and during the war (1917–18) it was established that they also serve as vectors of trench fever. Beginning with February 1917, a number of papers dealing with various aspects of the louse problem were published in Parasitology (see vols. X–XIII), the study of their structure, systematics and biology being actively pursued whilst the best methods of combating them were sought for with a view to aiding the armies in the field. Of these papers, that dealing with the structure and function of the genitalia in Pediculus (II, 1917) bears directly on the subjects to which this Iconography relates

10ahumanus10amorphology10aPediculus1 aKeilin, D.1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/abs/iconographic-studies-of-pediculus-humanus/FA6AC11C6B9E7F948D64C93A7F18D4F100544nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006500041210006500106260000900171300001400180490000700194100001900201700002700220856016300247 1919 eng d00aHermaphroditism and other abnormalities in Pediculus humanus0 aHermaphroditism and other abnormalities in Pediculus humanus c1919 a279 - 3280 v111 aKeilin, S., D.1 aNuttall, George, H. F. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/abs/hermaphroditism-and-other-abnormalities-in-pediculus-humanus/169F9BAF11A12FCA557ADF499728C5E1